This work was performed under the support of the SERDP project WP18-1660. The authors thank Danielle Paynter of NAVY CARDROCK for providing the NAVY bilgewater model. We thank William Chrisler for access to the optical microscopy, Jennifer Yao for assistance in SEM, and Michael Perkins for graphic support. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is operated by Battelle under Contract No. DE-AC05-76RL01830.
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