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Fish Erythrocytes as Biomarkers for the Toxicity of Sublethal Doses of an Azo Dye, Basic Violet-1 (CI: 42535)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2014

Kirandeep Kaur  and
Arvinder Kaur
Kirandeep Kaur
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
Arvinder Kaur*
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
*
*Corresponding author. [email protected]
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Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate poikilocytosis in Labeo rohita (an important food fish) as an early indicator of stress due to an azo dye, Basic Violet-1 (CI: 42535). This dye was observed to be very toxic to test fish (96 h LC50 as0.45 mg/L dye). Fish were given short-term (96 h) and subchronic (150 days) exposures to the dye, and poikilocytosis was recorded under light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Light microscopy helped in identification of micronuclei along with irregularities, notches, blebs, lobes, crenation, clumps, chains, spherocytes, vacuolation, and necrosis in erythrocytes. However, SEM indicated shrinkage, oozing of cytoplasm, and several new abnormal shapes including marginal foldings, discocytes, keratocytes, dacrocytes, degmacytes, acanthocytes, echinocytes, protuberances, stomatocytes, drepanocytes, holes in the membrane, stippling/spicules, crescent-shaped cells, triangular cells, and pentagonal cells. Earlier studies speculated changes in the membrane to be responsible for clumping and chaining of erythrocytes, whereas the present SEM study clearly indicates that oozing out of cytoplasm is also responsible for the formation of chains and clumps. This study also shows that erythrocytes exhibit pathological symptoms before the appearance of other external symptoms such as abnormal behavior or mortality of fish. There was a dose- and duration-dependent increase; therefore, poikilocytosis, especially echinocytes, spherocytes, and clumps, can act as a biomarker for the stress caused by azo dyes.

Keywords

poikilocytosisBasic Violet-1scanning electron microscopybiomarkerLabeo rohita
Type
Biological and Biomaterials Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , February 2015 , pp. 264 - 273
Copyright
© Microscopy Society of America 2014 

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