Astronomy is often said to be one of the oldest sciences ofhumanity. But this statement disregards the fact that theword “science”, as it is understood today, can hardly beused to describe the astronomical practices of, forexample, the builders of megaliths or the ancientEgyptians. This type of astronomy, however, was always“culture” as it was closely linked to both religious andprofane practices that led to better use of resources andgreater understanding of the cosmos. Cultural astronomy, inits two branches of archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy,studies these practices. Since these are disciplines thatlie somewhere between social sciences, especiallyarchaeology and anthropology from which they obtain theirepistemology, and classic astronomy, from which they obtaintheir mathematical tools, it is not always easy to carryout research in them. It is therefore often essential tostart out by distinguishing between fact and fiction.