Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T20:32:03.419Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Deformation, microstructure, hardness, and pitting corrosion of 316 stainless steel after laser forming: A comparison between natural and forced cooling

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 May 2017

Morteza Chinizadeh  and
Seyed Rahim Kiahosseini
Morteza Chinizadeh
Affiliation:
Department of Engineering, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan 3671639998, Iran
Seyed Rahim Kiahosseini*
Affiliation:
Department of Engineering, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan 3671639998, Iran
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Sheets made of 316 stainless steel (100 × 100 × 1 mm3) were irradiated by laser at 1, 5, 10, and 15 passes under natural and forced cooling. Results showed that the deflection angle increased with the number of radiation passes. The bending angle after 15 passes of exposure under forced cooling was 5° higher than under natural cooling. The grain size under natural cooling increased from approximately 23–35 μm. By contrast, under forced cooling, the grain size decreased from approximately 37–27 μm. The sample hardness declined under natural cooling from approximately 212–200 HV. By contrast, sample hardness increased from approximately 216–233 HV under forced cooling. Polarization results show that the breakdown potential versus the number of lasing passes increased from −0.14 to −0.08 V under natural cooling and −0.16 to −0.06 V under forced cooling.

Keywords

lasermicrostructurethermal stresses
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 32 , Issue 16 , 28 August 2017 , pp. 3046 - 3054
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Contributing Editor: Jürgen Eckert

References

REFERENCES

Walczak, M., Ramos-Grez, J., Celentano, D., and Lima, E.B.F.: Sensitization of AISI 302 stainless steel during low-power laser forming. Optic. Laser. Eng. 48, 906 (2010).Google Scholar
Ding, Y., Zhang, X., and Kovacevic, R.: A laser-based machine vision measurement system for laser forming. Measurement 82, 345 (2016).Google Scholar
Wang, X., Li, L., Shen, Z., Sha, C., Gao, S., Li, C., Sun, X., Ma, Y., and Liu, H.: Experimental investigation on: Laser shock micro-forming process using the mask and flexible pad. Optic. Laser. Eng. 88, 102 (2017).Google Scholar
Cheng, J. and Yao, Y.L.: Cooling effects in multiscan laser forming. J. Manuf. Process. 3(1), 60 (2001).Google Scholar
D’Souza, A., Palani, I.A., Naikwad, S., Padmanabhan, R., Shanmugam, S., Natu, H., and Swamy: Parametric investigation in laser forming of 8 mm FE-410 plate using high power CO2 laser and its bend angle prediction. Mater. Today 2, 2013 (2015).Google Scholar
Edwardson, S.P., Edwards, K., Carey, C., Dearden, G., and Watkins, K.G.: Laser forming for ship building applications. Steel Tech. 2(4), 42 (2008).Google Scholar
Prashanth, K.G., Scudino, S., Chaubey, A.K., Löber, L., Wang, P., Attar, H., Schimansky, F.P., Pyczak, F., and Eckert, J.: Processing of Al–12Si–TNM composites by selective laser melting and evaluation of compressive and wear properties. J. Mater. Res. 31(1), 55 (2016).Google Scholar
Hu, Y., Luo, M., and Yao, Z.: Increasing the capability of laser peen forming to bend titanium alloy sheets with laser-assisted local heating. Mater. Des. 90, 364 (2016).Google Scholar
Wang, X., Zhang, H., Shen, Z., Li, J., Qian, Q., and Liu, H.: Experimental and numerical investigation of laser shock synchronous welding and forming of Copper/Aluminum. Optic. Laser. Eng. 86, 291 (2016).Google Scholar
Chakraborty, S.S., Maji, K., Racherla, V., and Nath, A.K.: Investigation on laser forming of stainless steel sheets under coupling mechanism. Opt. Laser Technol. 71, 29 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavender, C.A., Hong, S-T., Smith, M.T., Johnson, R.T., and Lahrman, D.: The effect of laser shock peening on the life and failure mode of a cold pilger die. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 204, 486 (2008).Google Scholar
Bartkowiak, S.P.E.K., Borowski, J., Dearden, G., and Watkins, K.G.: Laser forming of thin metal components for 2D and 3D applications using a high beam quality, low power Nd:YAG laser and rapid scanning optics. In Thermal Forming, Vollertsen, F. and Seefeld, T., eds. (BIAS Verlag, Bremen, 2005).Google Scholar
Safari, M. and Mostaan, H.: Experimental and numerical investigation of laser forming of cylindrical surfaces with arbitrary radius of curvature. Alexandria Eng. J. 55(3), 1941 (2016).Google Scholar
Siqueira, R.H.M., Carvalho, S.M., Kam, I.K.L., Riva, R., and Lima, M.S.F.: Non-contact sheet forming using lasers applied to a high strength aluminum alloy. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 5(3), 275 (2016).Google Scholar
Maji, K., Pratihar, D.K., and Nath, A.K.: Laser forming of a dome shaped surface: Experimental investigations, statistical analysis and neural network modeling. Optic. Laser. Eng. 53, 31 (2014).Google Scholar
Chakraborty, S.S., More, H., Racherla, V., and Nath, A.K.: Modification of bent angle of mechanically formed stainless steel sheets by laser forming. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 222, 128 (2015).Google Scholar
Edwardson, S.P., Griffiths, J., Dearden, G., and Watkins, K.G.: Temperature gradient mechanism: Overview of the multiple pass controlling factors. Phys. Procedia 5(A), 53 (2010).Google Scholar
Krivilyov, M., Kharanzhevskiy, E., Reshetnikov, S., and Beyers, L.J.: Thermodynamic assessment of chrome-spinel formation in laser-sintered coatings with Cr2O3 particles. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 47, 1573 (2016).Google Scholar
Liu, B.X., Yin, F.X., Dai, X.L., He, J.N., Fang, W., Chen, C.X., and Dong, Y.C.: The tensile behaviors and fracture characteristics of stainless steel clad plates with different interfacial status. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 679(2), 172 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, P. and Liu, Z.: Physical–mechanical and electrochemical corrosion behaviors of additively manufactured Cr–Ni-based stainless steel formed by laser cladding. Mater. Des. 100, 254 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
A.S.F.T. Materials: Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2013).Google Scholar
Kiahosseini, S.R., Afshar, A., Larijani, M.M., and Yousefpour, M.: Adhesion, microstrain, and corrosion behavior of ZrN-coated AZ91 alloy as a function of temperature. J. Mater. Res. 28(19), 2709 (2013).Google Scholar
Kiahosseini, S.R., Afshar, A., Larijani, M.M., and Yousefpourd, M.: Structural and corrosion characterization of hydroxyapatite/zirconium nitride-coated AZ91 magnesium alloy by ion beam sputtering. Appl. Surf. Sci. 401, 172 (2017).Google Scholar
Du, D., Fu, R., Li, Y., Jing, L., Wang, J., Ren, Y., and Yang, K.: Modification of the Hall–Petch equation for friction-stir-processing microstructures of high-nitrogen steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 640, 190 (2015).Google Scholar
Herring, D.H.: Stress Relief. Wire Forming Technology International 13(3), 26 (2010).Google Scholar
Fenggang Liu, X.L., Song, M., Yang, H., Song, K., Guo, P., and Huang, W.: Effect of tempering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid formed 300M steel. J. Alloys Compd. 689, 225 (2016).Google Scholar
Zheng, H., Ye, X., Jiang, L., Wang, B., Liu, Z., and Wang, G.: Study on microstructure of low carbon 12% chromium stainless steel in high temperature heat-affected zone. Mater. Des. 31(10), 4836 (2010).Google Scholar
Tao, Z., Hassan, M.K., Song, T-Y., and Han, L-H.: Experimental study on blind bolted connections to concrete-filled stainless steel columns. J. Constr. Steel Res. 128, 825 (2017).Google Scholar
Sun, X., Jiang, G., Bond, P.L., Keller, J., and Yuan, Z.: A novel and simple treatment for control of sulfide induced sewer concrete corrosion using free nitrous acid. Water Res. 70, 279 (2015).Google Scholar
Guergova, D., Stoyanova, E., Stoychev, D., Avramova, I., and Stefanov, P.: Self-healing effect of ceria electrodeposited thin films on stainless steel in aggressive 0.5 mol/L NaCl aqueous solution. J. Rare Earths 33(11), 1212 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joham, R., Sharma, N.K., Mondal, K., and Shekhar, S.: Low temperature cross-rolling to modify grain boundary character distribution and its effect on sensitization of SS304. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 240, 324 (2017).Google Scholar
Wang, R., Zheng, Z., Zhou, Q., and Gao, Y.: Effect of surface nanocrystallization on the sensitization and desensitization behavior of Super304H stainless steel. Corros. Sci. 111, 728 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leiva-García, R., Fernandes, J.C.S., Muñoz-Portero, M.J., and García-Antón, J.: Study of the sensitisation process of a duplex stainless steel (UNS 1.4462) by means of confocal microscopy and localised electrochemical techniques. Corros. Sci. 94, 327 (2015).Google Scholar
Jinlong, L., Tongxiang, L., Limin, D., and Chen, W.: Influence of sensitization on microstructure and passive property of AISI 2205 duplex stainless steel. Corros. Sci. 104, 144 (2016).Google Scholar
Srinivasan, N., Kain, V., Birbilis, N., Krishna, K.V.M., Shekhawat, S., and Samajdar, I.: Near boundary gradient zone and sensitization control in austenitic stainless steel. Corros. Sci. 100, 544 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar