Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T18:59:17.675Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Are We Missing the Circumplexity? An Examination of Love Styles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2019

Vicente Cassepp-Borges Open the ORCID record for Vicente Cassepp-Borges [Opens in a new window]  and
Emilio Ferrer
Vicente Cassepp-Borges*
Affiliation:
Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais de Volta Redonda, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
Emilio Ferrer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
*
Address for correspondence: Vicente Cassepp-Borges, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais de Volta Redonda, Rua Desembargador Ellis Hermydio Figueira, 783, Sala 214A, Bairro Aterrado – Volta Redonda, RJ, CEP 27213-145 – Brazil. Email: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The colours of love theory is of great importance for understanding love. However, previous research on this theory did not consider the model as circular, as originally proposed. This article investigates the spatial location of items and underlying love dimensions in the Love Attitudes Scale with a large Brazilian sample of 1,549 participants. The measure replicated the six-factor structure of previous studies (Eros, Ludus, Storge, Mania, Agape and Pragma), including the small correlations between factors and internal consistency. The circumplex structure, however, differed from the original theory. Multidimensional scaling showed an opposition between Ludus and Eros, as well as between Mania and Storge, suggesting a new spatial location to love styles. Based on the findings, we propose a revised reformulation of the colours of love theory using attachment theory as a framework to interpret the results.

Keywords

circumplex modelscolours of loveromantic relationshipsattachment theory
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Relationships Research , Volume 10 , 2019 , e21
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226–244.Google Scholar
Barros, A.M.C.M., & Calvano, N. (2005). O teste de avaliação da tipologia do amor. Anais do II Congresso Brasileiro de Avaliação Psicológica. Gramado, RS: IBAP.Google Scholar
Brislin, R. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In Lonner, W. & Berry, J. (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137–164). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Brown, T.A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Cassepp-Borges, V., & Pasquali, L. (2011). Características psicométricas da Relationship Assessment Scale. Psico-USF, 16, 255–264.Google Scholar
Cassepp-Borges, , & Pasquali, L. (2014). A redução de itens como uma alternativa para a Escala Triangular do Amor. Psicologia, 28, 11–20.Google Scholar
Cattell, R.B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276.Google Scholar
Chen, W.W., & Wu, C.W. (2017). Transmission of ideas about love: Filial piety, love attitudes, and romantic satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 24, 440–452.Google Scholar
Damásio, B.F. (2012). Uso da análise fatorial exploratória em psicologia. Avaliação Psicológica, 11, 213–228.Google Scholar
Davison, M.L., & Sireci, S.G. (2000). Multidimensional Scaling. In. Tinsley, H.E.A. & Brown, S.D. (Eds.), Handbook of Applied Multivariate Statistics and Mathematical Modeling (pp. 323–352). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
De Andrade, A.L., & Garcia, A. (2009). Atitudes e Crenças sobre o Amor: Versão Brasileira da Escala de Estilos de Amor. Interpersona, 3, 89–102.Google Scholar
Fabrigar, L.R., Visser, P.S., & Browne, M.W. (1997). Conceptual and methodological issues in testing the circumplex structure of data in personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 184–203.Google Scholar
Fehr, B., & Broughton, R. (2001). Gender and personality differences in conceptions of love: An interpersonal theory analysis. Personal Relationships, 8, 115–136.Google Scholar
Fraley, R.C., & Shaver, P.R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4, 132–154.Google Scholar
Guiguère, G. (2007). Collecting and analyzing data in multidimensional scaling experiments: A guide for Psychologists using SPSS. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 2, 26–37.Google Scholar
Harman, H.H. (1967). Modern factor analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511–524.Google Scholar
Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S.S. (1986). A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 392–402.Google Scholar
Hendrick, C., Hendrick, S.S., & Dicke, A. (1989). The Love Attitudes Scale: Short form. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 147–159.Google Scholar
Hendrick, S.S. (1988). A generic measure of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 93–98.Google Scholar
Holland, J.L. (1959). A theory of vocational choice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 6, 35–45.Google Scholar
Holland, J.L. (1996). Exploring careers with a typology: What we have learned and some new directions. American Psychologist, 51, 397–406.Google Scholar
Horn, J.L. (1965). A rationale and technique for estimating the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179–185.Google Scholar
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2017). Divisão regional. www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/geografia/default_div_int.shtm?c=1 on August 11, 2019.Google Scholar
Jaworska, N., & Chupetlovska-Anastasova, A. (2009). A review of Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and its utility in various psychological domains. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 5, 1–10.Google Scholar
Jonason, P.K., & Kavanagh, P. (2010). The dark side of love: Love styles and the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 606–610.Google Scholar
Kruskal, J.B. (1964). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: A numerical method. Psychometrika, 29, 115–129.Google Scholar
Kruskal, J.B. and Wish, M. (1978). Multidimensional Scaling. Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 07–011. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Lasswell, T.E., & Lasswell, M.E. (1976). I love you but I'm not in love with you. Journal of Marriage and Family Coundeling, 2, 211–224.Google Scholar
Lee, J.A. (1973). Colours of love: an exploration of the ways of loving. Toronto, Canada: New Press.Google Scholar
Lee, J.A. (1974). The styles of loving. Psychology today, 8, 43–51.Google Scholar
Lee, J.A. (1977). A typology of styles of loving. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 173–182.Google Scholar
Lee, J.A. (1988) Love-styles. In Sternberg, R.J. & Barnes, M.L. (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 38–67). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Neto, F. (1993). Love styles and self-representations. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 795–803.Google Scholar
Neto, F. (1994). Love styles among Portuguese students. The Journal of Psychology, 128, 613–616.Google Scholar
Neto, F. (1998). Atitudes em relação ao amor. Psicologia, Educação e Cultura, 2, 263–279.Google Scholar
Neto, F. (2002). Colors associated with styles of love. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 1303–1310.Google Scholar
Neto, F. (2007). A Cross-Cultural Study of British, Indian, and Portuguese College Students. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 38, 239–254.Google Scholar
Neto, F., Mullet, E., Deschamps, J.C., Barros, J., Benvindo, R., Camino, L., … Machado, M. (2000). Cross-Cultural variations in attitudes toward love. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 626–635.Google Scholar
Pasquali, L. (2005). Análise fatorial para pesquisadores. Brasília: LabPAM.Google Scholar
Prediger, D.J. (1982). Dimensions underlying Holland's hexagon: Missing link between interests and occupations? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 21, 259–287.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, I.A., Montgomery, M., Peláez, M., & Salas Martinez, W. (2003). Love Attitudes and experiences in courtship in young adults of three different cultures. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 20, 177–188.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Castro, Y., Lameiras, M., Carrera, M.V., & Vallejo-Medina, P. (2013). Validación de la Escala de Actitudes hacia el Amor en una muestra de adolescentes. Estudios de Psicología, 34, 209–219.Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Santero, J., García-Carpintero Muñoz, M.A., & Porcel Gálvez, A.M. (2017). Los estilos de amor en estudiantes universitarios. Diferencias en función del sexo-género. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 75, e073.Google Scholar
Rohmann, E., Führer, A., & Bierhoff, H.W. (2016). Relationship satisfaction across european cultures: the role of love styles. Cross-Cultural Research, 50, 178–211.Google Scholar
Rotzien, A., Vacha-Haase, T., Murthy, K., Davenport, D., & Thompson, B. (1994). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Hendrick-Hendrick love attitudes scale: We may not yet have an acceptable model, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1, 360–374.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S.H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19–45.Google Scholar
Shaver, P., & Hazan, C. (1988). A biased overview of the study of love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5, 473–501.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R.J. (1998). Construct validation of a triangular love scale. European Journal of Psychology, 27, 313–335.Google Scholar
Todosijević, B., Arančić, A., & Ljubinković, S. (2009). An examination and revision of the Love Attitude Scale in Serbia. Interpersona, 3, 58–76.Google Scholar
Yang, Y., & Liu, A. (2007). Reliability and validity of the Chinese Love Attitude Scale. Asian Social Science, 3, 41–44.Google Scholar