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⁴ Moore, Barrington Jr, The social origins of dictatorship and democracy: lord and peasant in the making of the modern world (London, 1967).Google Scholar

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⁹ Denis Mack Smith in the Times Literary Supplement, 31 October 1975.

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¹⁵ Amyot, Grant, The Italian Communist party: the crisis of the Popular Front strategy (London, 1981).Google Scholar

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¹⁷ Passerini, Luisa, ‘Work ideology and consensus under Italian Fascism’, History Workshop Journal, 8, 82–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ Webster, Richard A., Industrial imperialism in Italy 1908–1915 (London, 1975)Google Scholar and Bonelli, Franco, Lo sviluppo di una grande impresa in Italia: la Tend dal 1884 al 1962 (Turin, 1975).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Pius XII's failure to act in defence of the Jews, even in Rome itself, emerges fairly clearly from Michaelis, Meir, Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian relations and the Jewish question in Italy 1922–1945 (Oxford, 1978), especially pp. 364–9Google Scholar, although Michaelis, despite some hostile comments on pp. 376–7, attempts to avoid making a definite moral condemnation of the pope. Webster, Richard A. in The cross and the Fasces: Christian Democracy and Fascism in Italy (Stanford, 1960)Google Scholar and Tannenbaum, Edward in Fascism in ItalyGoogle Scholar pass a negative judgement on Pius XI and Pius XII in relation to Italian Fascism and German Nazism. What must be emphasized is that for both of these popes Bolshevik Russia was the Church's main temporal enemy, and all allies in the struggle against the USSR and international Communism were in some sense the Church's friends. In the light of the Vatican's lack of interest in the assassination of Archbishop Romero in San Salvador some might feel inclined to see this as a continuing thread in papal diplomacy.