Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T20:37:26.870Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Micromorphology of Epicuticular Waxes and Epistomatal Chambers of Pine Species by Electron Microscopy and White Light Scanning Interferometry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 November 2010

Ki Woo Kim ,
In Jung Lee ,
Chang Soo Kim ,
Don Koo Lee  and
Eun Woo Park
Ki Woo Kim*
Affiliation:
National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
In Jung Lee
Affiliation:
Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
Chang Soo Kim
Affiliation:
Department of Forest Genetic Resources, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon 441-350, Korea
Don Koo Lee
Affiliation:
Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
Eun Woo Park*
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
*
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

High-resolution imaging and quantitative surface analysis of epicuticular waxes and epistomatal chambers of pine species were performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and white light scanning interferometry. Both juvenile and adult needles were collected from the two-year-old seedlings of Pinus rigida and Pinus densiflora and subjected to surface observations. Epicuticular wax structures developed on the cuticle layer as well as in the epistomatal chambers and appeared to occlude the cavities in the two pine species. The stomata of P. densiflora were characterized by more distinctly raised rings around openings than P. rigida. The most common epicuticular wax structures of the two pine species included tubules with terminal openings and coiled rodlets. Wax platelets were deposited on epistomatal chambers. Either rodlets or tubules seemed to be longer and thicker in P. rigida than those in P. densiflora. White light scanning interferometry revealed quantitative surface profiles, demonstrating more ridged (ca. 4 μm high) stomatal apertures and nearly twofold deeper (ca. 20 μm deep) epistomatal chambers of P. densiflora than those of P. rigida. These results suggest that white light scanning interferometry can be applied to unravel the quantitative surface features of epicuticular sculptures on plant leaves.

Keywords

interferometryPinus densifloraPinus rigidaSEMstomatawax
Type
Biological Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 17 , Issue 1 , February 2011 , pp. 118 - 124
Copyright
Copyright © Microscopy Society of America 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Barthlott, W. & Neinhuis, C. (1997). Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces. Planta 202, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barthlott, W., Neinhuis, C., Cutler, D., Ditsch, F., Meusel, I., Theisen, I. & Wilhelmi, H. (1998). Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes. Bot J Linn Soc 126, 237–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodribb, T. & Hill, R.S. (1997). Imbricacy and stomatal wax plugs reduce maximum leaf conductance in southern hemisphere conifers. Aust J Bot 45, 657–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deckert, R.J., Melville, L.H. & Peterson, R.L. (2001). Epistomatal chambers in the needles of Pinus strobus L. (eastern white pine) function as microhabitat for specialized fungi. Int J Plant Sci 162, 181–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Florin, R. (1931). Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Coniferales und Cordaitales. Sven. Vetensk. Akad Handl Ser 5 Band 10, 1–588.Google Scholar
Hoch, H.C. & Staples, R.C. (1987). Structural and chemical changes among the rust fungi during appressorium development. Ann Rev Phytopathol 25, 231–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, G.H., Jeon, H.J. & Yoon, H. (2009a). Electric field-aided formation combined with a nanoimprinting technique for replicating a plant leaf. Macromol Rapid Commun 30, 991–996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, K., Whang, S.S. & Hill, R.S. (1999). Cuticle micromorphology of leaves of Pinus (Pinaceae) in east and south-east Asia. Bot J Linn Soc 129, 55–74.Google Scholar
Kim, K.W. (2008). Visualization of micromorphology of leaf epicuticular waxes of the rubber tree Ficus elastica by electron microscopy. Micron 39, 976–984.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, K.W., Ahn, J.J. & Lee, J.-H. (2009b). Micromorphology of epicuticular wax structures of the garden strawberry leaves by electron microscopy: Syntopism and polymorphism. Micron 40, 327–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, K.W., Lee, I.J., Thoungchaleun, V., Kim, C.S., Lee, D.K. & Park, E.W. (2009c). Visualization of wound periderm and hyphal profiles in pine stems inoculated with the pitch canker fungus Fusarium circinatum. Microsc Res Techniq 72, 965–973.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinnunen, H., Manninen, S., Peura, R., Laakso, K. & Huttunen, S. (1999). SEM-EDS image analysis as a tool for scoring the epicuticular wax tube distribution on Pinus sylvestris needles—Evaluation using a UV-B field experiment. Environ Exp Bot 42, 173–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, K. & Barthlott, W. (2009). Superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic plant surfaces: An inspiration for biomimetic materials. Phil Trans R Soc A 367, 1487–1509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koch, K. & Ensikat, H.J. (2008). The hydrophobic coatings of plant surfaces: Epicuticular wax crystals and their morphologies, crystallinity and molecular self-assembly. Micron 39, 759–772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koch, K., Neinhuis, C., Ensikat, H.-J. & Barthlott, W. (2004). Self assembly of epicuticular waxes on living plant surfaces imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM). J Expt Bot 55, 711–718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krause, C.R. (1982). Identification of salt spray injury to Pinus species with scanning electron microscopy. Phytopathology 72, 382–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J.K., Lee, S.-H., Yang, S.-I. & Lee, Y.-W. (2000). First report of pitch canker disease on Pinus rigida in Korea. Plant Pathol J 16, 52–54.Google Scholar
Lin, J., Jach, M.E. & Ceulemans, R. (2001). Stomatal density and needle anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) are affected by elevated CO2. New Phytol 150, 665–674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prior, S.A., Pritchard, S.G., Runion, G.B., Rogers, H.H. & Mitchell, R.J. (1997). Influence of atmospheric CO2 enrichment, soil N, and water stress on needle surface wax formation in Pinus palustris (Pinaceae). Amer J Bot 84, 1070–1077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Recum, A.F.V., Shannon, C.E., Cannon, C.E., Long, K.J., Kooten, T.G.V. & Meyle, J. (1996). Surface roughness, porosity, and texture as modifiers of cellular adhesion. Tissue Eng 2, 241–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riding, R.T. & Percy, K.E. (1985). Effects of SO2 and other air pollutants on the morphology of epicuticular waxes on needles of Pinus strobus and Pinus banksiana. New Phytol 99, 555–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth-Nebelsick, A. (2007). Computer-based studies of diffusion through stomata of different architecture. Ann Bot 100, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, C.C., Luttge, A. & Athanasiou, K.A. (2005). Development and vlidation of vertical scanning interferometry as a novel method for acquiring chondrocyte geometry. J Biomed Mater Res 72A, 83–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, RS. (2001). Diffusion pathway for oxygen into highly thermogenic florets of the arum lily Philodendron selloum. J Expt Bot 52, 1465–1472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stabentheiner, E., Pfeifhofer, H.W., Peters, J., Jiménez, M.S., Morales, D. & Grill, D. (2004). Different surface characteristics of primary and secondary needles of Pinus canariensis. Flora 199, 90–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoungchaleun, V., Kim, K.W., Lee, D.K., Kim, C.S. & Park, E.W. (2008). Pre-infection behavior of the pitch canker fungus Fusarium circinatum on pine stems. Plant Pathol J 24, 112–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trimble, J.L., Skelly, J.M., Tolin, S.A. & Orcutt, D.M. (1982). Chemical and structural characterization of the needle epicuticular wax of two clones of Pinus strobes differing in sensitivity to ozone. Phytopathology 72, 652–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viljoem, A., Wingfield, M.J. & Marasas, W.F.O. (1994). First report of Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini on pine seedlings in South Africa. Plant Dis 78, 309–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whang, S.S., Pak, J.-H., Hill, R.S. & Kim, K. (2001). Cuticle micromorphology of leaves of Pinus (Pinaceae) from Mexico and Central America. Bot J Linn Soc 135, 349–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wingfield, M.J., Jacobs, A., Coutinho, T.A., Ahumada, R. & Wingfield, B.D. (2002). First report of the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum, on pines in Chile. Plant Pathol 51, 397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshie, F. & Sakai, A. (1985). Types of Florin rings, distributional patterns of epicuticular wax, and their relationships in the genus Pinus. Can J Bot 63, 2150–2158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar