1 Windsberg, Morton D., ‘Irish settlement in the United States, 1850–1980’ in Éire-Ireland, xx, no. 1 (spring 1985), p. 9, table 2Google Scholar.

2 The midwestern location of ‘Americanism’ in Catholicism in the 1890s, and the midwestern manifestations of the American Party or Know-Nothingism, the American Protective Association, and the Ku Klux Klan, are indicative of this. So too are the respective findings on the capture of anti-catholicism by the nascent Republican Party in the midwest, as implicit in the work of Michael Holt and Paul Kleppner, explicit in that of William Gienapp, and its avoidance of the theme in Massachusetts, suggested by Dale Baum. See Baum, Dale, The civil war party system: the case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1984)Google Scholar; Gienapp, William, The origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 (New York, 1988)Google Scholar.

3 The Irishc in Chicago. By McCaffrey, Lawrence J., Skerrett, Ellen, Funchion, Michael F. and Fanning, Charles. Pp xii, 171. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1987. $19.95. (The Ethnic History of Chicago)Google Scholar.

4 See below, nn 5, 6, 11, 12.

5 Finley Peter Dunne and Mr Dooley: the Chicago years. By Fanning, Charles. Pp x, 386. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky. 1978. $28.00Google Scholar.

6 Battleground: the autobiography of Margaret A. Haley.Edited by Reid, Robert L.. Pp xxxv, 287. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1982. $29.95Google Scholar.

7 New Republic, 24 Sept. 1919, pp 235–6.

8 Battleground, pp 30, 40.

9 Ibid., p. 274.

10 Ibid., pp 42, 276.

11 Chicago’s Catholics: the evolution of an American identity. By Shanabruch, Charles. Pp xi, 296. Notre Dame, Ind., and London: University of Notre Dame Press. 1981. $22.95. (Notre Dame Studies in American Catholicism)Google Scholar.

12 Corporation sole: Cardinal Mundelein and Chicago catholicism. By Kantowicz, Edward R.. Pp xi, 295. Notre Dame, Ind., and London: University of Notre Dame Press. 1983. $19.95 hardback, $9.95 paperback. (Notre Dame Studies in American Catholicism)Google Scholar.

13 Funchion, Michael, ‘Irish Chicago’ in Holli, Melvin G. and Jones, Peter d’A. (eds), Ethnic Chicago (revised ed., Grand Rapids, 1984), pp 33-6, 41, 43Google Scholar.

14 Battleground, pp 68, 25.

15 Paul Michael Green, ‘Irish Chicago: the multiethnic road to machine success’ in Holli & Jones, Ethnic Chicago, pp 412–59. The 15% proportion of Chicago’s population of 2,700,000 in 1920 includes 200,000 offspring of Irish parents and notional third-generation numbers (ibid., p. 549).

16 Loyola Magazine (spring 1987).

17 The Irish in Chicago,pp 13, 152.

18 Shanabruch, Chicago’s catholics, p. 228.

19 Barrett, J.R., ‘Unity and fragmentation: class, race and ethnicity on Chicago’s South Side, 1900–1922’ in Journal of Social History, xviii (1984), p. 38 Google Scholar.

20 Skerrett, Ellen, ‘The development of catholic identity amongst Irish Americans in Chicago, 1880–1920’ in Meagher, Timothy J. (ed.), From Paddy to Studs: Irish-American communities ..., 1880 to 1920 (Westport, Conn., 1986), p. 137 Google Scholar.

21 Meagher, Timothy, ‘“Irish all the time”: ethnic consciousness among the Irish in Worcester, Massachusetts, 1880–1905’ in Journal of Social History, xix (1985), pp 273–303 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Shanabruch, Chicago’s catholics, ch. 6; Kantowicz, Corporation sole, chs 12–13.

23 Walberg, H.J. (ed.), American education: diversity and research (Washington, 1979), pp 86-7Google Scholar.

24 Since writing the above I have discovered a sociological focus on more recent Chicago Irish: Hickey, John, ‘The re-creation of community and identity: the Irish in America’ in Thomas, Colin (ed.), Rural landscape and communities (Dublin, 1986), pp 179–205 Google Scholar.