¹ Robert Christensen, Getting to Peace by Reconciling Notions of Justice: The Importance of Considering Discrepancies Between Civil and Common Legal Systems in the Formation of the International Criminal Court, 6 UCLA J. Int'l L. & Foreign Aff. 391 (2001-2002)Google Scholar

² Carl Baudenbacher, Some Remarks on the Method of Civil Law, 35 Texas Int'l L.J. 333 (Summer 1999) at 356 (citing Calabrese)Google Scholar

³ See Settanni, Andrea, Competitive Bidding for the Airwaves: Meeting the Budget and Maintaining Policy Goals in a Wireless World, 2 CommLaw Conspectus 117 (1994).Google Scholar

⁴ Benjamin, , Lichtman & Shelanski, Telecommunications Law and Policy, Carolina Academic Press (2001) at 81 ff.Google Scholar

⁵ Id. at 90, also noting the 1978 Statement of Policy on Minority Ownership of Broadcasting Facilities, 68 FCC 2d 979, and the U.S. Supreme Court case Metro Broadcasting Inc. v. FCC, 497 U.S. 547 (1990) overruled by Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995).Google Scholar

⁶ Id., at 42.Google Scholar

⁷ Eichel: So viel Geld nicht erwartet, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 18, 2000, Vol. 191, at 15.Google Scholar

⁸ Remarks by FCC Chariman William E. Kennard at the Museum of Television and Radio, FCC Speech, October 10, 2000. Available: www.fcc.gov.Google Scholar

⁹ Schnorbus, Axel, Das Schicksal der Mobilcom ist wieder ungewiss, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, January 10, 2003, Volume 8, p. 22.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Latour, Almar and Delaney, Kevin J., Companies: MobilCom May Fail in Germany, Wall Street Journal Europe, September 16, 2002 at A9.Google Scholar

¹¹ Rhine or Shine, The Economist, March 7, 2002.Google Scholar

¹² Latour, Almar and Kantrow, buster, Sonera Pushes Back 3G Launch Until the First Quarter of 2003, Wall Street Journal Europe, September 2, 2002 at A7.Google Scholar

¹³ §64 Para 1, GmbHG (Sanctions for not reporting certain bankruptcy events on time); §283 StGB (Certain conditions in the Criminal Code which create personal criminal liability for CEOs).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Insolvenzantrag muss kein Todesurteil sein, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, January 15, 2003, Vol. 12, P.19.Google Scholar

¹⁵ § 217 ff. InsO; Details: http://www.bmz.de/infothek/fachinformationen/spezial/spezial038/a5.html Google Scholar

¹⁶ See generally, Out to catch the big fish, The Economist, September 12, 2002.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Coase, R. H., The Federal Communications Commission, J.L. & Econ. 1, 12-13 (1959).Google Scholar

¹⁸ Spectrum Rights and Responsibilities Protection Public Workshop, Minutes of Meeting, August 9, 2002. Accessible: http://wireless.fcc.gov/ Google Scholar

¹⁹ Kurth, Matthias, Columbia University April 12^th 2002 Speech. Accessible: http://www.citi.columbia.edu/conferences/kurth/kurth_current_abstract.pdf Google Scholar

²⁰ Decision No.676/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a regulatory framework for radio spectrum policy in the European Community (Radio Spectrum Decision).Google Scholar

²¹ Id., Article 4.Google Scholar

²² FCC Press Release, FCC Chairman Michael K. Powell Announces Formation Of Spectrum Policy Task Force, June 6, 2002.Google Scholar

²³ In Re NextWave, 200 F.3d 43 (C.A.D.C. 2001), At the time of writing this article (January 28, 2003), the official citation for the U.S. Supreme Court case was not yet available. Federal Communications Commission v. NextWave Personal Communications Inc., et al., Nos 01-653 and 01-657 (Jan 27, 2003), 2003 WL 166615. (Hereinafter “NextWave S. Ct. Decision.”)Google Scholar

²⁴ NextWave S. Ct. Decision at — (Last sentence, Part B).Google Scholar

²⁵ NextWave S. Ct. Decision at —Google Scholar

²⁶ FCC v. General Wireless, Inc., 230 F.3d 788 (5th Cir. 2000).Google Scholar

²⁷ www.metropcs.com Google Scholar

²⁸ See Generally, Hazlett, Thomas W., The Wireless Craze, The Unlimited Bandwidth Myth, The Spectrum Auction Faux Pas, and the Punchline to Ronald Coase's ‘Big Joke', Working Paper 01-02, AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies (January, 2001).Google Scholar

²⁹ Benjamin, S., Lichtman, D., & Shelanski, H. (2001). Telecommunications Law and Policy, Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, at 58. (Herinafter “Telecommunications Law and Policy”)Google Scholar

³⁰ 47 U.S.C. § 303Google Scholar

³¹ Communications Act of 1934, Section 303.Google Scholar

³² 5 U.S.C. § 553Google Scholar

³³ Telecommunications Law and Policy at 64.Google Scholar

³⁴ 11 U.S.C. § 101 ff.Google Scholar

³⁵ See Generally, Maloy, Richard, Comparative Bankruptcy, 24, Suffolk Transnational Law Review, 1 (2000)Google Scholar

³⁶ 11 U.S.C. Section 362 (a)(3) will provide “stay” to “any act to obtain possession of property of [an] estate … or to exercise control over property of the estate,” but Subsection 362(b)(4) provides an exception to 362 (a)(3) for “governmental unit[s]” acting to “enforce” their “regulatory power.” In Re NextWave, 200 F.3d 43 (C.A.D.C. 2001).Google Scholar

³⁷ 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1)Google Scholar

³⁸ 28 U.S.C. § 158(c)(1)Google Scholar

³⁹ General Docket 90-314 (September 22, 1989)Google Scholar

⁴⁰ 8 FCC Rcd 7162 (1993)Google Scholar

⁴¹ The full rulemaking history can be found on the dedicated PCS section of the FCC website, http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/narrowbandpcs/ Google Scholar

⁴² See WT Docket No. 99-87, available at www.fcc.gov.Google Scholar

⁴³ Naik, Gautam and Gruley, Bryan, NextWave Is Under Fire For Tactics at Auction, Wall Street Journal, May 6, 1996.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Id.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Ritter, Scott, Business Brief: FCC Says Many Wireless Bidders, Short of Cash, to Return Licenses, Wall Street Journal, June 18, 1998, at B12.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Patterson, Nicholas J., The Nature and Scope of the FCC's Regulatory Power in the Wake of the NextWave and GWI PCS Cases, 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1373 (Summer 2002) (Hereinafter “Patterson, Nature and Scope …”.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Lipin, Steven, Two Opposite Court Rulings Raise Questions About FCC's Next Move on NextWave Licenses, Wall Street Journal, November 2, 2000, at C17.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States, Rule 10(a). Accessible: http://www.supremecourtus.gov/ctrules/rules.pdf Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Note that GWI is now known as Metro PCSGoogle Scholar

⁵⁰ In re GWI, 230 F.3d 788.Google Scholar

⁵¹ See generally, Montoya, David A., The FCC v. Powers of the Bankruptcy Courts – A Closer Look at NextWave and the Other C-Block Cases, American Bankruptcy Institute Journal, April, 2001, at 14.Google Scholar

⁵² See, Dreazen, Yochai J., High Court Deals Blow to FCC Side in Spectrum Cases, Wall Street Journal, July 2, 2001, at B9.Google Scholar

⁵³ See In re NextWave, 235 B.R. 263 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1998); In re NextWave, 235 B.R. 277 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y 1999); In re NextWave, 235 B.R. 305 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1999); In re NextWave, 235 B.R. 314 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1999).Google Scholar

⁵⁴ It is noteworthy to keep in mind the time context here. This was towards the end of 1999 and early 2000, when 3G licenses were being sold in Europe for several billion dollars. Based on the European numbers, the NextWave license fees seemed extremely cheap, and NextWave had no problem finding investors for their operation.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Lipin, Steven, FCC Move in Bankruptcy Case Sparks Ire, Wall Street Journal, April 10, 2000, at C1.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ CNET News.com, NextWave asks court to stop wireless auctions, September 22, 2000.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Press Statement of Chairman William E. Kennard on Supreme Court Decision to Deny NextWave's Request for Review, FCC News (October 20, 2000). Accessible: www.fcc.gov.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Carroll, Jill, U.S. Airwaves Auction Pulls in $16.86 Billion, Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2001.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Informed Budgeteer, 107^th Congress, 1^st Session: No. 2 (January 29, 2001). Accessible: www.senate.gov.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ NextWave Personal Communications Inc. v. FCC, 254 F.3d 130 (D.C. Cir. 2001).Google Scholar

⁶¹ Dreazen, Yochai J., FCC Ends Obligations from NextWave Auction, Wall Street Journal, November 15, 2002, at B2.Google Scholar

⁶² Dreazen, Yochai J. & Drucker, Jesse, FCC to Ease Spectrum - Auction Snarl, Wall Street Journal, September 12, 2003, at A3.Google Scholar

⁶³ Chen, Kathy, FCC to Return 85% of Deposits in Wireless Sale, Wall Street Journal, March 28, 2002, at A3.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Dreazen, Yochai J., FCC Ends Obligations from NextWave Auction, Wall Street Journal, November 15, 2002, at B2.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ NextWave S. Ct. Decision at — (1^st paragraph).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Id., at — (Paragraph “A”)Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Id., at — (Paragraph “A”)Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Id., at — (Paragraph “B”)Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Id., at — (Paragraph “C”)Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Id., at — (Paragraph “C”)Google Scholar

⁷¹ Mauro, Tom, Supreme Court Appears Receptive to NextWave's License Claim, American Lawyer Media, 9 Oct. 2002.Google Scholar

⁷² NextWave S. Ct. Decision at — (Dissent, 2^nd Paragraph)Google Scholar

⁷³ Id., (Dissent, Section II)Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Id., (Dissent, Section III)Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Latour, Almar, Plan to Bail Out MobilCom Angers Rivals, Piques EU, Wall Street Journal Europe, September 19, 2002 at A1.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Would-Be 3G Operator Goes Bankrupt, Industry Standard, August 13, 2001 Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Hill, Kimberly, Sonera Snuffs Norwegian 3G Hopes, www.WirelessNewsFactor.com, August 13, 2001.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Latour, Almar, 'Dunno Group’ Does Know a Thing About Phones, Wall Street Journal Europe, November 22, 2002 at R1.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Latour, Almar, Plan to Bail Out MobilCom Angers Rivals, Piques EU, Wall Street Journal Europe, September 19, 2002 at A1.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ DN IP/03/92, EUR 50 million rescue aid for MobilCom cleard in-depth probe into additional aid of EUR 112 million, January 21, 2003.Google Scholar

⁸¹ MobilCom Press Release, Q3/2002: MobilCom writes off UMTS assets completely / Operative losses narrowed down, Accessible: www.mobilcom.de.Google Scholar

⁸² Source: www.3gnewsroom.com Google Scholar

⁸³ Too many debts; too few calls, The Economist, July 18, 2002.Google Scholar