Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T16:25:44.910Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Identification key to the lichen species of the parmelioid clade in Kenya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2022

Edit Farkas Open the ORCID record for Edit Farkas [Opens in a new window]  and
Arthur Macharia Muhoro
Edit Farkas*
Affiliation:
Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Alkotmány u. 2–4, H-2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
Arthur Macharia Muhoro
Affiliation:
Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
*
Author for correspondence: Edit Farkas. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Of the c. 900 lichen species known from Kenya, 178 belong to the parmelioid clade. Several of these parmelioid taxa require further revisionary studies. An identification key to the species of the parmelioid clade, based on updated nomenclature, is produced to support the practical work in collecting and selecting certain parmelioid lichens for further research. A new combination Parmotrema nyasense (C. W. Dodge) R. S. Egan comb. nov. in Egan et al., Bibliotheca Lichenologica 110, 383 (2016) is published here by R. S. Egan.

Keywords

East Africalichenized funginomenclatureParmeliaceaespecies determinationtaxonomy
Type
Standard Paper
Information
The Lichenologist , Volume 54 , Special Issue 5: African Lichenology , September 2022 , pp. 299 - 318
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British Lichen Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, MT (1992) Claves de los generos y las especies de Parmeliaceae (Lichenes, Ascomycotina) de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) [Keys to the genera and species of Parmeliaceae (Lichenes, Ascomycotina) Buenos Aires Province (Argentina)]. Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 28, 11–17.Google Scholar
Adler, MT (2014) Parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) of National Park Copo (Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina). Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 48, 387–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alstrup, V and Aptroot, A (2005) Pyrenocarpous lichens from Tanzania and Kenya. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 26, 265–271.Google Scholar
Alstrup, V and Christensen, SN (2006) New records of lichens with cyanobacteria from Tanzania and Kenya. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 27, 57–68.Google Scholar
Alstrup, V, Aptroot, A, Divakar, PK, LaGreca, S and Tibell, L (2010) Lichens from Tanzania and Kenya III. Macrolichens and calicioid lichens. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 31, 333–351.Google Scholar
Archer, AW, Elix, JA, Fischer, E, Killmann, D and Sérusiaux, E (2009) The lichen genus Pertusaria (Ascomycota) in Central Africa (Congo/Kivu, Rwanda and Burundi) and western Kenya. Nova Hedwigia 88, 309–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arup, U, Ekman, S, Lindblom, L and Mattsson, JE (1993) High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), an improved technique for screening lichen substances. Lichenologist 25, 61–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Awasthi, DD (2007) A Compendium of the Macrolichens from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Dehra-Dun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.Google Scholar
Benatti, MN (2012 a) A review of the genus Bulbothrix Hale: the species with medullary norstictic or protocetraric acids. MycoKeys 2, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benatti, MN (2012 b) A worldwide key for the genus Parmelinopsis Elix & Hale (Parmeliaceae; Lichenized Ascomycetes). Opuscula Philolichenum 11, 304–312.Google Scholar
Benatti, MN (2013) A review of the genus Bulbothrix Hale: the isidiate, sorediate and pustulate species with medullary salazinic acid. Mycosphere 4, 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benatti, MN (2014) A review of the genus Bulbothrix Hale: the isidiate, lacinulate, sorediate and pustulate species with medullary gyrophoric, lecanoric and lobaric acids, together with a world key for the genus. Opuscula Philolichenum 13, 122–154.Google Scholar
Bjelland, T, Bendiksby, M and Frisch, A (2017) Geographically disjunct phylogenetic lineages in Leptogium hibernicum reveal Leptogium krogiae sp. nov. from East Africa. Lichenologist 49, 239–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanco, O, Crespo, A, Elix, JA, Hawksworth, DL and Lumbsch, HT (2004) A molecular phylogeny and a new classification of parmelioid lichens containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan (Ascomycota: Lecanorales). Taxon 53, 959–975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanco, O, Crespo, A, Ree, RH and Lumbsch, HT (2006) Major clades of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) and the evolution of their morphological and chemical diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39, 52–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buaruang, K, Boonpragob, K, Mongkolsuk, P, Sangvichien, E, Vongshewarat, K, Polyiam, W, Rangsiruji, A, Saipunkaew, W, Naksuwankul, K, Kalb, J, et al. (2017) A new checklist of lichenized fungi occurring in Thailand. MycoKeys 23, 1–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canêz, L and Marcelli, M (2010) The Punctelia microsticta-group (Parmeliaceae). Bryologist 113, 728–738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crespo, A, Lumbsch, HT, Mattsson, J-E, Blanco, O, Divakar, PK, Articus, K, Wiklund, E, Bawingan, PA and Wedin, M (2007) Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB1 gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44, 812–824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crespo, A, Kauff, F, Divakar, PK, del Prado, R, Pérez-Ortega, S, de Paz G, Amo, Ferencova, Z, Blanco, O, Roca-Valiente, B, Núñez-Zapata, , et al. (2010) Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence. Taxon 59, 1735–1753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crespo, A, Divakar, PK and Hawksworth, DL (2011) Generic concepts in parmelioid lichens, and the phylogenetic value of characters used in their circumscription. Lichenologist 43, 511–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culberson, WL (1993) Review of Macrolichens of East Africa by T. D. V. Swinscow, H. Krog. Bryologist 96, 512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culberson, WL, Egan, RS, Esslinger, TL, Hodkinson, BP and Lendemer, JC (2022) Recent literature on lichens. [WWW resource] URL https://nhm2.uio.no/lichens/rll.html. Presented on the Web by E. Timdal. First posted 14 April 1997, continuously updated [Accessed 25 January 2022].Google Scholar
Del-Prado, R, Buaruang, K, Lumbsch, HT, Crespo, A and Divakar, PK (2019) DNA sequence-based identification and barcoding of a morphologically highly plastic lichen forming fungal genus (Parmotrema, Parmeliaceae) from the tropics. Bryologist 122, 281–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diederich, P and Ertz, D (2020) First checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Mauritius, with phylogenetic analyses and description of new taxa. Plant and Fungal Systematics 65, 13–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Divakar, PK and Upreti, DK (2005) Parmelioid Lichens in India (A Revisionary Study). Dehra Dun; Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.Google Scholar
Divakar, PK, Lumbsch, HT, Ferencova, Z, Del Prado, R and Crespo, A (2010) Remototrachyna, a newly recognized tropical lineage of lichens in the Hypotrachyna clade (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota), originated in the Indian subcontinent. American Journal of Botany 97, 579–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Divakar, PK, Crespo, A, Núñez-Zapata, J, Flakus, A, Sipman, HJM, Elix, JA and Lumbsch, HT (2013) A molecular perspective on generic concepts in the Hypotrachyna clade (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Phytotaxa 132, 21–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egan, RS, Pérez-Pérez, RE and Nash, TH III (2016) Parmotrema in Mexico. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 110, 323–425.Google Scholar
Elix, JA (1993) New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from Australia. Mycotaxon 47, 101–129.Google Scholar
Elix, JA, Johnston, J and Vernon, D (1986) Canoparmelia, Paraparmelia and Relicinopsis. Three new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 27, 271–282.Google Scholar
Farkas, E and Flakus, A (2016) Trichonectria calopadiicola sp. nov. (Hypocreales, Ascomycota): the second species of the family Bionectriaceae parasitic on foliicolous lichens discovered in Tanzania. Phytotaxa 278, 281–286.Google Scholar
Grewe, F, Ametrano, C, Widhelm, TJ, Leavitt, SD, Distefano, I, Polyiam, W, Pizarro, D, Wedin, M, Crespo, A, Divakar, PK, et al. (2020) Using target enrichment sequencing to study the higher-level phylogeny of the largest lichen-forming fungi family: Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota). IMA Fungus 11, 27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, ME (1974 a) Bulbothrix, Parmelina, Relicina, and Xanthoparmelia, four new genera in the Parmeliaceae. Phytologia 28, 479–490.Google Scholar
Hale, ME (1974 b) Delimitation of the lichen genus Hypotrachyna (Vainio) Hale. Phytologia 28, 340–342.Google Scholar
Hale, ME (1974 c) New combinations in the lichen genus Parmotrema Massalongo. Phytologia 28, 334–339.Google Scholar
Hale, ME (1974 d) New combinations in the lichen genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge. Phytologia 28, 188–191.Google Scholar
Hale, ME (1990) A synopsis of the lichen genus Xanthoparmelia (Vainio) Hale (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 74, 1–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Index Fungorum Partnership (2022) Index Fungorum. [WWW resource] URL http://www.indexfungorum.org [Accessed 25 January 2022].Google Scholar
Kantelinen, A, Hyvärinen, M-T, Kirika, PM and Myllys, L (2021) Four new Micarea species from the montane cloud forests of Taita Hills, Kenya. Lichenologist 53, 81–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirika, PM and Lumbsch, HT (2021) An overview of lichen diversity and lichenicolous fungi in Kenya (East Africa). In Program and Abstract Book IAL9 (International Association for Lichenology 9th Symposium) – online, p. 107. URL https://doity.com.br/ial9/blog/ial-program-bookGoogle Scholar
Kirika, P, Mugambi, G, Lücking, R and Lumbsch, HT (2012) New records of lichen-forming fungi from Kenya. Journal of East African Natural History 101, 73–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirika, PM, Divakar, PK, Crespo, A, Gatheri, GW, Mugambi, G, Leavitt, SD, Moncada, B and Lumbsch, HT (2016 a) Molecular data show that Hypotrachyna sorocheila (Parmeliaceae) is not monophyletic. Bryologist 119, 172–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirika, PM, Divakar, PK, Crespo, A, Mugambi, G, Orock, EA, Leavitt, SD, Gatheri, GW and Lumbsch, HT (2016 b) Phylogenetic studies uncover a predominantly African lineage in a widely distributed lichen-forming fungal species. Mycokeys 14, 1–16.Google Scholar
Kirika, PM, Divakar, PK, Crespo, A, Leavitt, SD, Mugambi, G, Gatheri, GW and Lumbsch, HT (2016 c) Polyphyly of the genus Canoparmelia – uncovering incongruences between phenotype-based classification and molecular phylogeny within lichenized Ascomycota (Parmeliaceae). Phytotaxa 289, 36–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirika, PM, Divakar, PK, Buaruang, K, Leavitt, SD, Crespo, A, Gatheri, GW, Mugambi, G, Benatti, MN and Lumbsch, HT (2017 a) Molecular phylogenetic studies unmask overlooked diversity in the tropical lichenized fungal genus Bulbothrix s. l. (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 184, 387–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirika, PM, Divakar, PK, Leavitt, SD, Buaruang, K, Crespo, A, Mugambi, G, Gatheri, GW and Lumbsch, HT (2017 b) The genus Relicinopsis is nested within Relicina (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Lichenologist 49, 189–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirika, PM, Divakar, PK, Crespo, A and Lumbsch, HT (2019) Molecular and phenotypical studies on species diversity of Hypotrachyna (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Kenya, East Africa. Bryologist 122, 140–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, PM, Cannon, PF, Minter, DW and Stalpers, JA (2008) Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th Edn. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krog, H and Swinscow, TDV (1987) New species and new combinations in some parmelioid lichen genera, with special emphasis on East African taxa. Lichenologist 19, 419–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kukwa, M, Bach, K, Sipman, HJM and Flakus, A (2012) Thirty-six species of the lichen genus Parmotrema (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) new to Bolivia. Polish Botanical Journal 57, 243–257.Google Scholar
Kurokawa, S (1994) Bulborrhizina africana, a new genus and species of the Parmeliaceae. Acta Botanica Fennica 150, 105–107.Google Scholar
Leavitt, SD, Kirika, PM, Amo de Paz, G, Huang, J-P, Hur, J-S, Elix, JA, Grewe, F, Divakar, PK and Lumbsch, HT (2018) Assessing phylogeny and historical biogeography of the largest genus of lichen-forming fungi, Xanthoparmelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Lichenologist 50, 299–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lücking, R and Timdal, E (2016) New species of Dictyonema and Cyphellostereum (lichenized Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae) from tropical Africa and the Indian Ocean, dedicated to the late Hildur Krog. Willdenowia 46, 191–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molnár, K and Farkas, E (2010) Current results on biological activities of lichen secondary metabolites: a review. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65, 157–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molnár, K and Farkas, E (2011) Depsides and depsidones in populations of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes and its genetic diversity. Annales Botanici Fennici 48, 473–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muhoro, AM and Farkas, EÉ (2021) Insecticidal and antiprotozoal properties of lichen secondary metabolites on insect vectors and their transmitted protozoal diseases to humans. Diversity 13, 342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nguyen, K-H, Chollet-Krugler, M, Gouault, N and Tomasi, S (2013) UV-protectant metabolites from lichens and their symbiotic partners. Natural Product Reports 30, 1490–1508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrova, K, Kello, M, Kuruc, T, Backorova, M, Petrovova, E, Vilkova, M, Goga, M, Rucova, D, Backor, M and Mojzis, J (2021) Potential effect of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf extract and metabolite physodic acid on tumour microenvironment modulation in MCF-10A cells. Biomolecules 11, 420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, G, Armaleo, D, Grande F, Dal and Schmitt, I (2021) Depside and depsidone synthesis in lichenized fungi comes into focus through a genome-wide comparison of the olivetoric acid and physodic acid chemotypes of Pseudevernia furfuracea. Biomolecules 11, 1445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sipman, HJM, Elix, JA and Nash, TH III (2009) Hypotrachyna (Parmeliaceae, lichenized fungi). Flora Neotropica Monograph 104, 1–176.Google Scholar
Smith, CW, Aptroot, A, Coppins, BJ, Fletcher, A, Gilbert, OL, James, PW and Wolseley, PA (eds) (2009) The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. London: British Lichen Society.Google Scholar
Spielmann, AA and Marcelli, MP (2020) Type studies on Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) with salazinic acid. Plant and Fungal Systematics 65, 403–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staiger, B and Kalb, K (1995) Haematomma-studien. I. Die Flechtengattung Haematomma. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 59, 1–198.Google Scholar
Suija, A, Kaasalainen, U, Kirika, PM and Rikkinen, J (2018) Taitaia, a novel lichenicolous fungus in tropical montane forests in Kenya (East Africa). Lichenologist 50, 173–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swinscow, TDV and Krog, H (1988) Macrolichens of East Africa. London: British Museum (Natural History).Google Scholar
Thell, A, Crespo, A, Divakar, PK, Kärnefelt, I, Leavitt, SD, Lumbsch, HT and Seaward, MRD (2012) A review of the lichen family Parmeliaceae. Nordic Journal of Botany 30, 641–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiers, B (2022) (continuously updated) Index Herbariorum: A Global Directory of Public Herbaria and Associated Staff. New York Botanical Garden's Virtual Herbarium. [WWW resource] URL http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/Google Scholar