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2. Portions of this section and the next appeared in different form in Connolly and Lessoff, “Urban Political Bossism in the United States, 1870–1920: The Spread of an Idea and the Defense of a Practice,” in Integration, Legitimation, Korruption, Politische Patronage in Früher Neuzeit und Moderne, ed. Ronald G. Asch et al. (Frankfurt, 2011), 195–208. On the liberals and their influence, see McGerr, Michael E., The Decline of Popular Politics in the American North, 1865–1928 (New York, 1986)Google Scholar; Schudson, Michael, The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life (New York, 1998), 144–87Google Scholar; Butler, Leslie, Critical Americans: Victorian Intellectuals and Transatlantic Liberal Reform (Chapel Hill, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cohen, Nancy, The Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865–1914 (Chapel Hill, 2002)Google Scholar; James, Scott C., Presidents, Parties, and the State: A Party System Perspective on Democratic Regulatory Choice, 1884–1936 (New York, 2000), 36–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McFarland, Gerald W., Mugwumps, Morals, and Politics, 1884–1920 (Amherst, 1975).Google Scholar

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21. Hartley Davis, “Tammany Hall: The Most Perfect Political Organization in the World,” Munsey’s, October 1900, 55–67.

22. Paul Leicester Ford, The Honorable Peter Stirling and What People Thought of Him (1894; repr. Ridgewood, N.J., 1968). Other sympathetic fictional portraits of bosses included Lewis, Alfred Henry, The Boss, and How He Came to Rule New York (New York, 1903)Google Scholar; and Williams, Francis Churchill, J. Devlin, Boss: A Romance of American Politics (Boston, 1901).Google Scholar

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65. Crick, American Science of Politics, 151, 154. To Crick, the British scholar of politics, Merriam’s writings on Chicago showed what he could have done had he not fallen prey to scientistic illusions. They bristled with practical observations and shrewd judgments, a contrast to the sterile “flights of pseudo-scientific rhetoric that ruined” much of his other writing.

66. Gosnell, Machine Politics, Chicago Style, 70.

67. Theodore Lowi, Foreword to ibid., xviii. See also Harold F. Gosnell, review of Allswang, A House for All Peoples, in American Journal of Sociology 77 (March 1972): 978–79; Lowi, Theodore, The End of Liberalism: Ideology, Policy, and the Crisis of Public Authority (New York, 1969).Google Scholar

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