Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T09:15:49.878Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

X-Ray Microtomography Studies of Tannin-Derived Organic and Carbon Foams

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 August 2009

G. Tondi ,
S. Blacher ,
A. Léonard ,
A. Pizzi ,
V. Fierro ,
J.M. Leban  and
A. Celzard
G. Tondi
Affiliation:
Nancy University, ENSTIB-LERMAB, 27 rue du Merle Blanc, BP 1041, 88051 Epinal cedex 9, France Nancy University, Institut Jean Lamour – UMR CNRS 7198, Département Chimie et Physique des Solides et des Surfaces, ENSTIB, 27 rue du Merle Blanc, BP 1041, 88051 Epinal cedex 9, France
S. Blacher
Affiliation:
University of Liège, Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, F.R.S.-FNRS, B6C – Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
A. Léonard
Affiliation:
University of Liège, Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, F.R.S.-FNRS, B6C – Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
A. Pizzi
Affiliation:
Nancy University, ENSTIB-LERMAB, 27 rue du Merle Blanc, BP 1041, 88051 Epinal cedex 9, France
V. Fierro
Affiliation:
Nancy University, Institut Jean Lamour – UMR CNRS 7198, Département Chimie et Physique des Solides et des Surfaces, Faculté des Sciences & Techniques, BP 239, 54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy cedex, France
J.M. Leban
Affiliation:
INRA, LERFOB – UMR 1092, Equipe de Recherche Qualité du Bois, 54280 Champenoux, France
A. Celzard*
Affiliation:
Nancy University, Institut Jean Lamour – UMR CNRS 7198, Département Chimie et Physique des Solides et des Surfaces, Faculté des Sciences & Techniques, BP 239, 54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy cedex, France Nancy University, Institut Jean Lamour – UMR CNRS 7198, Département Chimie et Physique des Solides et des Surfaces, ENSTIB, 27 rue du Merle Blanc, BP 1041, 88051 Epinal cedex 9, France
*
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Tannin-based rigid foams of different bulk densities and their carbonized counterparts were investigated for the first time by X-ray microtomography. This method allowed acquisition of three-dimensional pictures of such highly porous materials. Through mathematical treatment of the images, extremely useful physical characteristics such as porosity, fraction of open cells, connectivity, tortuosity, and pore-size distribution were determined as a function of the foam's density. The obtained information was compared with independent data derived from pycnometry measurements and scanning electron microscope image analysis. The agreement was shown to be acceptable in the limit of the accuracy of the laboratory microtomograph (4 μm). Moreover, recalculating properties like permeability were shown to be quite possible based on the results of standard microtomography data.

Keywords

rigid foammicrotomographyimage analysispermeabilitytortuosityporositytannincarbon
Type
Tomography Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 15 , Issue 5 , October 2009 , pp. 384 - 394
Copyright
Copyright © Microscopy Society of America 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Babin, P., Della Valle, G., Dendievel, R., Lourdin, D. & Salvo, L. (2007). X-ray tomography study of the cellular structure of extruded starches and its relations with expansion phenomenon and foam mechanical properties. Carbohyd Polym 68, 329–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blacher, S., Léonard, A., Heinrichs, B., Tcherkassova, N., Ferauche, F., Crine, M., Marchot, P., Loukine, E. & Pirard, J.P. (2004). Image analysis of X-ray microtomograms of Pd-Ag/SiO2 xerogel catalysts supported on Al2O3 foams. Colloid Surface A 241, 201–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celzard, A., Collas, F., Marêché, J.F., Furdin, G. & Rey, I. (2002). Porous electrodes-based double-layer supercapacitors: Pore structure vs series resistance. J Power Sources 108, 153–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celzard, A. & Marêché, J.F. (2001). Permeability and formation factor of compressed expanded graphite. J Phys Condens Matter 13, 4387–4403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celzard, A. & Marêché, J.F. (2002). Fluid flow in highly porous anisotropic graphites. J Phys Condens Matter 14, 1119–1129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celzard, A., Marêché, J.F. & Furdin, G. (2003). Describing the properties of compressed expanded graphite through power laws. J Phys Condens Matter 15, 7213–7226.Google Scholar
Celzard, A., Marêché, J.F. & Furdin, G. (2005). Modelling of exfoliated graphite. Prog Mater Sci 50, 93–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clennell, M.B. (1997). Tortuosity: A guide through the maze. Geol Soc Special Pub 137, 113–127.Google Scholar
Gibson, L.J. & Ashby, M.F. (1997). Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties, 2nd ed.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gommes, C.J., Bons, A.J., Blacher, S., Dunsmuir, J.H. & Tsou, A.H. (2009). Practical methods for measuring the tortuosity of porous materials from binary or grey-tone tomographic reconstructions. AICHE J 55, 2000–2012.Google Scholar
Kak, A.C. & Slaney, M. (1988). Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging. New York: IEEE Press Inc.Google Scholar
Knackstedt, M.A., Arns, C.A., Saadaftar, M., Senden, T.J., Limaye, A., Sakellariou, A., Sheppard, A.P., Sok, R.M., Schrof, W. & Steininger, H. (2006a). Elastic and transport properties of cellular solids derived from three-dimensional tomographic images. Proc R Soc A 462, 2833–2862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knackstedt, M.A., Arns, C.A., Senden, T.J. & Gross, K. (2006b). Structure and properties of clinical coralline implants measured via 3D imaging and analysis. Biomaterials 27, 2776–2786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohler, R. (1981). A segmentation system based on thresholding. Comput Graphics Image Proc 15, 319–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Léonard, A., Blacher, S., Nimmol, C. & Devahastin, S. (2008a). Effect of far-infrared radiation assisted drying on microstructure of banana slices: An illustrative use of X-ray microtomography in microstructural evaluation of a food product. J Food Eng 85, 154–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Léonard, A., Calberg, C., Kerckhofs, G., Wevers, M., Jérôme, R., Pirard, J.P., Germain, A. & Blacher, S. (2008b). Characterization of the porous structure of biodegradable scaffolds obtained with supercritical CO2 as foaming agent. J Porous Mat 15, 397–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maire, E., Colombo, P., Adrien, J., Babout, L. & Biasetto, L. (2007). Characterization of the morphology of cellular ceramics by 3D image processing of X-ray tomography. J Eur Ceram Soc 27, 1973–1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maquet, V., Blacher, S., Pirard, R., Pirard, J.P., Vyakarnam, M.N. & Jérôme, R. (2003). Preparation of macroporous biodegradable poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) foams and characterization by mercury intrusion porosimetry, image analysis, and impedance spectroscopy. J Biomed Mater Res A 66, 199–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martys, N.S. & Chen, H. (1996). Simulation of multicomponent fluids in complex three-dimensional geometries by the lattice Boltzmann method. Phys Rev E 53, 743–750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meikleham, N.E. & Pizzi, A. (1994). Acid- and alkali-catalyzed tannin-based rigid foams. J Appl Polym Sci 53, 1547–1556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pizzi, A. (1994). Advanced Wood Adhesives Technology. New York: Marcel Dekker.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, Y.H., d'Humieres, D. & Lallemand, P. (1992). Diffusion simulation with a deterministic one-dimensional lattice-gas model. J Stat Phys 68, 563–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russ, J.C. (1999). The Image Processing Handbook, 2nd ed.Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Soille, P. (1999). Morphological Image Analysis. Principles and Applications. Berlin, Germany: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tija, J. & Moghe, P.J. (1998). Analysis of 3-D microstructure of porous poly(lactide-glycolide) matrices using confocal microscopy. J Biomed Mater Res A 43, 291–299.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tondi, G., Fierro, V., Pizzi, A. & Celzard, A. (2009). New tannin-based carbon foam. Carbon 47, 1480–1492; doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.01.041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tondi, G., Oo, C.W., Pizzi, A., Trosa, A. & Thevenon, M.F. (2008a). Metal adsorption of tannin based rigid foams. Ind Crops Prod 29, 336–340; doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.06.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tondi, G. & Pizzi, A. (2008). Tannin-based rigid foams: Characterization and modifications. Ind Crops Prod 29, 356–363; doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.07.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tondi, G., Pizzi, A. & Olives, R. (2008b). Natural tannin-based rigid foams as insulation for doors and wall panels. Maderas Ci Tecnol 10, 219–227.Google Scholar
Trater, A.M., Alavi, S. & Rizvi, S.S.H. (2005). Use of non-invasive X-ray microtomography for characterizing microstructure of extruded biopolymer foams. Food Res Int 38, 709–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Lenthe, G.H., Hagenmüller, H., Bohner, M., Hollister, S.J., Meinel, L. & Müller, R. (2007). Nondestructive microcomputed tomography for biological imaging and quantification of scaffold–bone interaction in vivo. Biomaterials 28, 2479–2490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viot, P., Plougonven, E. & Bernard, D. (2008). Microtomography on polypropylene foam under dynamic loading: 3D analysis of bead morphology evolution. Compos Part A-Appl S, 39, 1266–1281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar