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Representing “Real Indians”: The Challenges of Indigenous Authenticity and Strategic Constructivism in Ecuador and Bolivia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2022

José Antonio Lucero
José Antonio Lucero*
Affiliation:
Temple University
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Abstract

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Asking who “really” speaks and acts for indigenous people is an increasingly important political question in Latin America. This article explores how an “unlikely” Evangelical Protestant Indian organization (FEINE, the Ecuadorian Evangelical Indigenous Federation) and a seemingly more “authentic” Bolivian indigenous federation of communities claiming pre-Columbian authority structures (CONAMAQ, the National Council of Markas and Ayllus of Qollasuyo) have grown in representational strength, or the ability to convince others that they speak for specific constituencies. Through this historically and ethnographically based comparative political study, I argue that indigenous representation is produced across scales, both from “below” (as communities and leaders organize and mobilize) as well as from “above” (as elites and opportunity structures favor some groups over others). FEINE and CONAMAQ present mirror images of the ways in which indigenous people negotiate local-global networks and discourses: FEINE Indianized Protestant Evangelicalism while CONAMAQ transnationalized local ayllu authority structures. This multi-scale analysis suggests that how Indians are spoken about transnationally shapes who gets to speak for Indians locally.

Resumen

Resumen

El presente artículo analiza los vínculos entre las fuentes de financiamiento y las conexiones personales en el desarrollo industrial en Argentina. Se examinan cinco de los principales grupos financieros mercantiles a partir de una base de datos que contiene 1,282 directores y accionistas de cincuenta y nueve empresas manufactureras en diez sectores durante el período 1890–1930. Los grupos financieros mercantiles se crearon con el objetivo de reunir capital para invertir en el sector manufacturero, esto a la falta de instituciones bancarias domésticas y mercados de valores lo suficientemente desarrollados. Estos cinco grupos aseguraron su acceso a diversas fuentes de capital mediante el establecimiento de conexiones personales basadas en la reputación. A pesar de que estos cinco grupos pudieron adaptarse exitosamente a la falta de mercados crediticios eficientes, la mayoría de las compañías manufactureras padecieron escasez de capital debido a la falta de crédito industrial. Esta carencia de capital industrial contribuyó al surgimiento de un sector manufacturero no competitivo dominado por unas pocas empresas propiedad de unos pocos grupos financieros mercantiles.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 41 , Issue 2 , June 2006 , pp. 31 - 56
Copyright
Copyright © 2006 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

*

I am grateful to all those at FEINE, CONAMAQ, and Oxfam-America who shared their time and insights. I also am thankful for the financial support of the Fulbright Institute for International Education and Temple University, and for the institutional support of the Centro para el Estudio de los Movimientos Sociales del Ecuador (CEDIME) in Quito and the Centro para la Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado (CIPCA) in La Paz. The comments of three anonymous LARR reviewers, the advice of Robert Andolina, and the tireless efforts of María Elena García greatly improved this article. I take responsibility for the remaining flaws.

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