Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T03:42:50.147Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Characterization of Aluminum Flocs in Distribution Drinking Water Using Differential Interference Contrast (DIC), Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy (TEM & SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDXA)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 July 2020

Y. Song  and
A. Stark
Y. Song
Affiliation:
Microscopy Unit, Water Purification Laboratories Department of Water, City of Chicago, 1000 E., Ohio, Chicago, IL60611
A. Stark
Affiliation:
Microscopy Unit, Water Purification Laboratories Department of Water, City of Chicago, 1000 E., Ohio, Chicago, IL60611
Get access

Extract

Conventional water treatment plants that use alum (aluminum sulfate) as a coagulant have been dealing with the issue of residual alum carry over from the treatment plant into the distribution system. The basic product formed whe alum is added to water is aluminum hydroxide floc. This floc grows in size and density as it captures suspended particulates and then is settled out. Smaller floc aggregates that pass through the settling process are in the most part removed by sand filtration. However due to the amphoteric characteristics and solubility properties of aluminum alon with it’s many different compounds, carry over of aluminum compounds through the filter is a phenomena that is a great concern to the water industry. These residual aluminum compounds produce small hydroxide floes that coat the inner surfaces of distribution pipes causing head loss or increased energy requirements for water pumping.In addition phosphate compounds (poly and ortho blends) have recently been added to the distribution system to reduce the leaching and corrosion of lead and copper from pipes.

Type
MAS Celebrates: Fifty Years of Electron Probe Microanalysis
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 5 , Issue S2: Proceedings: Microscopy & Microanalysis '99, Microscopy Society of America 57th Annual Meeting, Microbeam Analysis Society 33rd Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon August 1-5, 1999 , August 1999 , pp. 600 - 601
Copyright
Copyright © Microscopy Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Baylis, J.R.. 1955. Slime Coating Increases Pipe Friction Loss Pure Water. 11 (10) 125–136Google Scholar
2.Holm, R. and Schock., M.R. 1991. Potential Effects of Polyphosphate Products on Lead Solubility in Plumbing Systems. JWWA pp 76–82Google Scholar
3.Ishibashi, T.. 1980. Coagulation Mechanisms: An Electron Microscope Study Using Aluminum Sulfate. JAWWA.RT.pp 514-518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Letterman, R.D. and Driscoll., C.T. 1994. Control of Residual Aluminum in Filtered Water. Denver Colo.,: AWWARF and AWWA.Google Scholar
5.SenGupta, A.K.et.al 1997. Selective Alum Recovery From Water Treatment Residuals. Denver Colo.,: AWWARF and AWWA.Google Scholar
6.Vaughn, J.C. and Scarce., L. 1958. The Electron Microscope as an aid in Water Quality Research and Control Public Works. December pp 96 - 98.Google Scholar