Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T19:03:27.388Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Antigenic variation among protozoa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

K. N. Brown
Affiliation:
National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, England
K. Vickerman
Affiliation:
National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, England
Get access

Extract

Antigenic variation is a mechanism exploited by parasitic protozoa to evade the host's immune response. Studies on such variation are of cardinal importance in approaching the practical problems of vaccine design and diagnosis of infection by serological tests. Coincidently these studies have revealed novel gene expression mechanisms which are of fundamental biological interest (Vickerman and Barry, 1982). The African (salivarian) trypanosomes all exhibit antigenic variation and the process has been studied in Trypanosoma brucei subspecies in particular.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Barry, J. D., Crowe, J. S. and Vickerman, K. (1983) Instability of the Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense raetacyclic variable antigen repertoire. Nature 306, 699701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beale, G. H. (1945) Genetics of Paramecium aurelia. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bernards, A., Harten-Loosbroek, N. van and Borst, P. (1984) Modification of telomeric DNA in Trypanosoma brucei: a role in antigenic variation? Nucleic Acid Res. 12, 41534570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, K. N. and Brown, I. N. (1965) Immunity to malaria: antigenic variation in chronic infections of Plasmodium knowlesi. Nature 208, 12861288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caron, F. and Meyer, E. (1985) Does Paramecium primaurelia use a different genetic code in its macronucleus? Nature 314, 185188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, D. A., Thornton, D. A. and Boothroyd, J. C. (1984) Apparent discontinuous transcription of Trypanosoma brucei variant surface antigen genes. Nature 311, 350355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capbern, A., Giroud, G., Baltz, T. and Mattem, P. (1977) Trypanosoma equiperdum: Étude des variations antigeniques au cours de la trypanosoma expérimental du lapin. Expl Parasit. 42, 613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross, G. A. M. (1984) Structure of the variant glycoproteins and surface coat of Trypanosoma brucei. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Land. 307, 312.Google ScholarPubMed
Crowe, J. S., Barry, J. D., Luckins, A. G., Ross, C. A. and Vickerman, K. (1983) All metacyclic variable antigen types of Trypanosoma congolense identified using monoclonal antibodies. Nature 306, 389391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
David, P. H., Hudson, D. E., Hadley, T. J., Klotz, F. W. and Miller, L. H. (1985) Immunisation of monkeys with a 140 kilo dalton merozoite surface protein of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria: appearance of alternate forms of this protein. J. Immun. 134, 41464152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, J. J., Hirumi, H., Hirumi, K., Lupton, E. N. and Cross, G. A. M. (1980) Antigenic variation in clones of animal infecting Trypanosoma brucei derived and maintained in vitro. Parasitology 80, 359369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guyaux, M., Comelissen, A. W. C. A., Pays, E., Steinert, M. and Borst, P. (1984) Trypanosoma brucei: a surface antigen mRNA is discontinuously transcribed from two distinct chromosomes. EMBO J. 4, 995998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hommel, M., David, P. H. and Oligino, L. D. (1983) Surface alterations of erythrocytes in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. I. antigenic variation, antigenic diversity and the role of the spleen. J. exp. Med. 157, 11371148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, R. J., Barnwell, J. W. and Kao, V. (1983) Antigenic variation in Plasmodium knowlesi malaria: Identification of the variant antigen on infected erythrocytes. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 41294133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lange, T. de (1986) The molecular biology of antigenic variation in trypanosomes: gene rearrangement and discontinuous transcription. Int. Rev. Cytol. In press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, S. A., Pearson, C. D. and Phillips, R. S. (1982) Plasmodium chabaudi: antigenic variation during recrudescent parasitaemias in mice. Expl Parasit. 54, 296302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, E., Caron, F. and Guiard, B. (1984) Blocking of in vitro translation of Paramecium messenger RNAs is due to messenger RNA primary structure. Biochemie 66, 403412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Musoke, A. J., Nantulya, V. M., Barbet, A. F., Kiroude, F. and McGuire, T. C. (1981) Bovine immune response to African trypanosomes: specific antibodies to variable surface glycoproteins of Trypanosoma brucei. Parasit. Immun. 3, 97106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pays, E., Delauw, M. F., Laurent, M. and Steinert, M. (1984) Possible DNA modification in GC dinucleotides of Trypanosoma brucei telomeric sequences; relationship with antigen gene transcription. Nucleic Acid Res. 12, 52355247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preer, J. R., Preer, L. B. and Rudman, B. M. (1981) mRNAs for the immobilisation antigens of Paramecium. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 67766778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preer, J. R. Jr, Preer, L. B., Rudman, B. M. and Barnett, A. J. (1985) Deviation from the universal code shown by the gene for surface protein 51A in Paramecium. Nature 314, 188190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tetley, L. and Vickerman, K. (1985) Differentiation in Trypanosoma brucei: host and parasite cell functions and their persistence during acquisition of the variable antigen coat. J. Cell Sci. 74, 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Meirvenne, N., Jansens, P. G., Magnus, E., Lumsden, W. H. R. and Herbert, W. J. (1975a) Antigenic variation in syringe passaged populations of Trypanosoma (Try-panozoan) brucei II. Comparative studies in two antigenic-type collections. Annls Soc. belg. Méd. trop. 55, 2530.Google ScholarPubMed
Van Meirvenne, N., Jansens, P. G. and Magnus, E. (1975b) Antigenic variation in syringe passaged populations of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoan) brucei. I. Rationalisation of the experimental approach. Annls Soc. belg. Méd. trop. 55, 123.Google Scholar
Van der Ploeg, L. H. T. and Cornelissen, A. W. C. A. (1984) The contribution of chromosomal translations to antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 307, 1326.Google Scholar
Van der Ploeg, L. H. T., Valerio, D., Lange, T. de, Bernards, A., Borst, P. and Grosveld, F. G. (1982) An analysis of cosmid clones of nuclear DNA from Trypanosoma brucei shows that the genes from variant surface glycoproteins are clustered in the genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 10, 59055923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vickerman, K. and Barry, J. D. (1982) Immunology of Parasitic Infections (Edited by Cohen, S. and Warren, K.), 2nd edn, pp. 204260. Blackwells, Oxford.Google Scholar