1. Some better known examples in this category are: Anderson, Adelaide M., Humanity and Labour in China: An Industrial Visit and Its Sequel (London. 1928);Google Scholar Fu-an, Fang, Chinese Labour: An Economic and Statistical Survey of the Labour Conditions and Labour Movements in China (Shanghai, 1931);Google Scholar Tung-hai, Lin, Labour Movement and Labour Legislation in China (Shanghai, 1932);Google Scholar Wei, Lin, Chinese Labor Disputes Since 1919 (Nanking, 1932);Google Scholar Chuan-hua, Lowe. Facing Labor Issues in China (London. 1934);Google Scholar [its Chinese edition, Chin-jih Chung-kuo lao-kung wen-ti. was published in Shanghai the year before); Tso, Sheldon S. K., The Labor Movement in China (Shanghai. 1928):Google Scholar and Wagner, Augusta, Labor Legislation in China (Peking, 1938).Google Scholar For a more comprehensive listing of secondary scholarly literature (books and articles) in the broad field of Chinese labor studies, see Modern Chinese Society: An Analytical Bibliography, edited by G. William Skinner, et al., vol. 1, Publications in Western Languages 1644–1972 (Stanford, 1973); vol. 2 deals with Chinese language publications and vol. 3 covers items injapanese.

1. The perceptive though impressionistic survey by the noted British political-economist Tawney, R. H., Land and Labor in China (London. 1932) also offers an excellent broad treatment of labor conditions in China. Although not scholarly studies in the normal sense, the two historical novels by André Malreaux. The Conquerors (1929) and Man's Fate (1934), have as their background a vivid portrait of the turbulent labor activities of the mid- 1920s in Canton and Shanghai.Google Scholar

2. Chen Ta's articles in the Monthly Labor Review published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics include: “The Labor Situation in China,” 11:6 (Dec. 1920); “Labor Unrest in China,” 13:2 (Aug. 1921); “Shipping Strikes in Hong Kong,” 14:5 (May 1922); “Labor Conditions in China.” 19:5 (Nov. 1924); “Labor in China During the Civil Wars,” 31:1 (July 1930). His other major studies are: “Analysis of Strikes in China from 1918 to 1926.” Chinese Economic Journal, vols. 10, 11 (10–11. 1927);Google Scholar “Fundamentals of the Chinese Libur Movement.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, No. 152 (Nov. 1930); “The Labor Movement in China,” International Labor Review, 15:3 (Mar. 1927); Chinese Migrations with Special Reference to Labor Conditions (Washington. D.C.. 1923);Google Scholar and The Labor Movement in China (Honolulu 1927); and Study of the Applicability of the Factory Act of the Chinese Government (Shanghai, 1931).Google Scholar

3. Regarding studies on Chinese labor issues published in Chinese, see Chan, Ming K.. The Study of the Chinese Labor Movement: A Preliminary Survey and Annotated Bibliography (Stanford, 1971 private distribution).Google Scholar

4. For example, of the 1,350 items (in article or monographic form) published before 1970, listed in Oksenberg, Michel C., A Bibliography of Secondary English language Literature on Contemporary Chinese Politics (New York: East Asian Institute of Columbia University, 1970),Google Scholar less than 20 deal with labor issues. Only 16 one (“Worker Incentives in Chinese Industry” by Carl Riskin) of the twenty-seven essays in China: A Reassessment of the Economy (U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, 1975) deals with labor; and of the twenty-four articles that constitute An Economic Profile of Mainland China (U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, 1967), only two, “Employment in Mainland China: Problems and Prospects,” by Emerson, John P., and “Work Incentive in Chinese Industry and Agriculture,” by Charles Hoffmann, are related to workers' problems.Google Scholar

5. See Work Incentive Practices and Policies in the People's Republic of China, 1953–1965 (Albany, 1967),Google Scholar and The Chinese Worker (Albany, 1974),Google ScholarPubMed both by Hoffmann, Charles; Riskin, Carl, “Maoism and Motivation: Work Incentives in China” in Victor, Nee and Peck, James, eds., China's Uninterrupted Revolution: From 1840 to the Present (New York, 1975);Google Scholar Employment and Economic Growth in Urban China, 1949–1957 (Cambridge, 1971),Google Scholar Wage Patterns and Wage Policy in Modern China 1919–1972 (Cambridge, 1973),Google Scholar “Labour Organization and Incentives in Industry, before and after the Cultural Revolution” in Schram, Stuart R. ed., Authority, Participation and Cultural Change in China (Cambridge, 1973),Google Scholar all by Christopher, Howe; Barry, Richman, Industrial Society in China (New York, 1969);Google Scholar William, Brugger, Democracy and Organization in the Chinese Industrial Enterprise, 1948–1953 (Cambridge, 1976);Google Scholar Stephen, Andors, China's Industrial Revolution: Politics, Planning, and Management, 1949 to the Present (New York, 1977);Google Scholar Charles, Bettleheim, Cultural Revolution and Industrial Organization in China (New York, 1974);Google Scholar Fletcher, Merton D., Workers and Commissars: Trade Union Policy in the People's Republic of China (Bellingham, Washington. 1974); Spare Time Education for Workers in Communist China (U.S. Office of Education, 1964), “The Party and the Union in Communist China.” China Quarterly, no. 37 (01–03 1969),Google Scholar “Trade Union Cultivation of Workers for Leadership,” in Lewis, John W., ed., The City in Communist China (Stanford, 1971),Google Scholar both by Harper, Paul. Non-Agricultural Employment in Mainland China: 1949–1958Google Scholar (U.S. Dept of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, P-90, No. 21), “Manpower Absorption in the Non-agricultural Branches of the Economy of Communist China, 1953–1958.” China Quarterly, No. 7 (July-Sept. 1961), and “Chinese Communist Party Views on Labor Utilization Before and After 1958.” Current Scene, 1:30 (April, 1963), all by Emerson, John P.; Janet Goldwasser and Stuart Dowty, Huan Ying: Workers' China (New York, 1975);Google Scholar and Kallgren, Joyce, “Social Welfare and China's Industrial Workers.” in Barnett, A. Doak. ed., Chinese Communist Politics in Action (Seattle, 1969).Google Scholar

6. Although Priestley's, Kenneth E. Workers of China (Hong Kong, 1963) does deal with a wide range of labor issues such as the role of the unions, drive for production, wage and living standards, welfare and education, its treatment is shallow and analysis unsophisticated.Google Scholar

7. Among others, labor law and industrial legislation are virtually untouched topics; the only book-length scholarly publication deals with Hong Kong but not China proper. See England, Joe and Rear, John, Chinese Labour Under British Rule: Labour Relations and Law in Hong Kong (Oxford, 1976).Google Scholar

8. A partial exception is Christopher, Howe. Wage Patterns and Wage Policy in Modern China (Cambridge, 1973); still the major portions of this work deal with the post-1949 period.Google Scholar

9. Another book-length work. Ma Ch'ao-chun, . History of the Chinese Labor Movement translated by Peter, Liang (Taipei, 1955) is basically a translation of Chung-kuo lao-kung yun-tung (Chungking, 1942) first written and published during the War by Ma, the Kuomintang's foremost labor leader.Google Scholar

10. Unpublished doctoral dissertations on Chinese labor history include: Earl J. Motz. “Great Britain. Hong Kong and Canton: the Canton-Hong Kong Strike and Boycott of 1925–1926” (Michigan State, 1972); Lynda W. Shaffer, “Mao Tse-tung and the Hunan Labor Movement” (Columbia, 1974); Ming K. Chan, “Labor and Empire: The Chinese Labor Movement in the Canton Delta. 1895–1927” (Stanford. 1975), which is being revised for publication by the University of British Columbia Press in Vancouver, B.C.

Unpublished master's theses are: Herbert E. Horovitz, “The Policy of the KMT toward Labor, 1927–1932, with Special Reference to Shanghai” (Columbia, 1964); Diane Ostrofsky, “The Role of Women in the Chinese Labor Movement. 1919–1927” (Columbia, 1967); Rosemary Lu Lee Chung, “A Study of the 1925–26 Canton-Hong Kong Strike-Boycott” (University of Hong Kong, 1969); Gary W. Glick, “The Chinese Seamen's Union and the Hong Kong Seamen's Strike of 1922” (Columbia, 1969); Lynda W. Shaffer, “Anyuan: The Cradle of the Chinese Workers' Revolutionary Movement, 1921–1922” (Columbia, 1970);1970); Ming K. Chan. “The Canton-Hong Kong General Strike and Boycott, 1925–1926” (University of Washington. 1970).

The two essays are Chesneaux, Jean, “The Chinese Labor Force in the First Pan of the Twentieth Century” in Cowan, Charles D., ed., The Economic Development of China and Japan (London, 1964); and E-tu Zen Sun. “Mining Labor in the Ch'ing period” in Albert Feuerwerker, et al., eds., Approaches to Modern Chinese History (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967).Google Scholar

All three seminar papers appeared in Papers on China issued by Harvard's Center for East Asian Studies: William Avers, “The Hong Kong Strikes, 1920–1926” no. 4, (1950); W. Ayers, “Shanghai Labor and the May 30th Movement” no. 5, (1952); and Walter E. Gourley, “Yellow Unionism in Shanghai: A Study of Kuomintang Techniques in Labor Control” no. 7, (1953).

11. In addition to all the items listed above in note 11, recent examples of the local level approach are: Lynn T. White III. “Workers' Politics in Shanghai,” Journal of Asian Studies, 36:1 (Nov. 1976); and Christopher Howe, “The Level and Structure of Employment and the Sources of Labor Supply in Shanghai” in John W. Lewis, ed., The City in Communist China (Stanford, 1971).

12. See Ying-mao Kao. “Urban and Rural Strategies in China,” in John Lewis, ed.. Peasant Rebellion and Communist Revolution in Asia (Stanford, 1974), and Ming K. Chan, “Labor and Revolution: The Pre-1949 CCP Experiences in the Labor Movement” (paper presented at the 30th International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa. Mexico City, August 1976).

13. The abstracts of these papers are included in Chan, Ming K. et al. , eds., 30 Congreso Internacional de Ciencias Humanas en Asia y Africa del Norte: Resumenes, vol. V China (Mexico City, 1976). One panelist, Paul Harper (political science. Hofstra University, New York) was unable to attend; his topic was “Labor Unions After the Cultural Revolution.” Two other leading European scholars in Chinese labor studies, Jean Chesneaux (history, Université de Paris, and École Pratique des Hautes Études) and Christopher Howe (economics. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London) were not able to accept the invitation to attend the Congress.Google Scholar

14. For example. Charles Hoffmann, who is currently a visiting scholar at the Center for Chinese Studies, U.C. Berkeley while on sabbatical leave from SUNY-Stony Brook, delivered a well-attended lecture entitled “Work Incentives in Post-Mao China” at the Center for East Asian Studies, Stanford, on January 20, 1977.

15. A recent contribution to the documentary basis for future research on Chinese labor is a collection of translated important Chinese documents included in Workers and Workplaces in Revolutionary China (White Plains. NY., 1977) edited with an introduction by Stephen Andors.