Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T09:17:42.109Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Linguliform brachiopods from the terminal Cambrian and lowest Ordovician of the Oaxaquia microcontinent (Southern Mexico)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Michael Streng ,
Barbro B. Mellbin ,
Ed Landing  and
J. Duncan Keppie
Michael Streng
Affiliation:
1Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden,
Barbro B. Mellbin
Affiliation:
2Uppsala University, Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Norbyvägen 18A, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
Ed Landing
Affiliation:
3New York State Museum, 222 Madison Avenue, Albany, New York 12230, USA
J. Duncan Keppie
Affiliation:
4Departamento de Geología Regional, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., México
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Eighteen taxa of linguliform brachiopods, mainly represented by acrotretoids, are reported from the Upper Cambrian (Furongian, Stage 10) and Lower Ordovician (Tremadocian) Tiñu Formation of Oaxaca State, Mexico. At the time of deposition, this area was part of Oaxaquia, which was either a microcontinent or an integral part of the Gondwanan margin. Whereas certain trilobites seem to indicate a Gondwanan affinity, the Tiñu brachiopod faunas show a less definite paleogeographic relationship. Some taxa have previously only been reported from Laurentia (Eurytreta cf. fillmorensis, Eurytreta cf. campaniformis), and one taxon is best known from the Avalon microcontinent (Eurytreta cf. sabrinae). However, the relatively high percentage of new and potentially endemic taxa (Oaxaquiatreta labrifera n. gen. n. sp., Tapuritreta reclinata n. sp., Oaxaquiatreta sp., Eurytreta? n. sp., Acrotretidae n. gen. n. sp., Obolinae gen. and sp. indet.) and the lack of other typical Laurentian, Gondwanan, or Avalonian taxa suggest either a certain degree of insularity of Oaxaquia or reflects a more temperate, unrestricted marine environment during the Early Paleozoic. Other taxa reported from the Tiñu Formation include Semitreta sp., Lingulella? spp., Obolinae gen. and sp. indet., Eoscaphelasma? sp., Ottenbyella? sp. A and sp. B, and Acrotretidae gen. and sp. indet. A, B, and C. Eurytreta and Semitreta are critically reviewed and several taxa previously assigned to them have been excluded. An emended diagnosis for the genus Eurytreta is presented. The presence of delthyrium and notothyrium-like structures in the siphonotretid Oaxaquiatreta n. gen. further strengthens the previously proposed relationship between the Siphonotretida and Paterinida.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 85 , Issue 1 , January 2011 , pp. 122 - 155
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Balthasar, U. 2009. The brachiopod Eoobolus from the Early Cambrian Mural Formation (Canadian Rocky Mountains). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 83:407–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bednarczyk, W. and Biernat, G. 1978. Inarticulate brachiopods from the Lower Ordovician of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 23:293–316.Google Scholar
Benedetto, J. L., Sánchez, T. M., Carrera, M., Brussa, E. D., and Salas, M. J. 1999. Paleontological constraints on successive paleogeographic positions of Precordillera terrane during the early Paleozoic. In Ramos, V. A., and Keppie, J. D. (eds.), Laurentia-Gondwana connections before Pangea. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 336:21–42.Google Scholar
Biernat, G. 1973. Ordovician inarticulate brachiopods from Poland and Estonia. Palaeontologica Polonica, 28:1–120.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J., Blodgett, R. B., and Stewart, J. H. 1997. European province Late Silurian brachiopods from the Ciudad Victoria area, Tamaulipas, northeastern México. In Klapper, G., Murphy, M. A., and Talent, J. A. (eds.), Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and biogeography: Studies in honor of J. Grenville (Jess) Johnson. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 321:273–293.Google Scholar
Brock, G. A. and Holmer, L. E. 2004. Early Ordovician lingulate brachiopods from the Emanuel Formation, Canning Basin, Western Australia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 30:113–132.Google Scholar
Buitrón, B. E. and Rivera Carraneo, E. 1984. Lingulidos (Brachiopoda-Inarticulata) del Ordovícico de Oaxaca, México. Memoria. III Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología, México 1984:54–61.Google Scholar
Callaway, C. 1877. On a new area of Upper Cambrian rocks in south Shropshire with description of a new fauna. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 33:652–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centeno-Garcia, E. and Keppie, J. D. 1999. Latest Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic structures in central Oaxaca Terrane of southern Mexico: Deformation near a triple junction. Tectonophysics, 301:231–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cocks, L. R. M. and Torsvik, T. H. 2002. Earth geography from 500 to 400 million years ago: A faunal and palaeomagnetic review. Journal of the Geological Society, 159:631–644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cusack, M., Williams, A., and Buckman, J. O. 1999. Chemicostructural evolution of linguloid brachiopod shells. Palaeontology, 42:799–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dall, W. H. 1870. A revision of the Terebratulidae and Lingulidae. American Journal of Conchology, 6:88–168.Google Scholar
Davidson, T. 1868. On the earliest forms of Brachiopoda hitherto discovered in the British Palaeozoic rocks. Geological Magazine, 5:303–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flower, R. H. 1968. Cephalopods from the Tiñu Formation, Oaxaca State, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 42:804–810.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. and Cocks, L. R. M. 2003. Paleontological evidence bearing on global Ordovician-Silurian continental reconstructions. Earth-Science Reviews, 61:245–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, G. and Lundelius, J. W. 1999. Changes in the timing of mantle formation and larval life history traits in linguliform and craniiform brachiopods. Lethaia, 32:197–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Gómez, C. 2005a. Linguliformean brachiopods of the Middle-Upper Cambrian transition from the Val D'Homs Formation, southern Montagne Noir, France. Journal of Paleontology, 79:29–47.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzáles Gómez, A. C. 2005b. Braquiópodos linguliformes de la transición Cambro-Ordovícica en la vertiente meridional de la Montaña Negra (Languedoc, Francia). Unpublished , Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 132 p.Google Scholar
Gorjansky, V. Ju. 1969. Bezzamkovye brakhiopody kembriiskiikh i ordovikskikh otlozhenii severo-zapada russkoi platformy [Inarticulate brachiopods of the Cambrian and Ordovician of the northwest Russian Platform]. Ministerstvo Geologii RSFSR, Severo-Zapadnoje Territorialnoe Geologicheskoe Upravlenie, 6:1–173. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Gorjansky, V. Ju. and Popov, L. E. 1985. Morfologiya, sistematicheskoe polozhenie i proiskhozhdenie bezzamkovykh brakhiopod c karbonatnoj rakovinoj [The morphology, systematic position and origin of the inarticulate brachiopods with calcareous shells]. Paleontologicheskij Zhurnal, 1985:3–14. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Harrington, H. J. 1938. Sobre las faunas del Ordoviciano inferior del norte Argentino. Revista del Museo de la Plata (Nueva Serie), 1:109–289.Google Scholar
Harrington, H. J. and Kay, M. 1951. Cambrian and Ordovician faunas of eastern Colombia. Journal of Paleontology, 25:655–668.Google Scholar
Harrington, H. J. and Leanza, A. F. 1957. Ordovician trilobites of Argentina. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 1:1–266.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V. 1982. Lingulacea, Paterinacea, and Siphonotretacea (Brachiopoda) in the Lower Ordovician sequence of Bohemia. Sborník geologickńch věd, paleontologie, 25:9–82.Google Scholar
Holmer, L. E. 1986. Inarticulate brachiopods around the Middle-Upper Ordovician boundary in Västergötland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 108:97–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmer, L. E. 1989. Middle Ordovician phosphatic inarticulate brachiopods from Västergötland and Dalarna, Sweden. Fossils and Strata, 26:1–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmer, L. E. and Biernat, G. 2002. Lingulate brachiopods from Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc) chalcedonites, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47:141–156.Google Scholar
Holmer, L. E. and Popov, L. E. 2000. Lingulata, p. 30–146. In Williams, A. et al., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda, revised, vol. 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder, Kansas.Google Scholar
Holmer, L. E., Koneva, S. P., Popov, L. E., and Zhylkaidarov, A. M. 1996. Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn) lingulate brachiopods and conodonts from the Malyi Karatau Range, Kazakhstan. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 70:481–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmer, L. E., Popov, L. E., and Bassett, M. G. 2000. Early Ordovician organophosphatic brachiopods with Baltoscandian affinities from the Alay Range, southern Kyrgyzstan. GFF, 122:367–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmer, L. E., Popov, L. E., Koneva, S. P., and Bassett, M. G. 2001. Cambrian–early Ordovician brachiopods from Malyi Karatau, the western Balkhash region, and Tien Shan, Central Asia. Special Papers in Paleontology, 65:1–180.Google Scholar
Holmer, L. E., Popov, L. E., Streng, M., and Miller, J. F. 2005. Lower Ordovician (Tremadocian) lingulate brachiopods from the House Range and Fillmore Formation, Ibex area, western Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 79:884–906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmer, L. E., Pettersson Stolk, S., Skovsted, C. B., Balthasar, U., and Popov, L. 2009. The enigmatic early Cambrian Salanygolina—a stem group of rhynchonelliform chileate brachiopods. Palaeontology, 52:1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, R. D. 1952. The stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of the Cambrian sedimentary rocks of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Canadian Geological Survey Memoir, 263:1–124.Google Scholar
Keppie, J. D. 2004. Terranes of Mexico revisited: A 1.3 billion year odyssey. International Geology Review, 46:765–794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keppie, J. D. and Ortega-Gutiérrez, F. 1999. Middle American Precambrian basement: A missing piece of the reconstructed 1-Ga orogen. In Ramos, V. A., and Keppie, J. D. (eds.), Laurentia-Gondwana Connections Before Pangea. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 336:199–210.Google Scholar
Keppie, J. D. and Ortega-Gutiérrez, F. 2010. 1.3-0.9 Ga Oaxaquia (Mexico): Remnant of an arc/backarc on the northern margin of Amazonia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 29:21–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keppie, J. D. and Ramos, V. A. 1999. Odyssey of terranes in the Iapetus and Rheic oceans during the Paleozoic. In Ramos, V. A. and Keppie, J. D. (eds.), Laurentia-Gondwana Connections before Pangea. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 336:267–276.Google Scholar
Keppie, J. D., Nance, R. D., Murphy, J. B., and Dostal, J. 2003. Tethyan, Mediterranean, and Pacific analogues for the Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic birth and development of peri-Gondwanan terranes and their transfer to Laurentia and Laurussia. Tectonophysics, 365:195–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keppie, J. D., Dostal, J., Murphy, J. B., and Nance, R. D. 2008. Synthesis and tectonic interpretation of the westernmost Paleozoic Variscan orogen in southern Mexico: From rifted Rheic margin to active Pacific margin. Tectonophysics, 461:277–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, W. 1846. Remarks on certain genera belonging to the class Palliobranchiata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18:26–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobayashi, T. 1937. The Cambro-Ordovician shelly faunas of South America. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Section 2: Geology, Mineralogy, Geography, Seismology, 4:369–512.Google Scholar
Koneva, S.P. and Popov, L. E. 1988. Akrotretidy (bezzamkovye brakhiopody) iz pogranichnykh otlozhenij kembriya-ordovika khrebta Malyj Karatau (Yuzhnyj Kazakhstan) [Acrotretids (inarticulate brachiopods) from the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary strata of Malyi Karatau Range (southern Kazakhstan)]. In Kolobova, I. M. and Khozatskij, L. I. (eds.), Ezhegodnik Vsesoyuznogo Paleontologicheskogo Obshchestva, 31:52–72. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Koneva, S. P., Popov, L. E., Ushatinskaya, G. T., and Esakova, N. V. 1990. Bezzamkovye brakhiopody (akrotretidy) i mikroproblematiki iz verkhnego kembriya severo-vostochnogo Kazakhstana [Inarticulate brachiopods and microproblematica from the Upper Cambrian of northeastern Kazakhstan]. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki, Academi Nauk SSSR Otdeleni, 765:158–170. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Krause, F. F. and Rowell, A. J. 1975. Distribution and systematics of the inarticulate brachiopods of the Ordovician carbonate mud mound of Meiklejohn Peak, Nevada. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 61:1–74.Google Scholar
Kuhn, O. 1949. Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 326 p.Google Scholar
Kutorga, S. S. 1848. Über die Brachiopoden-Familie der Siphonotretacea. Verhandlungen der Russisch-Kaiserlichen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft zu St. Petersburg, 1847:250–286.Google Scholar
Landing, E. 1996. Avalon—Insular continent by the latest Precambrian. In Nance, R. D. and Thompson, M. (eds.), Avalonian and related peri-Gondwanan terranes of the circum-North Atlantic. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 304:27–64.Google Scholar
Landing, E. 2005. Early Paleozoic Avalon-Gondwana unity: An obituary—response to “Palaeontological evidence bearing on global Ordovician-Silurian continental reconstructions” by R.A. Fortey and L.R.M. Cocks. Earth-Science Reviews, 69:169–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landing, E. 2007. East Laurentia 2007—a pre-meeting statement. In Landing, E. (ed.), Ediacaran-Ordovician of east Laurentia—S. W. Ford Memorial Volume. New York State Museum Bulletin, 510:3–4.Google Scholar
Landing, E. and MacGabhann, B. A. 2009. First evidence for Cambrian glaciation provided by sections in Avalonian New Brunswick and Ireland—additional data for Avalon-Gondwana separation by the earliest Palaeozoic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 285:174–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landing, E., Westrop, S. R., and Keppie, J. D. 2007. Terminal Cambrian and lowest Ordovician succession of Mexican West Gondwana: Biotas and sequence stratigraphy of the Tiñu Formation. Geological Magazine, 144:909–936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landing, E., English, A., and Keppie, J. D. 2010. Cambrian origin of all skeletalized metazoan phyla—Discovery of Earth's oldest bryozoans (Upper Cambrian, southern Mexico). Geology, 38:547–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lermontova, E. V. and Razumovskij, N. K. 1933. O drevneishikh otlozhenijakh Urala (nizhnii silur i kembrii v okrestnostjakh derevni kidryasovo na Juzhnom Urale). [On the ancient strata of the Urals (Lower Silurian and Cambrian at the outskirts of the Kidryassovo vilage at the South Urals]. Zapiski Rossijskogo mineralogičeskogo obsestva, 62:185–217. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Matthew, G. F. 1901. New species of Cambrian fossils from Cape Breton. Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick, 4:269–286.Google Scholar
M'Coy, F. 1851. On some new Cambro-Silurian fossils. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2nd Series, 8:387–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menke, C. T. 1828. Synopsis methodica molluscorum generum omnium et specierum earum quae in Museo Menkeano adservantur. G. Uslar, Pyrmonti, 1–91.Google Scholar
Mergl, M. 2002. Linguliformean and craniiformean brachiopods of the Ordovician (Třenice to Dobrotivá Formation) of the Barrandian, Bohemia. Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis, 58:1–82.Google Scholar
Moberg, J. C. and Segerberg, C. O. 1906. Bidrag till kännedomen om ceratopygeregionen med särskild hänsyn till dess utveckling i Fogelsångstrakten. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift (Lund), serie 2, 2:1–113.Google Scholar
Nance, R. D. and Linnemann, U. 2008. The Rheic Ocean: Origin, evolution, and significance. GSA Today, 18:4–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navarro-Santillán, D., Sour-Tovar, F., and Centeno-García, E. 2002. Lower Mississippian (Osagean) brachiopods from the Santiago Formation, Oaxaca, Mexico: Stratigraphic and tectonic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 15:327–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nazarov, B. B. and Popov, L. E. 1980. Stratigrafiya i fauna kremnistokarbonatnykh otlozhenij Kazakhstana [Stratigraphy and fauna of Ordovician siliceous-carbonate deposits of Kazakhstan]. Trudy geologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 331:1–190. (In Russian).Google Scholar
North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature. 1983. North American Stratigraphic Code. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 67:841–875.Google Scholar
Ortega-Gutiérrez, F., Ruiz, J., and Centeno-Garcia, E. 1995. Oaxaquia—A Proterozoic microcontinent accreted to North America during the late Paleozoic. Geology, 23:1127–1130.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega-Gutiérrez, F., Elías-Herrera, M., Reyes-Salas, M., Macías-Romo, C.C., and López, R. 1999. Late Ordovician-Early Silurian continental collisional orogeny in southern Mexico and its bearing on Gondwana-Laurentia connections. Geology, 27:719–722.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owens, R. M., Fortey, R. A., Cope, J. C. W., Rushton, A. W. A., and Bassett, M. G. 1982. Tremadoc faunas from the Carmarthen district, South Wales. Geological Magazine, 119:1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pantoja-Alor, J. 1970. Rocas sedimentarias paleozoicas de la región centro-septentrional de Oaxaca, p. 67–84. In Segura, L. R. and Rodríguez-Torres, R. (eds.), Libro-Guía de la Excursión México-Oaxaca. Sociedad Geológica Mexicana.Google Scholar
Pantoja-Alor, J. and Robison, R. 1967. Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in Oaxaca, Mexico. Science, 157:1033–1035.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peel, J. S. and Berg-Madsen, V. 2007. Eobucania (Mollusca) from the Furongian (late Cambrian) of Sweden. GFF, 129:235–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popov, L. and Holmer, L. E. 1994. Cambrian-Ordovician lingulate brachiopods from Scandinavia, Kazakhstan, and South Ural Mountains. Fossils and Strata, 35:1–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popov, L. and Holmer, L. E. 2000. Chileata, p. 193–196. In Williams, A. et al., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda, revised, vol. 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder, Kansas.Google Scholar
Popov, L. and Williams, A. 2000. Kutorginata, p. 208–215. In Williams, A. et al., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda, revised, vol. 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder, Kansas.Google Scholar
Popov, L. E., Holmer, L. E., and Miller, J. F. 2002. Lingulate brachiopods from the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary beds of Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 76:211–228.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popov, L. E., Ghobadi Pour, M., and Hosseini, M. 2008. Early to Middle Ordovician lingulate brachiopods from the Lashkarak Formation, Eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. Alcheringa, 32:1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popov, L. E., Ghobadi Pour, M., Hosseini, M., and Holmer, L. E. 2009a. Furongian linguliform brachiopods from the Alborz Mountains, Iran. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 37:103–122.Google Scholar
Popov, L. E., Bassett, M. G., Holmer, L. E., and Ghobadi Pour, M. 2009b. Early ontogeny and soft tissue préservation in siphonotretide brachiopods: New data from the Cambrian-Ordovician of Iran. Gondwana Research, 16:151–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puura, I. 1996. Cambrian-Ordovician lingulate brachiopods from Estonia and northwestern Russia, p. 1–136. In Puura, I., Lingulate brachiopods and biostratigraphy of the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary beds in Baltoscandia. Unpublished , Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Institute of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Puura, I. and Holmer, L. E. 1993. Lingulate brachiopods from the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary beds in Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 115:215–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasetti, F. 1944. Upper Cambrian trilobites from the Lévis Conglomerate. Journal of Paleontology, 18:229–258.Google Scholar
Rasetti, F. 1954. Early Ordovician trilobite faunules from Quebec and Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology, 28:581–587.Google Scholar
Robison, R. and Pantoja-Alor, J. 1968. Tremadocian trilobites from the Nochixtlan region, Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 42:767–800.Google Scholar
Robson, S. P. and Pratt, B. R. 2007. Late Marjuman (Cambrian) linguliformean brachiopods from the Deadwood Formation of South Dakota. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 27:1–95.Google Scholar
Rowell, A. J. 1965. Inarticulata, p. H260–H296. In Moore, R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda 1 (2). Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder, Kansas.Google Scholar
Rowell, A. J. 1966. Revision of some Cambrian and Ordovician inarticulate brachiopods. University of Kansas, Paleontological Contributions, 7:1–36.Google Scholar
Ruiz, J., Tosdal, R. M., Restrepo, P. A., and Murillo-Muñetón, G. 1999. Pb isotope evidence for Colombia–southern México connections in the Proterozoic. In Ramos, V. A. and Keppie, J. D. (eds.), Laurentia-Gondwana Connections Before Pangea: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 336:183–197.Google Scholar
Salter, J. W. 1866. On the fossils of North Wales. In A. C. Ramsay, The geology of North Wales. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and of the Museum of Practical Geology, 3:239–381.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C. 1893. A classification of the Brachiopoda. The American Geologist, 11:141–167.Google Scholar
Shergold, J. H. 1988. Review of trilobite biofacies distributions at the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary. Geological Magazine, 125:363–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shergold, J. H., Cooper, R. A., MacKinnon, D. I., and Yochelson, E. L. 1976. Late Cambrian Brachiopoda, Mollusca, and Trilobita from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Palaeontology, 19:147–291.Google Scholar
Sour, F. and Buitrón, B. E. 1987. Los graptolitos del Tremadociano de Ixtaltepec, Oaxaca, consideraciones sobre el limite Cambrico-Ordovicico en la region. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Paleontología, 1:380–395.Google Scholar
Streng, M. and Holmer, L. E. 2006. New and poorly known acrotretid brachiopods (class Lingulata) from the Cedaria-Crepicephalus zone (late Middle Cambrian) of the Great Basin, USA. Geobios, 39:125–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streng, M., Holmer, L. E., Popov, L. E., and Budd, G. E. 2008 (for 2007). Columnar shell structures in early linguloids—new data from the Middle Cambrian of Sweden. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 98:221–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, M. D., Bassett, M. G., and Cherns, L. 2000. Lingulate brachiopods from the Lower Ordovician of the Anglo-Welsh Basin, part 2. Monograph of the Palaeontological Society London, 153:61–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolmacheva, T. Ju., Degtyarev, K. E., Samuelsson, J., and Holmer, L. E. 2008. Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician faunas from the Chingiz Mountain Range, central Kazakhstan. Alcheringa, 32:443–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. and Cooper, G. A. 1936. New genera and species of Ozarkian and Canadian brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology, 10:616–631.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. and Cooper, G. A. 1938. Ozarkian and Canadian Brachiopoda. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 13:i–viii+1–323.Google Scholar
Ushatinskaya, G. T. 1987. Neobychnye bezzamkovye brakhiopody iz nizhnego kembriya Mongolii. [Unusual inarticulate brachiopods from the Lower Cambrian of Mongolia.]. Paleontologicheskij Zhurnal, 1987:62–68. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Ushatinskaya, G. T. 1992. Novye srednekembrijskie lingulyaty iz Batenevskogo kryazha (Altae-Sayanskaya skladchataya oblast') [New Middle Cambrian lingulates from Batenev Ridge (Altai-Sajan Mountain Area)], p. 80–88. In Repina, L. N. and Rozanov, A. Yu. (eds.), Drevnejshie brakhiopody territorii Severnoj Evrazii. Novosibirsk. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Ushatinskaya, G. T. 1994. Novye sredne-pozdnekembrijskie akrotretidy (brakhiopody) severa Sibirskoj platformy i nekotorye voprosy ikh sistematiki [New Middle and Late Cambrian acrotretids (brachiopods) from the northern part of the Siberian Craton and some questions on their systematics]. Paleontologicheskij Zhurnal, 1994:38–54. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Ushatinskaya, G. T. 1995. Drevnejshie lingulyaty [The early lingulates]. Trudy Paleontologisheskogo Instiuta, 262:1–91. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Ushatinskaya, G. T. 2001. Brachiopods, p. 350–369. In Zhuravlev, A. and Riding, R. (eds.), Ecology of the Cambrian explosion. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Waagen, W. H. 1885. Salt Range fossils, Part 4 (2) Brachiopoda: Palæontologia Indica. Memoirs, 13:729–770.Google Scholar
Walcott, C. D. 1902. Cambrian Brachiopoda: Acrotreta; Linnarssonella; Obolus; with descriptions of new species. Proceedings U.S. National Museum, 25:577–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A. 1974. Ordovician Brachiopoda from the Shelve District, Shropshire. British Museum (Natural History), Bulletin (Geology) Supplement, 2:1–163.Google Scholar
Williams, A. 2003. Microscopic imprints on juvenile shells of Palaeozoic linguliform brachiopods. Palaeontology, 46:67–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A. and Harper, D. A. T. 2000. Orthida (Suborder Orthidina), p. 714–782. In Williams, A. et al., Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda, revised, vol. 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas.Google Scholar
Williams, A., Carlson, S. J., Brunton, C. H. C., Holmer, L. E., and Popov, L. 1996. A supra-ordinal classification of the Brachiopoda. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 351:1171–1193.Google Scholar
Williams, A., Holmer, L. E., and Cusack, M. 2004. Chemico-structure of the organophosphatic shells of siphonotretide brachiopods. Palaeontology, 47:1313–1337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yochelson, E. L. 1968. Tremadocian mollusks from the Nochixtlán region, Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 42:801–803.Google Scholar