Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T13:32:41.788Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Measurement of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Plant Cell Walls by X-Ray Microanalysis (EDX) in the Transmission Electron Microscope

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 July 2007

Eberhard Fritz
Eberhard Fritz
Affiliation:
Institute of Forest Botany, University of Goettingen, Buesgenweg 2, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
Get access

Abstract

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) characterizes the number of fixed negative charges of plant cell walls and is an important parameter in studies dealing with the uptake of ions into plant tissues, especially in roots. Conventional methods of CEC determination use bulk tissue, the results are the mean of many cells, and differences in the CEC of different tissue types are masked. Energy-dispersive microanalysis (EDX) in the transmission electron microscope allows CEC determinations on much finer scales. Shoot and fine root tissue of Picea abies was acid washed to remove exchangeable cations. Tissue blocks or semithin tissue sections were loaded with 0.2 mM CaCl2, AlCl3, or Pb(NO3)2 at pH 4.0. The amount of Ca, Al, or Pb adsorbed to the exchange sites of cell walls was determined by EDX. The CEC of cell walls of different tissue types was highly different, ranging in shoot tissues from 0 to 856 mM Ca and 5.8 to 1463 mM Al (block loading) or 4.3 to 1116 mM Ca and 0 to 2830 mM Al (section loading). In root tissue, Pb adsorption to semithin sections yielded CEC values between 29.1 and 954 mM Pb. In most P. abies shoot tissues, the binding capacity was clearly higher for Al than for Ca.

Keywords

adsorptioncation exchange capacityCECcell wallEDXTEMtransmission electron microscopeX-ray microanalysis
Type
BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 13 , Issue 4 , August 2007 , pp. 233 - 244
Copyright
© 2007 Microscopy Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Amory, D.E. & Dufey, J.E. (1984). Adsorption and exchange of Ca, Mg and K-ions on the root cell walls of clover and rye-grass. Plant Soil 80, 181–190.Google Scholar
Blamey, F.P.C., Edmeades, D.C. & Wheeler, D.M. (1990). Role of root cation exchange eapacity in differential aluminum tolerance of Lotus species. J Plant Nutr 13, 729–744.Google Scholar
Blamey, F.P.C., Robinson, N.J. & Asher, C.J. (1992). Interspecific differences in aluminium tolerance in relation to root cation-exchange capacity. Plant Soil 146, 77–82.Google Scholar
Blamey, P. & Asher, C. (1993). Aluminium toxicity—A threat to food production. Search 24, 296–298.Google Scholar
Cliff, G. & Lorimer, G.W. (1975). The quantitative analysis of thin specimens. J Microsc 103, 203–207.Google Scholar
Craigie, J.S. & Maass, W.S.G. (1966). The cation exchanger in Sphagnum spp. Ann Bot 30, 153–154.Google Scholar
Dalton, F.S. (1984). Dual pattern of potassium transport in plant cells. A physical artifact of a single uptake mechanism. J Exp Bot 35, 1723–1732.Google Scholar
Dufey, J.E. & Braun, R. (1986). Cation exchange capacity of roots: Titration, sum of exchangeable cations, copper adsorption. J Plant Nutr 9, 1147–1155.Google Scholar
Figueira, M.M., Volesky, B., Ciminelli, V.S.T. & Roddick, F.A. (2000). Biosorption of metals in brown seaweed biomass. Water Res 34, 196–204.Google Scholar
Fritz, E. (1989). X-ray microanalysis of diffusible elements in plant cells after freeze-drying, pressure-infiltration with ether and embedding in plastic. Scanning Microsc 3, 517–526.Google Scholar
Fritz, E. (1991). The use of adhesive-coated grids for the X-ray microanalysis of dry-cut sections in the TEM. J Microsc 161, 501–504.Google Scholar
Fritz, E. & Jentschke, G. (1994). Agar standards for quantitative X-ray microanalysis of resin-embedded plant tissues. J Microsc 174, 47–50.Google Scholar
Fritz, E., Knoche, D. & Meyer, D. (1994). A new approach for rhizosphere research by X-ray microanalysis of microliter soil solutions. Plant Soil 161, 219–223.Google Scholar
Gadd, G.M. (1993). Interactions of fungi with toxic metals. New Phytol 124, 25–60.Google Scholar
Hacke, U.G., Sperry, J.S., Pockman, W.T., Davis, S.D. & McCulloch, K.A. (2001). Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure. Oecologia 126, 457–461.Google Scholar
Hall, T.A., Anderson, H.C. & Appleton, T. (1973). The use of thin specimens for X-ray microanalysis in biology. J Microsc 99, 177–182.Google Scholar
Haynes, R.J. (1980). Ion exchange properties of roots and ionic interactions within the root apoplasm: Their role in ion accumulation by plants. Bot Rev 46, 75–99.Google Scholar
Horst, W.J., Schmohl, N., Kollmeier, M., Baluska, F. & Sivaguru, M. (1999). Does aluminium affect root growth of maize through interaction with the cell wall—plasma membrane—cytoskeleton continuum? Plant Soil 215, 163–174.Google Scholar
Ishikawa, S. & Wagatsuma, T. (1998). Plasma membrane permeability of root-tip cells following temporary exposure to Al ions is a rapid measure of Al tolerance among plant species. Plant Cell Physiol 39, 516–525.Google Scholar
Jehl, B., Bauer, R., Dörge, A. & Rick, R. (1981). The use of propane/isopentane mixtures for rapid freezing of biological specimens. J Microsc 123, 307–309.Google Scholar
Joner, E.J., Briones, R. & Leyval, C. (2000). Metal-binding capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelium. Plant Soil 226, 227–234.Google Scholar
Keltjens, W.G. (1995). Magnesium uptake by Al-stressed maize plants with special emphasis on cation interactions at root exchange sites. Plant Soil 171, 141–146.Google Scholar
Kennedy, C.W., Smith, W.C., Jr. & Ba, M.T. (1986). Root cation exchange capacity of cotton cultivars in relation to aluminum toxicity. J Plant Nutr 9, 1123–1133.Google Scholar
Marschner, H. (1991). Mechanisms of adaptation of plants to acid soils. Plant Soil 134, 1–20.Google Scholar
Marschner, P., Jentschke, G. & Godbold, D.L. (1998). Cation exchange capacity and lead sorption in ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 205, 93–98.Google Scholar
McBurney, M.I., VanSoest, P.J. & Chase, L.E. (1983). Cation exchange capacity and buffering capacity of neutral-detergent fibres. J Sci Food Agric 34, 910–917.Google Scholar
Meychik, N.R. & Yermakov, I.P. (2001). Ion exchange properties of plant root cell walls. Plant Soil 234, 181–193.Google Scholar
Michael, W. & Ehwald, R. (1996). Exchange diffusion of alkali ions through the apoplast of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) storage parenchyma. Plant Cell Environ 19, 243–246.Google Scholar
Momoshima, N. & Bondietti, E.A. (1990). Cation binding in wood—Applications to understanding historical changes in divalent cation availability to red spruce. Can J For Res 20, 1840–1849.Google Scholar
Morgan, A.J. (1980). Preparation of specimens: Changes in chemical integrity. In X-Ray Microanalysis in Biology, Hayat, M.A. (Ed.), pp. 65–165. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Morgan, A.J. (1983). The electron microprobe analysis of sprayed microdroplets of solubilized biological tissues: A useful preliminary to localization studies. Scan Electron Microsc 1983/II, 861–872.Google Scholar
Mugwira, L.M. & Elgawhary, S.M. (1979). Aluminum accumulation and tolerance of triticale and wheat in relation to root cation exchange capacity. Soil Sci Soc Am J 43, 736–740.Google Scholar
Pintro, J., Barloy, J. & Fallavier, P. (1998). Uptake of aluminium by the root tips of an Al-sensitive and Al-tolerant cultivar of Zea mays. Plant Physiol Biochem 36, 463–467.Google Scholar
Rengel, Z. & Robinson, D.L. (1989). Determination of cation exchange capacity of ryegrass roots by summing exchangeable cations. Plant Soil 116, 217–222.Google Scholar
Ritchie, R.J. & Larkum, A.W.D. (1982). Cation exchange properties of the cell walls of Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link. (Ulvales, Chlorophyta). J Exp Bot 33, 125–139.Google Scholar
Roomans, G.M. (1980). Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of thin sections. In X-Ray Microanalysis in Biology, Hayat, M.A. (Ed.), pp. 401–453. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Rufyikiri, G., Dufey, J.E., Achard, R. & Delvaux, B. (2002). Cation exchange capacity and aluminum-calcium-magnesium binding in roots of bananas cultivated in soils and in nutrient solutions. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 33, 991–1009.Google Scholar
Russ, J.C. (1974). The direct element ratio model for quantitative analysis of thin sections. In Microprobe Analysis as Applied to Cells and Tissues, Hall, T.A., Echlin, P. & Kaufmann, R. (Eds.), pp. 269–276. London: Academic Press.
Sarret, G., Manceau, A., Cuny, D., VanHaluwyn, C., Deruelle, S., Hazemann, J.L., Soldo, Y., EybertBerard, L. & Menthonnex, J.J. (1998). Mechanisms of lichen resistance to metallic pollution. Environ Sci Technol 32, 3325–3330.Google Scholar
Sattelmacher, B., Mühling, K.H. & Pennewiss, K. (1998). The apoplast—Its significance for the nutrition of higher plants. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 161, 485–498.Google Scholar
Siegel, S.M., Galun, M. & Siegel, B.Z. (1990). Filamentous fungi as metal biosorbents—A review. Water Air Soil Pollut 53, 335–344.Google Scholar
Starrach, N. & Mayer, W.-E. (1986). Unequal distribution of fixed negative charges in isolated cell walls of various tissues in primary leaves of Phaseolus. J Plant Physiol 126, 213–222.Google Scholar
Steinbrecht, R.A. & Müller, M. (1987). Freeze-substitution and freeze-drying. In Cryotechniques in Biological Electron Microscopy, Steinbrecht, R.A. & Zierold, K. (Eds.), pp. 149–172. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Tyler, G., Bahlsberg Pahlsson, A.-M., Bentsson, G., Baath, E. & Tranvik, L. (1989). Heavy-metal ecology of terrestrial plants, microorganisms and invertebrates. Water Air Soil Pollut 47, 189–215.Google Scholar
Ulrich, B., Mayer, R. & Khanna, P.K. (1980). Chemical changes due to acid precipitation in a loess-derived soil in central Europe. Soil Sci 130, 193–199.Google Scholar
Vose, P.B. & Randall, P.J. (1962). Resistance to aluminium and manganese toxicities in plants related to variety and cation exchange capacity. Nature 196, 85–86.Google Scholar
Yang, W.Q. & Goulart, B.L. (2000). Mycorrhizal infection reduces short-term aluminum uptake and increases root cation exchange capacity of highbush blueberry plants. HortScience 35, 1083–1086.Google Scholar