Environment — Marine pollution — Oil — Liability — Exemptions — Damage to ship — Scope — Whether confined to physical injury to the ship or its equipment caused by some positive act — International Convention for Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, Article IV — International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution by Ships (MARPOL), 1973, Annex I, regulation 11(b) — Objects — Travaux préparatoires

Treaties — Interpretation — Primacy of text — Need to consider objects and purpose — Treaties to be interpreted more liberally than domestic legislation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 31 — The law of Australia