Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T12:27:45.611Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Disaster Mental Health Services Review of Care for Older Persons After Disasters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2017

Allison Gibson*
Affiliation:
College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
Jessica Walsh
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California
Lisa M. Brown
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to Allison Gibson, PhD, MSW, University of Kentucky, College of Social Work, 659 Patterson Office Tower, Lexington, KY 40506 (e-mail: [email protected]).

Abstract

As older persons make up an ever greater proportion of the world’s population, a range of concerns are being voiced by policy-makers, program managers, and care providers about best or optimal practices for serving this population’s needs during all stages of disasters. Given that age-related vulnerabilities are common in late life, this article describes existing systems of care in the United States for the provision of disaster mental health services. Second, it evaluates the evidence for disaster treatment interventions with this subgroup of the population. Third, it synthesizes the findings of recent studies focusing on screening, assessment, and treatment approaches. To advance our current system of care and to adequately respond to the mental health needs of older persons, it is advantageous to periodically review progress, identify current gaps and unmet needs, and describe opportunities for improvement. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12: 366–372)

Type
Concepts in Disaster Medicine
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC’s disaster planning goal: Protect vulnerable older adults. http://www.cdc.gov/aging/pdf/disaster_planning_goal.pdf. Published 2006. Accessed March 18, 2016.Google Scholar
2. Brown, LM. Older adults and people with disabilities. In: Jacobs GA, ed. Community-Based Psychological First Aid: A Practical Guide for Helping Individuals and Communities during Difficult Times. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier Inc; 2016:159-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804292-2.00015-6.Google Scholar
3. Gibson, MJ, Hayunga, M. We can do better: Lessons learned for protecting older persons in disaster. Washington, DC: AARP. http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/il/better.pdf. Published 2006. Accessed March 10, 2016.Google Scholar
4. Hutton, D. Older People in Emergencies: Considerations for Action and Policy Development. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2008.Google Scholar
5. Böttche, M, Kuwert, P, Knaevelsrud, C. Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: an overview of characteristics and treatment approaches. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;27(3):230-239. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2725.Google Scholar
6. O’Donnell, ML, Forbes, D. Natural disaster, older adults, and mental health--a dangerous combination. Int Psychogeriatr. 2016;28:9-10.Google Scholar
7. Acierno, R, Ruggiero, KJ, Kilpatrick, DG, et al. Risk and protective factors for psychopathology among older versus younger adults after the 2004 Florida hurricanes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;14:1051e9.Google Scholar
8. Gersons, BPR, Olff, M. Behandelingsstragieen bij post traumatishche stresstoornissen [Treatment strategies for PTSD]. Houten, Netherlands: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum; 2005.Google Scholar
9. Aldrich, N, Benson, WF. Disaster preparedness and the chronic disease needs of vulnerable older adults. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(1). http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2008/jan/pdf/07_0135.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2016.Google Scholar
10. Dyer, CB, Regev, M, Burnett, J, et al. SWiFT: a rapid triage tool for vulnerable older adults in disaster situations. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2008;2:S45-S50. https://doi.org/10.1097/DMP.0b013e3181647b81.Google Scholar
11. Sakauye, KM, Streim, JE, Kennedy, GJ, et al. AAGP position statement: disaster preparedness for older Americans: critical issues for the preservation of mental health. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;17:916e24. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181b4bf20.Google Scholar
12. Brown, LM, Beutler, LE, Patterson, JH, et al. Psychotherapy with people exposed to mass casualty events: theory and practice. In: Consoli AJ, Beutler LE, Bongar B, eds. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychotherapy: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2016:409-425.Google Scholar
13. Brewin, CR, Scragg, P, Robertson, M, et al. Promoting mental health following the London bombings: a screen and treat approach. J Trauma Stress. 2008;21(1):3-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20310.Google Scholar
14. Inter-Agency Standing Committee. Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mental_health/emergencies/9781424334445/en/. Published 2007. Accessed July 25, 2017.Google Scholar
15. The Sphere Project. Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Southampton, UK: Hobbs; 2011.Google Scholar
16. Ursano, RJ, Fullerton, CS, Norwood, AE. Terrorism and Disaster: Individual and Community Mental Health Interventions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2003.Google Scholar
17. US Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse Treatment: Addressing the Specific Needs of Women. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 51. Chapter 4: Screening and Assessment. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83253/. Published 2009. Accessed March 21, 2016.Google Scholar
18. Brewin, C, Rose, S, Andrews, B. Screening to identify individuals at risk after exposure to trauma. In: Schneider U, ed. Early Intervention for Psychological Trauma. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 2002:130-142.Google Scholar
19. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Brief Interventions and Brief Therapies for Substance Abuse. Treatment improvement protocol (TIP) series 34. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA; 1999.Google Scholar
20. Toner, JA, Mierswa, TM, Howe, JL. Geriatric Mental Health Disaster and Emergency Preparedness. New York, NY: Springer Publishing; 2010.Google Scholar
21. Baylor College of Medicine and American Medical Association Recommendations for Best Practices in the Management of Elderly Disaster Victims. Washington, DC: Baylor College of Medicine, Harris County Hospital District, American Medical Association, Care for Elders, and AARP. https://www.bcm.edu/pdf/bestpractices.pdf. Published 2006. Accessed March 11, 2016.Google Scholar
22. Brown, LM, Bruce, ML, Hyer, K, et al. A pilot study evaluating the feasibility of psychological first aid for nursing home residents. Clin Gerontol. 2009;32(3):293-308. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317110902895317.Google Scholar
23. Langan, JC, Palmer, JL. Listening to and learning from older adult Hurricane Katrina survivors. Public Health Nurs. 2012;29(2):126-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.00996.x.Google Scholar
24. Norris, FH, Friedman, MJ, Watson, PJ. 60,000 disaster victims speak: part II. Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry. 2002;65(3):240-260. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.65.3.240.20169.Google Scholar
25. Lewis, M. The frail and the hardy seniors of 9/11: the needs and contributions of older Americans. The Johns Hopkins University website. http://www.upmcbiosecurity.org. Published 2003. Accessed March 16, 2016.Google Scholar
26. Myers, D, Zunin, L. Phases of reactions to disaster. In: DeWolfe D, ed. Training Manual for Mental Health and Human Service Workers in Major Disasters. DHHS publication no. ADM 90-538. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2000:52-53.Google Scholar
27. Norris, FH, Hamblen, JL, Rosen, CS. Service characteristics and counseling outcomes: lessons from a cross-site evaluation of crisis counseling after Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2009;36(3):176-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-009-0215-1.Google Scholar
28. Hall, RCW, Hall, RCW, Chapman, M. Effects of terrorist attacks on the elderly– part II: posttraumatic stress, acute stress, and affective disorders. Clin Geriatr. 2006;14:17-24.Google Scholar
29. Brown, LM, Haley, C, Bryant, C. The role of social marketing in developing disaster behavioral health programs. In: Framingham J, Teasley M, eds. Behavioral Health Response to Disasters. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group; 2012:371-388. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11954-29.Google Scholar
30. Galea, S, Tracy, M, Norris, F, et al. Financial and social circumstances and the incidence and course of PTSD in Mississippi during the first two years after Hurricane Katrina. J Traumatic Stress. 2008;21:357e68.Google Scholar
31. Pietrzak, RH, Southwick, SM, Tracy, M, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and perceived needs for psychological care in older persons affected by Hurricane Ike. J Affect Disord. 2012;138(1-2):96-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.018.Google Scholar
32. Warchal, JR, Graham, LB. Promoting positive adaptation in adult survivors of natural disasters. Adultspan J. 2011;10:34-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0029.2011.tb00005.x.Google Scholar
33. Davidson, JR. Recognition and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA. 2001;286(5):584-588. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.5.584.Google Scholar
34. Pietrzak, RH, Goldstein, RB, Southwick, SM, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder among older adults in the United States: results from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;20:380-390.Google Scholar
35. Pietrzak, RH, Van Ness, PH, Fried, TR, et al. Trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in older persons affected by a large-magnitude disaster. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(4):520-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.12.005.Google Scholar
36. Breslau, N, Kessler, RC, Chilcoat, H, et al. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(7):626-632. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626.Google Scholar
37. Kessler, RC, Sonnega, A, Bromet, E, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52(12):1048-1060. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012.Google Scholar
38. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Post-traumatic stress disorder: management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg26. Published 2005. Accessed October 21, 2016.Google Scholar
39. Brown, LM, Cohen, D, Kohlmaier, J. Older adults and terrorism. In: Bongar B, Brown LM, Beutler L, Zimbardo P, Breckenridge J, eds. Psychology of Terrorism. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 2007:288-310.Google Scholar
40. Owens, PJ, Forgione, A Jr, Briggs, S. Challenges of international disaster relief: use of a deployable rapid assembly shelter and surgical hospital. Disaster Manag Response. 2005;3(1):11-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dmr.2004.10.004.Google Scholar
41. Hyer, LA, Sohnle, SJ. Trauma Among Older People: Issues and Treatment. New York: Brunner-Routledge; 2001.Google Scholar
42. Cook, JM, Niederehe, G. Trauma in older adults. In: Friedman MJ, Keane TM, Resick PA, eds. Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice. New York: Guilford Press; 2007:252-276.Google Scholar
43. Lopes, AP, Macedo, TF, Coutinho, ESF, et al, Systematic review of the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy related treatments for victims of natural disasters: a worldwide problem [published online October 8, 2014]. PLOS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109013.Google Scholar
44. Cox, D, D’Oyley, H. Cognitive-behavioral therapy with older adults. BCMJ. 2011;53:348-352.Google Scholar
45. Jeffreys, MD, Reinfelda, C, Nairb, PV, et al. Evaluating treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure therapy in a VHA specialty clinic. J Affect Disord. 2014;28:108-114.Google Scholar
46. Hyer, LA, Woods, MG. Phenomenology and treatment of trauma later in life. In: Follette VM, Ruzek JI, Abueg FR, eds. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies for Trauma. New York: Guilford Press; 1998:383-414.Google Scholar
47. Maercker, A. Life-review technique in the treatment of PTSD in elderly patients: rationale and three single case studies. J Clin Geropsychol. 2002;8(3):239-249. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015952429199.Google Scholar
48. Petkus, AJ, Wetherell, JL. Acceptance and commitment therapy with older adults: rationale and considerations. Cognit Behav Pract. 2013;20(1):47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.07.004.Google Scholar
49. Kohn, R, Levav, I, Garcia, ID, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and aging vulnerability for psychopathology following a natural disaster in a developing country. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20(9):835-841. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1369.Google Scholar
50. Chung, MC, Dennis, I, Easthope, Y, et al. A multiple-indicator multiple-cause model for posttraumatic stress reactions: personality, coping, and maladjustment. Psychosom Med. 2005;67(2):251-259. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000155675.56550.5f.Google Scholar
51. Parker, G, Lie, D, Siskind, DJ, et al. Mental health implications for older adults after natural disasters – a systematic review and meta-analysis - corrigendum. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;28:11-20.Google Scholar
52. Burton, LC, Skinner, EA, Uscher-Pines, L, et al. Health of Medicare Advantage plan enrollees at 1 year after Hurricane Katrina. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15:13-22.Google Scholar
53. Doocy, S, Daniels, A, Packer, C, et al, The human impact of earthquakes: a historical review of events 1980-2009 and systematic literature review [published online April 16, 2013]. PLOS Curr Dis. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.67bd14fe457f1db0b5433a8ee20fb833.Google Scholar
54. Doocy, S, Daniels, A, Dick, A, et al, The human impact of tropical cyclones: a historical review of events 1980-2009 and systematic literature review [published online April 16, 2013]. PLOS Curr Dis. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.2664354a5571512063ed29d25ffbce74.Google Scholar
55. Doocy, S, Daniels, A, Dick, A, et al, The human impact of tsunamis: a historical review of events 1900-2009 and systematic literature review [published online April 16, 2013]. PLOS Curr Dis. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.40f3c5cf61110a0fef2f9a25908cd795.Google Scholar
56. Powell, S, Plouffe, L, Gorr, P. When ageing and disasters collide: lessons from 16 international case studies. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2009;134(3-4):202-206. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncp082.Google Scholar