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Predictors Relating to Implementation of Family Planning Policy in the Philippines
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 August 2009
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During the past two decades, developing countries, recognizing the need to control rapid population growth, have relied heavily upon family planning programmes established under both public and private auspices. By 1973, approximately 28 per cent of the developing countries in the world had official population reduction policies, and 26 per cent of these countries provided support to private family planning programmes.
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- Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1980
References
This study, partially supported by the Rockefeller-Ford Program for Population Policy Research Grant No. 74083, AL 42, is a revised version of a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Sociological Society, 1976. The authors express appreciation to David Klemmack and Tom Watts for their comments and recommendations.
1 Freedman, R. and Berelson, B., “The Record of Family Planning Programs”, Studies in Family Planning 5 (1976): 1–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
2 J.E. Laing and J.F. Phillips, “Survey Findings on Family Planning Efforts in the Philippines, 1968–1973”. Unpublished report (1974).
3 Ibid.
4 See, e.g., Goldberg, D., “Socioeconomic Theory and Differential Fertility: The Case of LDS's”, Social Forces 54 (1975):84–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Davis, K., “The Theory of Change and Response in Modern Demographic History”, Population Index 29 (1963):245–66Google ScholarPubMed; and Rainwater, L., Family Design: Marital Sexuality, Family Size and Contraception (Chicago, 1965)Google Scholar.
5 Hawthorn, G., The Sociology of Fertility (London, 1969)Google Scholar; Yaukey, D., Fertility Differences in a Modernizing Country (Princeton, N.J., 1961)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Whelpton, R.K., Campbell, A.A., and Patterson, J.E., Fertility and Family Planning in the United States (Princeton, N.J., 1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
6 Freedman and Berelson, op. cit., p. 7.
7 Goldberg, op. cit.
8 Freedman and Berelson, op. cit., p. 8.
9 Prachaubmoh, V., “Factors affecting Desire or Lack of Desire for Additional Progeny in Rural Thailand”, in Sociological Contributions to Family Planning Research, ed. Bogue, D.J. (Chicago, 1967)Google Scholar.
10 Berelson, B., “KAP Studies on Fertility”, in Family Planning and Population Programs, ed. Berelson, B. (Chicago, 1966)Google Scholar and Hawthorn, op. cit.
11 Hawthorn, op. cit.
12 Freedman, R., Whelpton, P.K., and Campbell, A.A., Family Planning, Sterility, and Population Growth (New York, 1959)Google Scholar.
13 Berelson, op. cit.
14 Freedman and Berelson, op. cit.
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18 Palmore, J., “The Chicago Snowball: A Study of the Flow and Diffusion of Family Planning Information”, in Sociological Contributions to Family Planning Research, ed. Bogue, D.J. (Chicago, 1967)Google Scholar.
19 Baretto, F.R., “Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice of Family Planning in the Philippines, 1972”, Studies in Family Planning 5 (1974):294–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
20 Regarding the questions about family limitation practices, respondents were told: “Some couples do something to delay or prevent a pregnancy so that they can have just the number of children that they want and have them when they want them. Have you ever heard of this?”
21 Ideal family size was ascertained by asking respondents, “If you could start married life all over again up to the time you reach 49 years of age, how many children would you want to have?” Subsequently, they were asked, “What do you think is the ideal number of children for a family in your barrio to have?” Ideal spacing between siblings was computed by calculating the average of reported ideal space between each of five children. Respondents were asked, “How many months do you think there should be between the first and second child? Second and third child?” and so on.
22 The 1972 Philippine KAP survey actually described eighteen separate contraceptive techniques.
23 Percentage approved: Rhythm 28.8, Condom 7.1, IUD 10.8, Pill 24.6
Percentage ever used: Rhythm 12.8, Condom 1.0, IUD 3.0, Pill 10.9.
24 Blalock, H.M., Social Statistics (New York, 1972), pp. 361–95Google Scholar.
25 The sample, consisting of 9,085 cases initially, was reduced to 8,514 subjects in the multiple regression analysis, owing to the use of listwise deletion of missing data. The bulk of deletions was due to incomplete data regarding family income (N = 548)
26 The low correlation coefficients found among the independent variables and approval or use of specific contraceptive measures are probably a function of the comprehensiveness of the interview schedule used in this study. Respondents were asked if they used or approved of 18 different forms of family limitation. This extensive number of possible responses may have diluted the range of approval reported and most certainly responses pertaining to use would be distributed among the 18 methods. The following percentages represent positive reports towards the four methods of family limitation singled out in this study: Approval — Rhythm (31.9%), Condom (10.9%), IUD (19.2%); Use — Rhythm (12.8%), Condom (1.9%), IUD (3.0%), Pill (10.9%).
27 Perhaps the low proportion of users found in the sample, particularly with respect to the IUD and condom, depresses the predictive value of the independent variables.
28 Owing to the descriptive nature of most KAP studies, it is difficult to ascertain whether the low correlations found in this study are consistent with other findings. However, the general direction of association, e.g., the positive relationships found between urban residence, education, family income and knowledge of family-planning methods, appears to be congruent with the direction of relationships reported in previous KAP studies.
29 United States Congress, United States Development Assistance Programs in Pakistan, the Philippines, and Indonesia (Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate 95th 1st Session, 02 1977), p. 28Google Scholar.
30 See O'Gorman, H.J. and Garry, S.L., “Pluralistic Ignorance: A Replication and Extension”, Public Opinion Quarterly 40 (1976):449–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Fields, J.M. and Schuman, H., “Public Beliefs about the Public”, Public Opinion Quarterly 40 (1976):427–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar.