¹ A prayer for the present estate (London [1562]), Short-Title Catalogue (STC) 16504.3. Quotations from sigs. Aii^r–Aii^v.

² Fezard was probably related to the yeoman, Edward Fezard, patron of Donhead St. Mary pro hac vice in 1555. Edward awarded the living to another relative, John Fessarde (deprived November 1565), a leading Catholic light in the county. John was one of three men ordered by Cardinal Pole to preach in Salisbury diocese. The Clergyman of the Church of England Database 1540–1835 (CCEd; http://www.theclergydatabase.org.uk), see Donhead St. Mary, Wiltshire; Mary to Dr. [Thomas] Harding, Dr. [Thomas] Heskins, and John Fessarde [30 May] 1558, State Papers (SP) 11/13/15, fol. 25^r, The National Archives (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO); Cardinal Pole to same [30 May] 1558, SP 11/13/16, fol. 26^r, TNA: PRO.

³ Attorney-General vs Jury of Wiltshire, 5 Elizabeth [1562–63], Star Chamber (STAC) 5/A8/5, fols. 1^r, 2^r, 4^r, 5^r, 6^r, TNA: PRO; Same vs Edward Bennett, 5 Elizabeth [1562–63], STAC 5/A10/14, TNA: PRO.

⁴ See also Attorney General vs. Fessard and Sherwood, n.d., STAC 5/A52/17, TNA: PRO; Attorney-General vs. Sherwood, Beacher and Bendbury, n.d., STAC 5/A34/3, TNA: PRO; Interogatories to be ministred to Edward Bennet John Blacher and Thomas Bunter [n.d.], STAC 3/10/73, TNA: PRO.

⁵ Proclamation on the expedition into Normandy, 24 September 1562, SP 70/41, fols. 256^r–57^r, TNA: PRO; Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin, eds., Tudor Royal Proclamations, 3 vols. (New Haven, CT, 1964–69), 2:206–7; A declaration made by my lord prince of Conde, for to shew and declare the causes, that haue co[n]strained him to take vpon him the defence of the Kinges authoritie of the gouernement of the Queene, and of the quietness of this realme, with the protestation therevpon requisite (London, 1562), STC 16849.3; A seconde declaration of the Prince of Conde, to make knowen the causers of the troubles whyche are at this day in this realme, and the dutie wherein he hathe and yet putteth hym selfe in at this presente, for the pacifyeng of the same. 1562 (London [1562]), STC 16850; Greg, W. W. and Boswell, E., eds., Records of the Court of the Stationers’ Company 1576–1602, from Register B, 2 vols. (London, 1930), 1:179–81, 199, 201–3, 206–11Google Scholar.

⁶ A useful introduction, with references to early seminal works, is Tim Harris, “Introduction,” in The Politics of the Excluded, c. 1500–1850, ed. Tim Harris (Basingstoke, 2001), 1–29. See also Mark Goldie, “The Unacknowledged Republic: Officeholding in Early Modern England,” in Harris, The Politics of the Excluded, 153–94; Herrup, Cynthia, The Common Peace: Participation and the Criminal Law in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kesselring, Krista, Mercy and Authority in the Tudor State (Cambridge, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kirby, W. J. Torrance, “The Public Sermon: Paul's Cross and the Culture of Persuasion in England, 1534–1570,” Renaissance and Reformation 31, no. 1 (2008): 3–30Google Scholar; Morrissey, Mary, “Presenting James VI and I to the Public: Preaching on Political Anniversaries at Paul's Cross,” in James VI and I: Ideas, Authority and Government, ed. Houlbrooke, Ralph (Aldershot, 2006), 107–22Google Scholar; Raymond, Joad, Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, 2003)Google Scholar; Halasz, Alexandra, The Marketplace of Print: Pamphlets and the Public Sphere in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mears, Natalie, Queenship and Political Discourse in the Elizabethan Realms (Cambridge, 2005)Google Scholar; Lake, Peter and Pincus, Steven, eds., The Politics of the Public Sphere in Early Modern England (Manchester, 2007).Google Scholar

⁷ Clay, William Keatinge, ed., Liturgical Services: Liturgies and Occasional Forms of Prayer set forth in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, Parker Society (Cambridge, 1847)Google Scholar.

⁸ Kitching, C. J., “‘Prayers fit for the time’: Fasting and Prayer in Response to National Crises in the Reign of Elizabeth I,” in Monks, Hermits and the Ascetic Tradition, ed. Sheils, W. J., Studies in Church History (Oxford, 1985), 22:241–50Google Scholar.

⁹ Cooper, J. P. D., “‘Oh Lorde save the kyng’: Tudor Royal Propaganda and the Power of Prayer,” in Authority and Consent in Tudor England: Essays Presented to C. S. L. Davies, ed. Bernard, G. W.Gunn, S. J. (Aldershot, 2002), 179–96Google Scholar, and Propaganda and the Tudor State: Political Culture in the West Country (Oxford, 2003), esp. chaps. 1 and 8.

¹⁰ Steve Hindle, “Dearth, Fasting and Alms: The Campaign for General Hospitality in Late Elizabethan England,” Past and Present 172, no. 1 (August 2001): 44–86.

¹¹ Walsham, Alexandra, Providence in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1999), 12Google Scholar.

¹² Robertson, A. J., ed., The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I (Cambridge, 1925), 114–17Google Scholar; Jones, W. R., “The English Church and Royal Propaganda during the Hundred Years War,” Journal of British Studies 19, no. 1 (1979): 18–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wright, J. Robin, The Church and the English Crown, 1305–1334: A Study Based on the Register of Archbishop Walter Reynolds (Toronto, 1980), 348–60Google Scholar; Burton, D. W., “Requests for Prayers and Royal Propaganda under Edward I,” in Thirteenth Century England III: Proceedings of the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Conference, ed. Cross, P. R. and Lloyd, S. D. (Woodbridge, 1991), 26–28Google Scholar; McHardy, A. K., “Religious Ritual and Political Persuasion: The Case of England in the Hundred Years War,” International Journal of Moral and Social Studies 3, no. 1 (1988): 41–57Google Scholar, and “Some Reflections on Edward III's Use of Propaganda,” in The Age of Edward III, ed. Bothwell, J. S. (York, 2001), 171–89Google Scholar; Ruddick, Andrea, “National Sentiment and Religious Vocabulary in Fourteenth-Century England,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 60, no. 1 (2009): 1–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³ Pre-Elizabethan occasions are noted in Hamilton, William Douglas, ed., A Chronicle of England during the Reigns of the Tudors, from AD 1485 to 1559 by Charles Wriothesley, Windsor Herald, 2 vols., Camden Society (Westminster, 1875–77), 1:22, 32, 64, 65–68, 69, 71–72, 147, 149, 161, and 2:16–18, 20, 34, 126Google Scholar; mandates, Cranmer Register, vol. 1, fols. 18^r, 22^r, 26^v–27^r, 48^v–49^r, 55^r, 55^v, Lambeth Palace Library, London (LPL); Cranmer to Edmund Bonner, 19 July [1541], Guildhall 9531/12, pt. 1, fol. 45^r, Guildhall Library, London (GL); Privy Council and Queen Catherine to the earl of Shrewsbury, 19 September 1544, Talbot MS A, 147, LPL; Edward VI to the bishops, 18 June 1551, SP 10/13/30, fol. 62^r, TNA: PRO; A prayer sayd in the kinges chappell (London, 1553), STC 7508; Diary of Henry Machyn, Cotton MS Vitellius, F. V., fols. 8^v, 25^v, 34^v, 77^r, 78^v, 79^v, British Library, London (BL) (available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/machyn/); Privy Council letter to Bonner, 27 November 1554 (London, 1554), STC 7753.6; Privy Council to Bonner, 23 May 1555, Guildhall 9531/12, 2, fol. 363, GL. The Elizabethan occasions are listed, with references, in Clay, Liturgical Services, 458–74. For a full list of all occasions (including corrections to Clay's list), with commentaries and extracts from the Forms of Prayer, see Alasdair Raffe, Natalie Mears, Stephen Taylor, and Philip Williamson, with Lucy Bates, eds., National Prayers: Special Worship since the Reformation, vol. 1, Fasts, Thanksgivings and Occasional Prayers in the British Isles, 1533–1870, to be published by the Church of England Record Society in 2013. Extant evidence for ten Elizabethan occasions suggests that they were only marked in either London or the province of Canterbury. These are counted as “nationwide” occasions because orders were not consistently recorded in archiepiscopal registers, and so the absence of orders in the registers for York does not necessarily mean that special worship was not ordered there. Also, before the break with Rome, London (and specifically St. Paul’s) regularly represented the nation during special worship. Wales was part of the province of Canterbury. There are no extant orders for special worship in Ireland until 1625, and it is unclear if the (poorly attended) thanksgivings held in Dublin after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 were an isolated case of special worship or the only surviving evidence of a more common practice. See Archbishop Adam Loftus of Dublin to [Lord Burghley?], 22 September 1590, SP 63/154/37, fol. 130^r, TNA: PRO.

¹⁴ A prayer for victorie and peace (London, 1548), STC 16503Google Scholar; A fourme to be vsed in common prayer twise a weeke (London, 1563), STC 16505. The first full liturgy to be produced for nationwide special worship was in 1551 in response to the sweating sickness, but full liturgies were not commissioned for subsequent Edwardian occasions. A thankes geuing to God vsed in Christes church (London, 1551), STC 16504.

¹⁵ A fourme to be vsed in common prayer twise a weeke, STC 16505.

¹⁶ The exception was the thanksgiving ordered for the end of the plague in 1564, when services were ordered to be held three times a week; A short forme of thankesgeuyng to God for ceassing the contagious sicknes of the plague (London, 1564), STC 16507.

¹⁷ Edmund Grindal to William Cecil, 30 July 1563, Lansdowne MS 6, fols. 156^r–57^r, BL; Matthew Parker to same, 23 July 1563, Lansdowne MS 6, fol. 154^r, BL; Grindal to same, 1 August 1563, Lansdowne MS 6, fol. 160^r, BL; John Aylmer, bishop of London, to same, 22 April, 1580, Lansdowne 30, fol. 145^r, BL; Privy Council to John Whitgift, 22 September 1589, Acts of the Privy Council of England, 1542–1631, ed. J. R. Dasent, 46 vols. (London, 1890–1964), 18:127–28; “Forms of prayer, & thanksgiving on seueral public occasions in Q Eliz time” [1597], LPL MS 113, fols. 1^r–22^r, LPL; “Thankes giving to god for withdrawing and ceasing the plage,” 1563, Lansdowne 116, fol. 73^r, BL; “A prayer of Thankesgivinge for the deliuerance of her maiestie from the murderous intentions of Dr Parry,” 1585, Lansdowne 116, fols. 77^r–79^r, BL; “Forme of a prayer for the Queene,” 1596, Lansdowne 116, fols. 81^r–82^r, BL. For discussion of the commissioning, writing, and distribution of Forms of Prayer, see Mears, Natalie, “Brought to Book: Special Book Purchases in English Parishes, 1558–1640,” in Negotiating the Jacobean Printed Book, ed. Langman, Peter (Aldershot, 2011), 29–44Google Scholar.

¹⁸ A fourme to be vsed in common prayer twise a weeke, STC 16505, sig. Aiii^v.

¹⁹ The order of prayer, and other exercises … to auert and turne Gods wrath from vs, threatned by the late terrible earthquake (London, 1580), STC 16513, sig. Ci^vGoogle Scholar.

²⁰ An order of praier and thankes-giving, for the preseruation of the queenes maiesties life and salfetie (London, 1585), STC 16516, sigs. A1^v, A2^r–A3^rGoogle Scholar.

²¹ A prayer of thankesgiuing, and for continuance of good successe to her Maiesties forces (London, 1596), STC 16527Google Scholar; Certaine prayers set foorth by authoritie, to be vsed for the prosperous successe of her maiesties forces and nauy (London, 1597), STC 16528.

²² An order for prayer and thankes-giuing (necessary to be vsed in these dangerous times) (London, 1594), STC 16525.7, sigs. A2^r–A3^vGoogle Scholar.

²³ An order for Prayer and thankesgiuing (necessary to be vsed in these dangerous times) for the safetie and preseruation of her maiestie and this Realme (London, 1599), STC 16529, sigs. A3^v–A4^v.Google Scholar

²⁴ Rainolde, John, A sermon vpon part of the eighteenth psalm: preached to the public assembly of scholers in the Vniuersity of Oxford the last day of August, 1586 (Oxford, 1586), STC 20621.5, sigs. B4^v–B7^vGoogle Scholar.

²⁵ Rainolde, A sermon vpon part of the eighteenth psalm, STC 20621.5, sigs. B7^r–B7^v.

²⁶ Lansdowne MS 6, fol. 154^r, BL; Lansdowne MS 6, fols. 154^r–55^r, BL; Lansdowne MS 6, fol. 156^r–57^v, BL; Lansdowne MS 6, 106^r, BL; The queen to the archbishops of Canterbury and York, 1 August 1563, SP 12/29/56, fol. 110^r, TNA: PRO.

²⁷ On accounting practices, see Foster, Andrew, “Churchwardens’ Accounts of Early Modern England and Wales: Some Problems to Note, but Much to Be Gained,” in The Parish in English Life, 1400–1600, ed. French, Katherine L., Gibbs, Gary M., and Kümin, Beat A. (Manchester, 1997), 74–93Google Scholar; Merritt, Julia, “The Social Context of the Parish Church in Early Modern Westminster,” Urban History Yearbook 18 (1991): 20–31Google Scholar; Craig, J. S., “Co-operation and Initiatives: Elizabethan Churchwardens and the Parish Accounts of Mildenhall,” Social History 18, no. 3 (1993): 357–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Carlson, Eric, “The Origins, Function, and Status of the Office of Churchwarden, with a Particular Reference to the Diocese of Ely,” in The World of Rural Dissenters, 1520–1725, ed. Spufford, Margaret (Cambridge, 1995), 164–207Google Scholar; St. Mary Woolchurch, churchwardens’ accounts, Guildhall 1013/1, fol. 5^v, GL; Lansdowne 6, fol. 160^r, BL.

²⁸ St. Mary Woolnoth, churchwardens’ accounts, Guildhall 1002/1a, fol. 169^r, GL. The title page is dated 27 October 1572, two months after the first massacre. Distribution to more distant parishes inevitably took longer: special services during the outbreak of plague in 1563 did not begin in the city of York until three weeks after the queen's order. See Grindal to Cecil, 21 August 1563, Lansdowne 6, fols. 166^r–66^v, BL.

²⁹ Foster, “Churchwardens’ Accounts,” 74–93.

³⁰ Ibid.; Merritt, “Social Context,” 20–31; Craig, “Co-operation and Initiatives,” 357–80; Carlson, “Origins, Function, and Status,” 164–207.

³¹ For literacy rates, see Cressy, David, “Literacy in Context: Meaning and Measurement in Early Modern England,” in Consumption and the World of Goods, ed. Brewer, John and Porter, Roy (London, 1993), 313–15Google Scholar; Fox, Adam, Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500–1700 (Oxford, 2000), 12–14, 37–39Google Scholar.

³² Freshfield, Edwin, ed., Accomptes of the Churchwardens of the Paryshe of St Cristofer's in London, 1575 to 1662 (London, 1885), 17Google Scholar; Drew, Charles, ed., Lambeth Churchwardens’ Accounts, 1504–1645, and Vestry Book, 1610, Surrey Record Society (Frome, 1941), 18:162Google Scholar; Palmer, Anthony, ed., Tudor Churchwardens’ Accounts, Hertfordshire Record Society Publications (Cambridge, 1985), 1:130Google Scholar; Bailey, F. A., ed., The Churchwardens’ Accounts of Prescot, Lancashire, 1523–1607, Lancashire and Cheshire Record Society (Preston, 1953), 104:101Google Scholar.

³³ Stallard, A. D., ed., The Transcript of the Churchwardens’ Accounts of the Parish of Tilney All Saints, Norfolk, 1443–1589 (London, 1922), 249Google Scholar; St. Alphage, London Wall, churchwardens’ accounts, Guildhall 1432/3, fol. 24^r, GL.

³⁴ Galloway, David, ed., Records of Early English Drama: Norwich, 1540–1642 (Toronto, 1984), 95Google Scholar; Cox, Charles, ed., The Records of the Borough of Northampton, 2 vols. (Northampton, 1898), 2:472–73Google Scholar.

³⁵ Kitto, John V., ed., St Martin’s-in-the-Fields: The Accounts of the Churchwardens, 1525–1603 (London, 1901), 422Google Scholar.

³⁶ Stowe, John, A summarie of the chronicles of England. Diligently collected, abridged, & continued vnto this present yeare of Christ, 1598 (London, 1598), STC 23328, 450Google Scholar. I am grateful to one of the anonymous readers for this reference.

³⁷ Meads, Dorothy M., ed., The Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby, 1599–1605 (London, 1930), 207, 213Google Scholar. I owe these references to Alec Ryrie.

³⁸ Leake, Richard, Foure sermons preached and publikely taught by Richard Leake, preacher of the word of God at Killington, within the baronrie of Kendall, and countie of Westmerland: immediately after the great visitation of the pestilence in the fore-sayd countie (London, 1599), STC 15342, 42–48Google Scholar.

³⁹ A fourme to be vsed in common prayer twise a weeke, STC 16505, sig. Bi^r.

⁴⁰ Rainolde, Sermon vpon part of the eighteenth psalm, STC 20621.5, sigs. C1^v–C2^r, C2^v–C3^r.

⁴¹ A fourme to be vsed in common prayer twise a weeke, STC 16505, sigs. Cii^v–Ciii^r.

⁴² A fourme to be vsed in common prayer twise a weeke, STC 16505, sigs. Aiii^v–Aiv^r; Certayne sermons or Homelies appoynted by the Kynges Maiestie, to bee declared and redde, by all persons, vicares, or curates, euery Sondaye in their churches, where they haue cure ([London], 1547), STC 13639.5, sigs. Hi^r–Kii^r; The seconde tome of homelyes of such matters as were promysed and intituled in the former part of homelyes, set out by the aucthoritie of the Quenes Maiestie: and to be read in euery paryshe churche agreablye. 1563 (London, 1563), STC 13663, sigs. Aaaiv^r–Dddii^r, Hhhiv^r–Mmmiii^r, Mmmiii^v–Oooiii^v, Uvviii^v–Zzziii^r.

⁴³ Leake, Foure sermons, STC 15342.

⁴⁴ A fourme to be vsed in common prayer twise a weeke, STC 16505, sig. Aiii^r.

⁴⁵ A fourme to be vsed in common prayer twise a weeke, STC 16505, sig. Aiv^r.

⁴⁶ A necessarie and godly prayer appointed by the right reuerend Father in God Iohn, Bishop of London … for the turning away of Gods Wrath (London, 1585), STC 16515, sig. Aii^r.

⁴⁷ A fourme of common prayer to be vsed … and necessarie for the present tyme and state (London, 1572), STC 16511, sig. Bi^r.

⁴⁸ A fourme to be vsed in common prayer twise a weeke, STC 16505, sig. Aiv^r.

⁴⁹ An order of prayer and thankesgiuing, for the preseruation of her Maiestie and the realme (London, 1585), STC 16517, sig. Biii^rGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁰ A fourme to be vsed in common prayer twise a weeke, STC 16505, sig. Bi^r.

⁵¹ Mears, “Brought to Book”; All Hallows Staining, churchwardens’ accounts, Guildhall 4956/2, fols. 93^v, 97^v, GL; St. Alphage Cripplegate, churchwardens’ accounts, Guildhall 1432/2, unfol. (see accounts for 17 December 1564–16 December 1565), GL.

⁵² A fourme to be vsed in common prayer twise a weeke, STC 16505, sig. Bi^r.

⁵³ Swanson, Robert, “Prayer and Participation in Late Medieval England,” in Elite and Popular Religion: Papers Read at the 2004 Summer Meeting and the 2005 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society, ed. Cooper, Kate and Gregory, Jeremy, Studies in Church History (Woodbridge, 2006), 42:130–39Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ Walsham, Alexandra, Church Papists: Catholicism, Conformity and Confessional Polemic in Early Modern England (London, 1993)Google Scholar; Questier, Michael C., Conversion, Politics and Religion in England, 1580–1625 (Cambridge, 1996)Google Scholar, and Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England: Politics, Aristocratic Patronage and Religion, c. 1550–1640 (Cambridge, 2006).

⁵⁵ Cockburn, J. S., ed., Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments, Elizabeth I (London, 1978), 331Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ The literature on set and extempore prayer is extensive, but see, in particular, Christopher Durston, “By the Book or with the Spirit: The Debate over Liturgical Prayer during the English Revolution,” Historical Research 79, no. 203 (February, 2006): 50–73; Ramie Targoff, Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England (Chicago, 2001), chap. 2; John Field, An admonition to the parliament [Hemel Hempstead? 1572], STC 10847; John Whitgift, An ansvvere to a certen libel intituled, An admonition to the Parliament, by Iohn VVhitgifte, D. of Diuinitie (London, 1572), STC 25427; Thomas Cartwright, A second admonition to the parliament [Hemel Hempstead? 1572], STC 4713, and A replye to an ansvvere made of M. Doctor VVhitgifte Agaynste the admonition to the Parliament [Hemel Hempstead? 1573], STC 4711; Whitgift, John, The defense of the aunsvvere to the Admonition against the replie of T. C. By Iohn VVhitgift Doctor of Diuinitie (London, 1574), STC 25430.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Usher, Roland G., ed., The Presbyterian Movement in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth as Illustrated by the Minute Book of the Dedham Classis, 1582–1589, Camden Society, 3rd ser. (London, 1905), 8:72Google Scholar. For more on the Dedham conference, see Collinson, Patrick, Craig, John, Usher, Brett, eds., Conferences and Combination Lectures in the Elizabethan Church: Dedham and Bury St. Edmunds, 1582–1590 (Woodbridge, 2003)Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Oliver Pigg, Meditations concerning praiers to almightie God for the saftie [sic] of England, when the Spaniards were come into the narrow seas. August 1588. As also other meditations concerning thanksgiuing, for deliuering England from the crueltie of the Spaniards, and for their meruellous confusion and ouerthrow (London, 1589), STC 19916.

⁵⁹ Walsham, Providence.

⁶⁰ Walker, Ralph, A learned and profitable treatise of Gods prouidence Written for the instruction and comfort of the godly: for the winning and conuersion of sinners: and for a terror to the obstinate and prophane: diuided into sixe parts. By Ralph Walker preacher of the Word (London, 1608), STC 24963, 46–47Google Scholar.

⁶¹ For example, Ibid., 46–51.

⁶² Roberts, Huw, The day of hearing: or, six lectvres vpon the latter part of the thirde chapter of the Epistle to the Hebrewes … (Oxford, 1600), STC 21089, 110.Google Scholar

⁶³ Peter Martyr Vermigli, The common places of the most famous and renowmed diuine Doctor Peter Martyr … Translated and partlie gathered by Anthonie Marten … [London, 1583], STC 24669, 173–74.

⁶⁴ Dent, Arthur, A platforme, made for the proofe of Gods prouidence that is, for examining of the truth of this doctrine, whether God by his prouidence rule all things generally, and euery creature and action particularly (London, 1608), STC 6646.7, 7–13Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ Vermigli, Common places, 168–89; Dent, Platforme, 28–29, 35.

⁶⁶ Dent, Arthur, The plaine mans path-way to heauen wherein euery man may clearly see, whether he shall be saued or damned: set forth dialogue wise, for the better vnderstanding of the simple (London, 1601), STC 6626, 122Google Scholar; Vermigli, Common places, 172.

⁶⁷ [John Morwen], “An addicion with an apologie to the causes of brinnynge of Paules Church,” printed in Pilkington, James, The burnynge of Paules church in London in the yeare of oure Lord 1561. and the iiii. day of Iune by lyghtnynge, at three of the clocke, at after noone, which continued terrible and helplesse vnto nyght (London, 1563), STC 19931, sigs. Aii^r–Avi^r. The quotations are from Avi^r and Aiv^rGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁸ Pilkington, The burnynge of Paules church in London, sig. Aiii^r.

⁶⁹ Denying the importance of chance, fortune, and other causes, and establishing the centrality and superiority of divine providence was the main focus of, for example, Vermigli's discussion of providence in his Common places, 167–76.

⁷⁰ For example, Lodge, Thomas, A treatise of the Plague: Containing the nature, signes, and accidents of the same … (London, 1603)Google Scholar, STC 16676, sigs. Bii^r, Biii^v–Cii^r; Hobbes, Stephen, A nevv treatise of the pestilence, containing the causes, signes, preseruatiues and cure thereof … (London, 1603), STC 12577, sig. A2^rGoogle Scholar; I. W., A Briefe treatise of the plague vvherein is shewed, the [brace] naturall cause of the plague, preseruations from the infection, way to cure the infected (London, 1603), STC 24905.7, sig. A4^r.

⁷¹ For example, Vermigli, Common places, 173–74.

⁷² Ibid., 169–70; Dent, Platforme, 30; Walker, Learned and profitable treatise, 67–96.

⁷³ Vermigli, Common places, 172; Dent, Platforme, 28–30, 413, and The plaine mans path-way, 122–29; John Calvin, The institution of Christian religion, vvrytten in Latine by maister Ihon Caluin, and translated into Englysh according to the authors last edition … (London, 1561), STC 4415, fols. 149^r–49^v (bk. 3, chap. 4, §32); Cradocke, Edward, The shippe of assured safetie wherein wee may sayle without danger towards the land of the liuing, promised to the true Israelites … (London, 1572), STC 5952, 258Google Scholar.

⁷⁴ For example, Vermigli, Common places, 168–69, 173; W. T. [A godlie & comfortable letter written by W. T. to a godly friends of his, being troubled in minde with sinne] (London? ca. 1590), STC 23633.5, 6.

⁷⁵ Lodge, Treatise of the Plague, STC 16676, sigs. Biii^r, Bi^v; Hobbes, A nevv treatise of the pestilence, sigs. A2^r–A3^r.

⁷⁶ Nowell, Alexander, A catechisme, for first instruction and learning of Christian religion. Translated out of Latine into English (London, 1570), STC 18708, fols. 47^v–48^r.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Vermigli, Common places, 173–74.

⁷⁸ Nevertheless, the relationship between providence and pragmatism was still the subject of an awkward pamphlet debate in 1603 between Henoch Clapham, Francis Herring, and others, in which Clapham argued that no one could catch the plague if he were a true and sincere believer. The incident is summarized in Walsham, Providence, 159–62.

⁷⁹ See n. 56.

⁸⁰ Certayne sermons or Homelies, STC 13639.5, sigs. Aii^v–Aiii^r.

⁸¹ Seconde tome of homelyes, STC 13663, sigs. Llli^r–Lllii^r.

⁸² Seconde tome of homelyes, STC 13663, sigs. Lllii^v, Llliv^r, HHhiv^r–HHhiv^v.

⁸³ Seconde tome of homelyes, STC 13663, sigs. Bbbbbiv^v–Dddddi^v, quotation from sig. Ccccci^r.

⁸⁴ Seconde tome of homelyes, STC 13663, sig. Bbbbbiv^v.

⁸⁵ Seconde tome of homelyes, STC 13663, sig. Dddddi^v.

⁸⁶ Seconde tome of homelyes, STC 13663, sig. Bbbbbiv^v.

⁸⁷ Seconde tome of homelyes, STC 13663, sigs. Iii i^v–Iii ii^r, Kkii^v (note that the latter is a misprinting; the homily—on common prayer—follows that on prayer).

⁸⁸ Smith, I[ohn], The doctrine of Praier in generall for Allmen, that is, vniuersally for All mankind (London, 1595), STC 22797, 8Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ Becon, Thomas, A new pathway vnto praier ful of much godly frute and christen knowledge, lately made by Theodore Basille (London, 1542), STC 1734, sigs. Eviii^r–Fi^rGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁰ Becon, Pathway vnto praier, STC 1734, sig. Lvii^v; Richard Whitforde, The pomander of prayer (London, [1530]), STC 25421.3, sigs. Gii^v–Giii^r.

⁹¹ Becon, Pathway vnto praier, STC 1734, sig. Lvii^r.

⁹² Becon, Pathway vnto praier, STC 1734, sig. CCCiv^r (note this is misprinted and is the second CCCiv in this gathering).

⁹³ Becon, Pathway vnto praier, STC 1734, sigs. Lviii^v–Miii^r.

⁹⁴ Becon, Pathway vnto praier, STC 1734, sig. Cccccii^r.

⁹⁵ Leake, Foure sermons, STC 15342, 64.

⁹⁶ Y[ounger], W[illiam], A sermon preached at Great Yarmouth, vpon Wednesday, the 12. of September 1599 (London, 1600), STC 26097, sigs. A7^v–C3^r, quotations from sigs. B3^v, B8^vGoogle Scholar. See also Leake, Foure sermons, STC 15342, 83.

⁹⁷ Y[ounger], Sermon preached at Great Yarmouth, STC 26097, sigs. C4^v–E3^r, quotation from sig. E2^r.

⁹⁸ A short forme of thankesgeuing to God for the delyuerie of the Isle of Malta (London, 1565), STC 16509, sig. Aiii^vGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁹ An order of prayer and thankesgiuing, for the preseruation of her Maiestie and the realme, STC 16517, sig. Aii^r.

¹⁰⁰ See n. 17.

¹⁰¹ For example, Certaine prayers fit for the time (London, 1601), STC 16531, 2Google Scholar.

¹⁰² Braddick, Michael, “State Formation and Social Change in Early Modern England: A Problem Stated and Approaches Suggested,” Social History 16, no. 1 (1991): 1–17, quotations from 2, 3–4, 7CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and see also State Formation in Early Modern England, c. 1550–1700 (Cambridge, 2000); Keith Wrightson, “The Politics of the Parish in Early Modern England,” in The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England, ed. Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox, and Steve Hindle (Basingstoke, 1996), 10–46; Steve Hindle, The State and Social Change in Early Modern England, c. 1550–1640 (Basingstoke, 2000); Kesselring, Mercy and Authority.

¹⁰³ Statement made by David Roberts, BD, January–May 1600, SP 12/274/1, fol. 1^r, TNA: PRO; Sir Edward Stanhope to John, Baron Stanhope, 29 December 1599, SP 12/273/59, fols. 111^r–112^r, TNA: PRO.

¹⁰⁴ All Hallows London Wall, churchwardens’ accounts, Guildhall MS 5090/2, fol. 13^r, GL; St. Mary Aldermanbury, churchwardens’ accounts, Guildhall MS 3556/1, fol. 17^v, GL; Waterlow, Alfred James, ed., The Accounts of the Churchwardens of the Parish of St Michael, Cornhill in the City of London, from 1456 to 1608 (n.p., 1883), 166Google Scholar; St. Michael le Querne, churchwardens’ accounts, Guildhall MS 2895/1, fols. 194^v, 197^r, GL; Drew, Lambeth Churchwardens’ Accounts, 111.

¹⁰⁵ St. Antholin, churchwardens’ accounts, Guildhall MS 1046/1, fol. 31^v, GL; St. Botolph Aldgate, churchwardens’ accounts, Guildhall MS 9235/1, pt. 2, sig. 11^v, GL; Freshfield, Accomptes of the Churchwardens of … St Cristofer’s, 17; Guildhall MS 1013/1, fol. 48^r, GL; St. Peter Westcheap, churchwardens’ accounts, Guildhall MS 645/1, fol. 123^r, GL; H. J. Fowle Swayne, ed., Churchwardens’ Accounts for S. Edmund and S. Thomas, Sarum, 1443–1702, Wiltshire Record Society, vol. 1 (Salisbury, 1896), 296.

¹⁰⁶ Presentments are only extant for the archdeaconries of Norwich (excluding the deaneries of Breccles and Ingworth), Norfolk, and Suffolk. J. F. Williams, ed., Diocese of Norwich: Bishop Redman's Visitation, 1597; Presentments in the Archdeaconries of Norwich, Norfolk, and Suffolk, Norfolk Record Society, vol. 18 (Norwich, 1946), 7–8, 138, 147, 149, 151.

¹⁰⁷ Ibid., 29, 44, 66, 86, 104, 120, 129, 146, 148, 150–53, 156, 158–59.

¹⁰⁸ Edward Phelippes to Lord Burghley, 20 January 1597, Lansdowne MS 83/34, fols. 98^r–98^v, BL.

¹⁰⁹ Williams, Bishop Redman's Visitation, 29, 44, 66, 86, 104, 120, 129, 146, 148, 150–53, 156, 158–59.

¹¹⁰ John Guy, “Introduction: The Second Reign of Elizabeth I?” in The Reign of Elizabeth I: Court and Culture in the Last Decade, ed. John Guy (Cambridge, 1995), 1–19.

¹¹¹ Kesselring, Mercy and Authority, particularly chaps. 5 and 6.

¹¹² John Morrill, “The Religious Context of the English Civil War,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser. (1984), 34:155–78 (who argued that religion and politics were separate); Somerville, Johann, Royalists and Patriots: Politics and Ideology in England, 1603–1640 (London, 1999) (who argued they must be analyzed together)Google Scholar; Orr, D. Alan, “Sovereignty, Supremacy, and the Origins of the English Civil War,” History 87, no. 288 (2002): 474–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar (that they are “inextricably fused” together; 484).

¹¹³ Collinson, Patrick, “The Politics of Religion and the Religion of Politics in Elizabethan England,” Historical Research 82, no. 215 (2009): 74–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lake, Peter and Questier, Michael, “Puritans, Papists, and the ‘Public Sphere’ in Early Modern England: The Edmund Campion Affair in Context,” Journal of Modern History 72, no. 3 (2000): 587–627CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shagan, Ethan, “The English Inquisition: Constitutional Conflict and Ecclesiastical Law in the 1590s,” Historical Journal 43, no. 3 (2004): 541–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tyacke, Nicholas, “The Puritan Paradigm of English Politics, 1558–1642,” Historical Journal 53, no. 3 (2010): 527–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹⁴ Tyacke, “The Puritan Paradigm of English Politics.” The quotations come from the title and 527.

¹¹⁵ Philip Williamson, “State Prayers, Fasts and Thanksgivings: Public Worship in Britain 1830–1897,” Past and Present 200, no. 1 (2008): 121–74.