In making benthic surveys it is often difficult to extract all the animals from the various sediments in good condition. Even the IBP Handbook (Holme & Mclntyre, 1971) does not give comprehensive details of methods for extracting animals from the complete range of sediment types. The greatest difficulty is presented by clays and compacted silt. In recent work we have had very satisfactory results by using the following procedure. Core and grab samples taken in the field are stored in seal-tight buckets for processing in the laboratory. In the case of grab samples taken from boats, preliminary sieving is performed on site and only the resistant sediments returned to the laboratory. The samples are broken into pieces of approximately 100 cm3 or less and stored in 5 % formaldehyde solution using a volume about three times that of the sediment. This serves to fix and preserve the fauna and also helps in the breakdown of clays. At this stage samples may be stored for a long time. Wherever layers of soft mud are found among the resistant material they are washed off, sieved and the fauna preserved separately. The resistant samples are then frozen in a domestic freezer and left for 24 h before thawing. The freezing is very effective in breaking down resistant sediments into small particles, thus releasing the animals, which can readily be removed by elutriation. Normally, most animals seem to be adversely affected by freezing in much the same way as some vegetables lose their consistency when frozen (an exception to this are members of the polychaete family Phyllodocidae). However, the prior treatment with formalin seems to protect the tissues from damage by freezing.