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Structural and Physicochemical Characterization of Spirulina (Arthrospira maxima) Nanoparticles by High-Resolution Electron Microscopic Techniques

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 August 2016

Elier Ekberg Neri-Torres ,
Jorge J. Chanona-Pérez ,
Hector A. Calderón ,
Neil Torres-Figueredo ,
German Chamorro-Cevallos ,
Georgina Calderón-Domínguez  and
Hugo Velasco-Bedrán
Elier Ekberg Neri-Torres
Affiliation:
Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu s/n. U. Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Gustavo A. Madero, 07738 México D.F., Mexico
Jorge J. Chanona-Pérez*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu s/n. U. Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Gustavo A. Madero, 07738 México D.F., Mexico
Hector A. Calderón
Affiliation:
Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional Edificio 9, U. Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Gustavo A. Madero, 07738 México D.F., Mexico
Neil Torres-Figueredo
Affiliation:
Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, IPN, Calzada Legaria, No. 694, Colonia Irrigación, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Código Postal 11500, México Distrito Federal, Mexico Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Calle 30 #502 el 5ta Av y 7ma ZIP code 6122 Miramar Playa La Habana, Cuba
German Chamorro-Cevallos
Affiliation:
Departamento de Toxicología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu s/n. U. Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Gustavo A. Madero, 07738 México D.F., Mexico
Georgina Calderón-Domínguez
Affiliation:
Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu s/n. U. Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Gustavo A. Madero, 07738 México D.F., Mexico
Hugo Velasco-Bedrán
Affiliation:
Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu s/n. U. Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Gustavo A. Madero, 07738 México D.F., Mexico
*
*Corresponding author. [email protected]
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Abstract

The objective of this work was to obtain Spirulina (Arthrospira maxima) nanoparticles (SNPs) by using high-impact mechanical milling and to characterize them by electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. The milling products were analyzed after various processing times (1–4 h), and particle size distribution and number mean size (NMS) were determined by analysis of high-resolution scanning electron microscopic images. The smallest particles are synthesized after 3 h of milling, had an NMS of 55.6±3.6 nm, with 95% of the particles being smaller than 100 nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed lattice spacing of ~0.27±0.015 nm for SNPs. The corresponding chemical composition was obtained by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and showed the presence of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Zn. The powder flow properties showed that the powder density was higher when the average nanoparticle size is smaller. They showed free flowability and an increase in their specific surface area (6.89±0.23 m2/g) up to 12–14 times larger than the original material (0.45±0.02 m2/g). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that chemical damage related to the milling is not significant.

Keywords

Spirulina nanoparticleshigh-impact mechanical millinghigh-resolution electron microscopyspecific surface area
Type
Biological Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , August 2016 , pp. 887 - 901
Copyright
© Microscopy Society of America 2016 

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