1 They used to quote Chinua Achebe, Transition, 18, Kampala, 1965.Google Scholar

2 It's stated these days that that's what was taught, but I can't find this idea in the lecture notes I took at the time.Google Scholar

3Language is Power: The Story of Standard English and its Enemies. Faber & Faber, 1997.Google Scholar

4op. cit., p. 3, but others make similar claims.Google Scholar

5 To avoid possible L2 interference I don't research Wales or Scotland.Google Scholar

6 Berwick upon Tweed Record Office (north-east England): BRO/330/9, no name, franked 19 Dec 1833. Rather than sprinkle sics like slug pellets, the editor and I have checked everything carefully. Assume, therefore, that each mark, spelling, repetition and omission is sic.Google Scholar

7The Letters of John Clare: ed. Mark Storey, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985, p. 491, 21 December 1829. It would help readers like me who have no experience of a Glaswegian stream of consciousness if James Kelman (How late it was, how late, Secker & Warburg, 1994) could have called on some more suitable system of punctuating than the conventional one. The conventional system may force writers to write conventionally and avoid exploring new discourse.Google Scholar

8A Social History of English, Routledge, 2nd edn. 1997, p. 32.Google Scholar

9 e.g., from master to apprentice in a scriptorium or printing workshop, or from teacher to pupil in a school or drawing room, often using books as authority.Google Scholar

10 If that point seems not worth making, try thinking of men as ‘unwombed women.’Google Scholar

11Essays on the Principles of Method, IV, 1818, ed. Barbara E. Rooke, Routledge & Kegan Paul, and Princeton University Press, 1969, p. 449.Google Scholar

12 Centre for Kentish Studies, Maidstone, [CKS(M)]: Dymchurch, P125/18/3, 6 August 1822. But he didn't think of ‘stature’ for size.Google Scholar

13 CKS(M): Horsmonden: P192/18/12.Google Scholar

14 As well as protesting against the pressure on him to use schooled English, Clare lamented the other side of this bilateral adaptation: the disappearance of local words for birds and plants.Google Scholar

15 So are Anglo-Saxon word-coinage methods: e.g. ‘old-maidish, upfront,’ and the noun+noun parataxis in ‘word-coinage methods.’Google Scholar

16Cornish Childhood, Jonathan Cape, 1942. Read especially pp. 102–4, but other pages are relevant too.Google Scholar

17 See the models in Tom McArthur, The English Languages, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 97–101.Google Scholar