¹ Lake, Peter and Pincus, Steve, “Rethinking the Public Sphere in Early Modern England,” Journal of British Studies 45, no. 2 (April 2006): 270–92, at 270CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² Habermas, Jürgen, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, trans. Burger, Thomas (Cambridge, 1989), 57Google Scholar.

³ Lake and Pincus, “Rethinking,” 286n64.

⁴ Raymond, Joad, “The Newspaper, Public Opinion, and the Public Sphere,” in News, Newspapers and Society in Early Modern Britain, ed. Raymond, Joad (London, 1999), 109–40Google Scholar, at 130–31.

⁵ Colley, Linda, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837, 2nd ed. (New Haven, 2005), xi–xii Google Scholar.

⁶ The key contributions appeared in the final decade of the twentieth century: Grant, Alexander and Stringer, Keith, eds., Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History (London, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ellis, Steven and Barber, Sarah, eds., Conquest and Union: Fashioning a British State, 1485–1725 (London, 1995)Google Scholar; Bradshaw, Brendan and Morrill, John, eds., The British Problem, c. 1534–1707: State Formation in the Atlantic Archipelago (Basingstoke, 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Burgess, Glenn, ed., The New British History: Founding a Modern State, 1603–1715 (London, 1999)Google Scholar.

⁷ Modern scholars use the concept of transnationalism to explore the ways in which connections and flows moving “over, across, through, beyond, above, under, or in-between” polities and societies were able to bypass, and sometimes subvert, the nation-state. Scholars of earlier epochs recognize that people, goods, and information must have travelled around a politically fragmented early modern world in quite different ways, and with different meanings and consequences, than would be the case once the national state had fixed itself as the dominant form of human organization. Matthew Hilton and Rana Mitter, introduction to “Transnationalism and Contemporary Global History,” ed. Matthew Hilton and Rana Mitter, Past and Present, supplement 8 (January 2013): 7–28, at 10–14, citing Iriye, Akira and Saunier, Pierre-Yves, “Introduction: The Professor and the Madman,” in The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History, ed. Iriye, Akire and Saunier, Pierre-Yves (London, 2009), xviiiCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸ Habermas, Structural Transformation, 18–19, 23, 27, 30.

⁹ Warner, Michael, Publics and Counterpublics (New York, 2005), 47Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Tilly, Charles, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1992 (Oxford, 1992)Google Scholar; Braddick, Michael J., State Formation in Early Modern England, c. 1550–1700 (Cambridge, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ Braddick, State Formation, 355–78, esp. 337n1 (Britain as a “dynastic state”) and 368 (parallel processes). See also Greengrass, Mark, “Introduction: Conquest and Coalescence,” in Conquest and Coalescence: The Shaping of the State in Early Modern State, ed. Greengrass, Mark (London, 1991), 1–24 Google Scholar.

¹² Braddick, State Formation, 344–52; Stewart, Laura A. M., “The ‘Rise’ of the State?” in Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History, ed. Devine, T. M. and Wormald, Jenny (Oxford, 2012), 220–35Google Scholar; Canny, Nicholas, Making Ireland British, 1580–1650 (Oxford, 2001), 302CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³ This paragraph draws on Braddick, State Formation, chaps. 1 and 4.

¹⁴ Habermas, Structural Transformation, 18. See also Pincus and Lake, “Rethinking,” 3–4, 21.

¹⁵ Peacey, Jason, “Print Culture, State Formation, and an Anglo-Scottish Public, 1640–1648,” Journal of British Studies 56, no. 4 (October 2017): 815–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁶ Lake, Peter, “Publics and Participation: England, Britain, and Europe in the ‘Post Reformation,’” Journal of British Studies 56, no. 4 (October 2017): 836–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 850.

¹⁷ See, for example, Gillespie, Raymond, “The Circulation of Print in Seventeenth-Century Ireland,” Studia Hibernica 29 (1995–97): 31–58 Google Scholar; Mann, Alasdair J., The Scottish Book Trade, 1500–1720: Print Commerce and Print Control in Early Modern Scotland (East Linton, 2000)Google Scholar; Bevan, Jonquil, “Scotland,” in The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, vol. 4, 1557–1695, ed. Barnard, John and McKenzie, Donald (Cambridge, 2002), 687–700 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gillespie, Raymond and Hadfield, Andrew, eds., The Oxford History of the Irish Book, vol. 3, The Irish Book in English, 1550–1800 (Oxford, 2005)Google Scholar; Hinks, John and Armstrong, Catherine, eds., Worlds of Print: Diversity in the Book Trade (New Castle, 2006)Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Kelly, James, “Public and Political Opinion in Ireland and the Idea of an Anglo-Irish Union, 1650–1800,” in Political Discourse in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Ireland, ed. Boyce, David, Eccleshall, Robert, and Geoghegan, Vincent (Basingstoke, 2001), 110–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bowie, Karin, “Public Opinion, Popular Politics and the Union of 1707,” Scottish Historical Review 82, no. 2 (October 2003), 226–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stewart, Laura A. M., “‘Brothers in Treuth’: Propaganda, Public Opinion and the Perth Articles Debate in Scotland,” in James VI and I: Ideas, Authority, and Government, ed. Houlbrooke, Ralph (Aldershot, 2006), 151–68Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Pocock, J. G. A., “British History: A Plea for a New Subject,” Journal of Modern History 47, no. 4 (December 1975): 601–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 605, 606.

²⁰ The seminal work is Russell, Conrad, The Fall of the British Monarchies, 1637–1642 (Oxford, 1991)Google Scholar.

²¹ Although important studies have since revealed how print output from, and about, Scotland and Ireland influenced political debate in England, political debate in Scotland and Ireland was not given consideration. See note 68 below and Stewart, Laura A. M., Rethinking the Scottish Revolution: Covenanted Scotland, 1637–1651 (Oxford, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. chap. 1.

²² Armitage, David, “Making the Empire British: Scotland in the Atlantic World, 1542–1707,” Past and Present 155, no. 1 (May 1997): 34–63 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 63. See also Armitage, David, The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (Cambridge, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²³ Harris, Tim, “Publics and Participation in the Three Kingdoms: Was There Such a Thing as ‘British Public Opinion’?,” Journal of British Studies 56, no. 4 (October 2017): 731–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁴ Lake and Pincus, “Rethinking,” 276. For the conceptual problems posed by the question of “how the public sphere constructs itself as a unitary entity,” see Mah, Harold, “Phantasies of the Public Sphere: Rethinking the Habermas of Historians,” Journal of Modern History 72, no. 1 (March 2000): 153–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 155.

²⁵ McElligott, Jason and Patten, Eve, “The Perils of Print Culture: An Introduction,” in The Perils of Print Culture: Book, Print and Publishing History in Theory and Practice, ed. McElligott, Jason and Patten, Eve (Basingstoke, 2014), 1–16 Google Scholar, at 9–11. McElligott and Patten usefully survey the problems of assessing print culture in national and in transnational contexts, but they have less to say about how the two approaches might work together.

²⁶ Habermas, Structural Transformation, 30–31 and chap. 7; Helmers, Helmer J., The Royalist Republic: Literature, Politics, and Religion in the Anglo-Dutch Public Sphere, 1639–1660 (Cambridge, 2015), 23, 262CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁷ Darcy, Eamon, “Political Participation in Early Stuart Ireland,” Journal of British Studies 56, no. 4 (October 2017): 773–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stewart, Rethinking, 34–37, 148.

²⁸ Harris, “Publics and Participation.”

²⁹ Bowen, Lloyd, “Structuring Particularist Publics: Logistics, Language, and Early Modern Wales,” Journal of British Studies 56, no. 4 (October 2017): 754–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Darcy, “Political Participation.” Highland Scotland, discussed below, would also qualify.

³⁰ Dooley, Brendan, introduction to The Politics of Information in Early Modern Europe, ed. Dooley, Brendan and Baron, Sabrina (London, 2001), 1–16 Google Scholar, at 12.

³¹ Wilson, Bronwen and Yachnin, Paul, introduction to Making Publics in Early Modern Europe: People, Things, Forms of Knowledge, ed. Wilson, Bronwen and Yachnin, Paul (New York, 2010), 1–23 Google Scholar, at 1–6; Rospocher, Massimo, “Introduction: Beyond the Public Sphere; A Historiographical Transition,” in Beyond the Public Sphere: Opinions, Publics, Spaces in Early Modern Europe, ed. Rospocher, Massimo (Berlin, 2012), 9–28 Google Scholar, at 22; Raymond, Joad, “Introduction: Networks, Communication, Practice,” in News Networks in Seventeenth-Century Britain and Europe, ed. Raymond, Joad (London and New York, 2006), 11–13 Google Scholar.

³² Wilson and Yachnin, introduction to Making Publics, 2.

³³ Habermas, Structural Transformation, 30–34.

³⁴ de Vivo, Filippo, Information and Communication in Venice: Rethinking Early Modern Politics (Oxford, 2007), 2–3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 98–106; idem, “Pharmacies as Centres of Communication in Early Modern Venice,” Renaissance Studies 21, no. 4 (September 2007): 505–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, “Public Sphere or Communication Triangle? Information and Politics in Early Modern Europe,” in Rospocher, ed., Beyond the Public Sphere, 115–36, at 130–34.

³⁵ Bowie, Karin and Raffe, Alasdair, “Politics, the People, and Extra-Institutional Participation in Scotland, c. 1603–1712,” Journal of British Studies 56, no. 4 (October 2017): 797–815 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁶ Wilson and Yachnin, introduction to Making Publics, 4, 7. Wilson and Yachnin do not comment on the tension that their work so helpfully exposes. For a different set of problems arising from the discursively-constructed nature of “the public sphere,” see Mah, “Phantasies,” esp. 154–55, 156–68.

³⁷ Wilson and Yachnin, introduction to Making Publics, 2.

³⁸ Lake, Peter and Questier, Michael, “Puritans, Papists, and the ‘Public Sphere’ in Early Modern England: The Edmund Campion Affair in Context,” Journal of Modern History 72, no. 3 (September 2000): 587–627 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 590.

³⁹ Knights, Mark, Representation and Misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain: Partisanship and Political Culture (Oxford, 2005), 5Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ For useful reflections on gender, see Cowan, Brian, “What Was Masculine about the Public Sphere?: Gender and the Coffeehouse Milieu in Post-Restoration England,” History Workshop Journal 51 (Spring 2001): 127–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 149. Work is needed on whether the archipelago's varied political communities were gendered in different ways or whether they manifested different patterns of female participation and exclusion.

⁴¹ Blanning, T. C. W., The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe, 1660–1789 (Oxford, 2002), 13CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴² Kedourie, Elie, Nationalism, 4th ed. (Oxford, 1994), 56–65 Google Scholar; Hobsbawm, Eric, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1992), 50–63 Google Scholar; Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, 3rd ed. (London, 2006)Google Scholar, chap. 3.

⁴³ Helgerson, Richard, Forms of Nationhood: The Elizabethan Writing of England (London, 1991), 8Google Scholar. See also Kerrigan, John, Archipelagic English: Literature, History and Politics, 1603–1707 (Oxford, 2008)Google Scholar. For a survey of the complexities of the relationship in Lowland Scotland between “Inglis,” “Scottis,” and “natioun,” see Corbett, John, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation into Scots (Cleveden, 1999), esp. chaps. 3–4 Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ Burke, Peter, Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 2004), 5–7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 119.

⁴⁵ Burke does not reflect on this debate. He estimates the number of Europe's languages at between forty and seventy, which he regards as “a very small number” for a continental population of around eighty million. Burke, Languages, 8. For a clear and accessible summary of the debate on Scots and a statement that, despite caveats, it can be regarded as a language, see Macafee, Caroline and Aitken, A. J., A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue, vol. 12, A History of Scots to 1700 (Oxford and London, 2002)Google Scholar, http://www.dsl.ac.uk/about-scots/history-of-scots/.

⁴⁶ Burke, Languages, 82.

⁴⁷ Withers, Charles, Gaelic in Scotland, 1698–1981: The Geographical History of a Language (Edinburgh, 1984), 2–3 Google Scholar, 16, 23–24, 29–31.

⁴⁸ Burke, Languages, 71, 82; Withers, Gaelic in Scotland, 31–37; Durkacz, Victor Edward, The Decline of the Celtic Languages: A Study of Linguistic and Cultural Conflict in Scotland, Wales and Ireland from the Reformation to the Twentieth Century (Edinburgh, 1983)Google Scholar, chap. 1; Withers, Charles, Gaelic Scotland: The Transformation of a Culture Region (London, 1988), 15Google Scholar, quoting Copy report of Drs. Hyndman, Dick etc. appointed by the General Assembly, 1760, to visit the highlands and islands, CH8/212/1, fols. 81–83, National Records of Scotland (hereafter NRS).

⁴⁹ Cf. Durkacz, Decline, 23–33, esp. 25. Durkacz argues that educational practices in Highland Scotland alienated language from literacy more aggressively than in Ireland and Wales.

⁵⁰ Dawson, Jane, “Calvinism and the Gaidhealtachd in Scotland,” in Calvinism in Europe, 1540–1620, ed. Pettegree, Andrew, Duke, Alasdair, and Lewis, Gillian (Cambridge, 1994), 231–53Google Scholar, at 233, 239–42.

⁵¹ Burke, Languages, 71; Durkacz, Decline, 18–23. The problems that Scottish Episcopalian cleric James Kirkwood and renowned scholar Robert Boyle encountered in the 1680s in their attempt to produce a new edition of Bedell's Irish Bible for use in the Highlands suggest that cultural divisions between Scottish and Irish Gaelic language communities further favored the consolidation of English. The Bible was not published in Scots Gaelic until 1801. See also Withers, Gaelic in Scotland, 43–45.

⁵² Anja Gunderloch, “The Gaelic Manuscripts of Glasgow University: A Catalogue” (Glasgow, 2007), 14–15 (citing McFarlan Papers, MS Gen 1717/2/1–8 [sermons in Gaelic dating from the later eighteenth century]), 19–20 (citing MacNicol Papers, MS Gen 60 [ninety sermons in Gaelic, 1766–1801]), 25–27 (McLea Mss, Box Acc. A1-36 [thirty-seven sermons in Gaelic, 1775–1822]), http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_119675_en.pdf.

⁵³ Bowen, “Structuring Particularist Publics”; Darcy, “Political Participation.”

⁵⁴ Palmer, Patricia, Language and Conquest in Early Modern Ireland (Cambridge, 2001), 4, 14CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁵ Warner, Publics, 56, 119–24; Brooks, Joanna, “The Early American Public Sphere and the Emergence of a Black Print Counterpublic,” William and Mary Quarterly 62, no. 1 (January 2005): 67–92 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 67–75. The idea that “linguistically oppressed groups” could acquire ways of expressing social and cultural agency by constructing alternative publics is discussed by Bucken-Knapp, Gregg, Elites, Language, and the Politics of Identity: The Norwegian Case in Comparative Perspective (Albany, 2003), 9Google Scholar. Bucken-Knapp here draws upon the work of Pierre Bourdieu, whose analysis of how dominant languages sustain social hierarchies is beyond the scope of this article. See Bourdieu, Pierre, Language and Symbolic Power, ed. Thompson, John P., trans. Raymond, Gino and Adamson, Matthew (Cambridge, 1992)Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Macinnes, Allan I., The British Confederate: Archibald Campbell, Marquess of Argyll, c. 1607–1661 (Edinburgh, 2011), 66Google Scholar; Bannerman, John, “Literacy in the Highlands,” in The Renaissance and Reformation in Scotland: Essays in Honour of Gordon Donaldson, ed. Cowan, Ian B. and Shaw, Duncan (Edinburgh, 1983), 214–35Google Scholar, at 214, 234.

⁵⁷ McLeod, Wilson, “Sovereignty, Scottishness and Royal Authority in Caimbeul Poetry of the Sixteenth Century,” Fresche Fontanis: Studies in the Culture of Medieval and Early Modern Scotland, ed. Williams, Janet Hadley and McClure, J. Derrick (Cambridge, 2013), 231–48Google Scholar, at 239.

⁵⁸ Macinnes, Allan I., “Scottish Gaeldom, 1638–1651: The Vernacular Response to the Covenanting Dynamic,” in New Perspectives on the Politics and Culture of Early Modern Scotland, ed. Dwyer, John, Mason, Roger A., and Murdoch, Alexander (Edinburgh, 1982), 76–92 Google Scholar, at 76–88. Macinnes also argues that ceilidhs offered an alternative space where debate could take place. Unfortunately, it is unclear what evidence exists for this potentially interesting assertion.

⁵⁹ Argyll was a Highland chief, a politician of Scottish and British importance, and a devout Calvinist. Campbell estate business appears to have been recorded in English, probably because leases and contracts drawn up in Gaelic would have been imperiled as legal instruments. Macinnes, British Confederate, 51. There is more work to do on the ways in which Celtic language speakers engaged with, or were excluded from, legal and governing processes.

⁶⁰ Stevenson, David, Highland Warrior: Alasdair MacColla and the Civil Wars (Edinburgh, 1994), 158Google Scholar, quoting Orain Iain Luim: Songs of John Macdonald, Bard of Keppoch, ed. MacKenzie, Annie M. (Edinburgh, 1973), 20–25 Google Scholar, 238–43.

⁶¹ Gunderloch, Anja, “MacDhòmhnaill, Iain Lom (John MacDonald, c. 1624–post 1707),” in Celtic Culture: An Historical Encyclopedia, ed. Koch, John T. (Santa Barbara, 2006), 1:1215–17Google Scholar.

⁶² Stevenson, Highland Warrior, 264, quoting Campbell, J. L., ed., Highland Songs of the Forty-Five (Edinburgh, 1933), 58–61 Google Scholar.

⁶³ See also Dawson, “Calvinism,” 234–35.

⁶⁴ Hamish Mathison, “Robert Hepburn and the Edinburgh Tatler: A Study in an Early British Periodical,” in Raymond, ed., News Networks, 147–61, at 152.

⁶⁵ Lake and Pincus, “Rethinking,” 274; Lake, Peter, “The King (the Queen) and the Jesuit: James Stuart's True Law of Free Monarchies in Context,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 14 (2004), 243–60Google Scholar; Tyacke, Nicholas, “Puritan Politicians and King James VI and I, 1587–1604,” in Politics, Religion and Popularity in Early Stuart Britain: Essays in Honour of Conrad Russell, ed. Cogswell, Thomas, Cust, Richard, and Lake, Peter (Cambridge, 2002), 21–44 Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ Stewart, Rethinking, 135–38.

⁶⁷ Lake and Pincus propose a “transitional” phase for England covering the civil wars and Restoration era. Lake and Pincus, “Rethinking,” 279–80. For the “transformative effect” of unprecedented access to print during the 1640s, see Peacey, Jason, Print and Public Politics in the English Revolution (Cambridge, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, chap. 2, at 80.

⁶⁸ Raymond, , Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, 2003), chap. 5Google Scholar; Como, David, “Secret Printing, the Crisis of 1640, and the Origins of Civil War Radicalism,” Past and Present 196, no. 1 (August 2007): 37–82 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Stewart, Rethinking, chap. 1.

⁶⁹ Couper, W. J., The Edinburgh Periodical Press: Being a Bibliographical Account of the Newspapers, Journals and Magazines Issued in Edinburgh from the Earliest Times to 1800, 2 vols. (Stirling, 1908), 1:70, 163–65Google Scholar; Spalding, John, Memorialls of the Trubles in Scotland and In England, A.D. 1624–A.D. 1645, ed. Stuart, John, 2 vols. (Aberdeen, 1850–51), 2:93, 97Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ Copy of an English newsletter, Nov. 1640, GD112/1/530, NRS. Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun in Morayshire received copies of the English Weekly Intelligencer in 1644. Couper, Edinburgh Periodical Press, 2:71. See also Canny, Making Ireland British, 294–95, 560–61.

⁷¹ “A solemn league and covenant for reformation and defence of religion, the honour and happiness of the king, and the peace and safety of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland,” English Historical Documents, 1603–1660, vol. 5(B), ed. Coward, Barry and Gaunt, Peter (Abingdon, 2010), no. 337Google Scholar.

⁷² Peacey, “Print Culture.”

⁷³ Foxley, Rachel, The Levellers: Radical Political Thought in the English Revolution (Manchester, 2014), 92–108 Google Scholar.

⁷⁴ Cf. Little, Patrick and Smith, David L., Parliaments and Politics during the Cromwellian Protectorate (Cambridge, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Peacey, Print, 183–94.

⁷⁵ Stewart, Rethinking, 275; Overton, Richard, The araignement of Mr. Persecution ([London], 1645), 1Google Scholar. Whig politicians also deployed negative representations of Scottish and Irish politics. Harris, Tim, London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II: Propaganda and Politics from the Restoration until the Exclusion Crisis (Cambridge, 1990), 134Google Scholar. For references to “Jack Presbyter” in an English context, see idem, London Crowds, 140, 169; and Wood, Andy, Riot, Rebellion and Popular Politics in Early Modern England (Basingstoke, 2002), 182CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Harris, Tim, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660–1685 (London, 2005)Google Scholar.

⁷⁶ Jack Presbiter. To the tune of, Some said the Papist had a plot, &c. ([London], 1690).

⁷⁷ Knights, Representation, 110–11.

⁷⁸ Harris, “Publics and Participation,” 735, et passim.

⁷⁹ “Printed papers, mainly public notices, including Proclamations and Acts of Parliament, pamphlets etc.,” GD331/46, NRS; His Majesties gracious speech to the honorable house of Commons in the Banquetting-house at White-hall, March 1662 (London, 1662); The Arch-bishop of York's Speech to the House of Lords, relating to Dr Sacheverel's Impeachment. Edinburgh, Re-printed conform to the Copy Printed at London, for William Garnet near Westminster Hall [1710]; Madan, F. F., A Critical Bibliography of Dr. Henry Sacheverell, ed. Speck, W. A. (Lawrence, Kansas, 1978)Google Scholar, nos. 161, 162, 164. Another publication about the trial was printed at Nottingham, for sale in York and Hull, for example, Remarks on the several paragraphs of the Bishop of Salisbury's speech … ([April] 1710), Madan, Critical Bibliography, no. 327. I am grateful to an anonymous referee for this reference. See also Mark Knights, ed., Faction Displayed: Reconsidering the Impeachment of Dr. Henry Sacheverell (Oxford, 2012). For Edinburgh reprints of London publications in 1689–1690, at least one of which also appeared in the Dutch Provinces, see Couper, Edinburgh Periodical Press, 1:194–201.

⁸⁰ The Earl of Manchester's Speech to his Majesty, In the name of the Peers, at his arrival at Whitehall, the twenty-ninth of May, 1660. With his Majesties gracious answer thereunto (Edinburgh, 1660) [Wing (2nd ed.) / M399]. See the London version at Wing / M397. The patent to print in Scotland appears not to have been profitable. Blagden, Cyprian, The Stationers' Company: A History, 1403–1959 (London, 1960), 142–43Google Scholar.

⁸¹ Love, Harold, Scribal Publication in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Barber, Alex W., “‘It Is Not Easy What to Say of Our Condition, Much Less to Write It’: The Continued Importance of Scribal News in the Early 18th Century,” Parliamentary History 32, no. 2 (June 2013), 293–316 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Millstone, Noah, Manuscript Circulation and the Invention of Politics in Early Stuart England (Cambridge, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸² Papers of William, 3rd Earl of Lothian, secretary to Charles II: Newsletters, 1665–[1667], GD40/12/80/1, 2, NRS.

⁸³ GD40/12/80/3, NRS.

⁸⁴ Newsletters sent, from London, to Sir William Scott of Harden, 1674–1707, GD157/2681, no. 10, NRS.

⁸⁵ Newsletters from London addressed to Mr David Fearn, 2 September 1690–9 May 1691, RH15/85/2, no. 4, NRS.

⁸⁶ Peacey, Print, 31–35.

⁸⁷ Knights, Representation, 236. Similar handwriting and layout in some of the newsletters sent to both Fearn and the Scotts of Harden may indicate one writer with multiple clients. RH15/85/2 and GD157/2681, NRS.

⁸⁸ RH15/85/2, NRS. The Scots Postman appears to have run under Fearn's direction only from August to December 1709. Fearn was probably the assignee of James Donaldson, publisher of the Edinburgh Gazette, with whom the Postman shared a title until, it seems, Donaldson and Fearn fell out. Couper, Edinburgh Periodical Press, 1:229–33. See also Harris, Bob, Politics and the Rise of the Press: Britain and France, 1620–1800 (London, 1996), 8–12 Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ For discussion of the role of newspapers in constructing identities, see Raymond, “Newspaper,” 130.

⁹⁰ Colley, Britons. See also Kidd, Colin, British Identities before Nationalism: Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600–1800 (Cambridge, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹¹ Best known to scholars is the circle around the English playwright Ben Jonson; the Scottish poet Sir William Drummond of Hawthornden; and the Scottish secretary Sir William Alexander of Menstrie, later earl of Stirling.

⁹² Scott, Jonathan, England's Troubles: Seventeenth-Century English Political Instability in European Context (Cambridge, 2000), 14–21 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Morrill, John, “Thinking about the New British History,” in British Political Thought in History, Literature and Theory, 1500–1800, ed. Armitage, David (Cambridge, 2006), 23–46 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹³ Knights, Representation, 111.