For some years now the efforts of labor organizers to establish interracial unions in the Jim Crow South—in longshore, in steel, and in numerous other industries—has been the subject of vigorous historical debate. Who took the initiative in such organizing efforts, white or African-American workers? What were their hopes and intentions? How did both white and black workers cope with the enormous social and political pressures that were exerted to keep the two races apart? Among others, Eric Arnesen in his book on New Orleans longshoremen and Michael Honey, writing about workers in Memphis, have provided extensive evidence of such racial cooperation.