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² Simpson, George Eaton, “The Ras Tafari Movement in Jamaica: A Study of Race and Class Conflict,” Social Forces 34 (1955): 167–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar. I acknowledge the awkwardness of using a foreign observer's quote to anchor this opening and provide the piece's title, especially given the article's argument about marginalized peoples. I justify it based on the uniqueness of Simpson's research at that time, as well as the dearth of textual sources on Rastafari in the 1950s that makes historical reconstruction challenging.

³ Parker, Jason, Brother's Keeper: The United States, Race, and Empire in the British Caribbean, 1937–1962 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴ Duke, Eric, Building a Nation: Caribbean Federation in the Black Diaspora (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2016)Google Scholar; Timm, Birte, Nationalists Abroad: The Jamaica Progressive League and the Foundations of Jamaican Independence (Kingston: Ian Randle, 2016)Google Scholar.

⁵ A number of detailed studies take on the writings and political careers of these luminaries. On Du Bois, the best is Lewis, David Levering, W.E.B. Du Bois, 1868–1963: A Biography (New York: Henry Holt, 2009)Google Scholar. A fascinating recent study on Garvey is Ewing, Adam, The Age of Garvey: How a Jamaican Activist Created a Mass Movement and Changed Global Black Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014)Google Scholar. On Williams, see Sherwood, Marika, Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa, and the African Diaspora (London: Routledge, 2011)Google Scholar.

⁶ Malouf, Michael, “With Dev in America: Sinn Féin and Recognition Politics, 1919–21,” Interventions 4 (2002): 22–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷ James, Leslie, George Padmore and Decolonization from Below: Pan-Africanism, the Cold War, and the End of Empire (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McLeod, John, “A Night at ‘The Cosmopolitan’: Axes of Transnational Encounter in the 1930s and 1940s,” Interventions 4 (2002): 53–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸ Allman, Jean, “Nuclear Imperialism and the Pan-African Struggle for Peace and Freedom: Ghana, 1959–1962,” Souls 10 (2008): 83–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Anderson, Carol, “International Conscience, the Cold War, and Apartheid: The NAACP's Alliance with the Reverend Michael Scott for South West Africa's Liberation, 1946–1951,” Journal of World History 19 (2008): 297–325CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹ Blain, Keisha, Set the World on Fire: Black Nationalist Women and the Global Struggle for Freedom (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰ I use “archives” broadly to include items like newspaper holdings. Mbembe, Achille, “The Power of the Archive and Its Limits,” in Hamilton, Carolyn et al. , eds., Refiguring the Archive (Cape Town: David Philip, 2002), 19–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ Putnam, Lara, Radical Moves: Caribbean Migrants and the Politics of Race in the Jazz Age (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 1, 3. See also Kelley, Robin, Africa Speaks, America Answers: Modern Jazz in Revolutionary Times (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹² Vinson, Robert, The Americans Are Coming! Dreams of African American Liberation in Segregationist South Africa (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012)Google Scholar.

¹³ Bedasse, Monique, Jah Kingdom: Rastafarians, Tanzania, and Pan-Africanism in the Age of Decolonization (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴ Swan, Quito, “Blinded by Bandung? Illumining West Papua, Senegal, and the Black Pacific,” Radical History Review 131 (2018): 58–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵ Osborne, Myles, “The Historiography of Mau Mau,” in Osborne, Myles, ed., The Life and Times of General China: Mau Mau and the End of Empire in Kenya (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2015), 255–61Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Ranger, Terence, “The Reception of Mau Mau in Southern Rhodesia,” in Konings, Piet et al. , eds., Trajectoires de libération en Afrique contemporaine: hommage à Robert Buijtenhuijs (Paris: Karthala, 2000), 49Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Campbell, Horace, “Pan Africanism in the Twenty-First Century,” in Abdul-Raheem, Tajudeen, ed., Pan Africanism: Politics, Economy, and Social Change in the Twenty-First Century (New York: NYU Press, 1996), 212–28Google Scholar.

¹⁸ See for instance, James, C.L.R., A History of Pan-African Revolt (Washington: Drum and Spear Press, 1969)Google Scholar.

¹⁹ George Shepperson and Drake, St. Clair, “The Fifth Pan-African Conference, 1945 and the All African Peoples’ Congress, 1958,” Contributions in Black Studies 8 (2008): 35–66Google Scholar, 36–37.

²⁰ Shilliam, Robbie, The Black Pacific: Anti-Colonial Struggles and Oceanic Connections (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), 2Google Scholar.

²¹ Connelly, Matthew, “Taking off the Cold War Lens: Visions of North-South Conflict during the Algerian War for Independence,” American Historical Review 105 (2000): 739–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²² The National Archives of the United Kingdom, London [hereafter TNA]: CO 1027/31, Bonington to Evans, 6 Oct. 1953.

²³ TNA: CO 1027/31, Government House, British Guiana to Rogers, 2 Sept. 1953.

²⁴ TNA: CO 1027/31, Young to Evans, 8 Dec. 1953.

²⁵ In July 1939, Bustamante described Rastafari as a “terrible thing,” and its chief founder, Leonard Howell, as both the “greatest danger that exists in this country” and fit for an asylum. Jamaica National Archives, Spanish Town [hereafter JNA]: 1B/5/79/735, Bustamante to Colonial Secretary, Kingston, 6 July 1939.

²⁶ Interview, Mona, Kingston, 1 July 2016; interview, Greenwich Town, Kingston, 6 July 2016. I conducted targeted interviews with Rastafari and long-time residents of Kingston with the assistance of Karrene Morris during the summer and fall of 2016.

²⁷ Anderson, David, Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 126Google Scholar.

²⁸ “Mothers, Tots Cut Up,” Star, 17 Mar. 1953: 6.

²⁹ “Greatest Single Outburst of Vengeance since Campaign of Terror: Mau Mau Massacre a Village,” Gleaner, 28 Mar. 1953: 1; Thomas Wright, “Mau Mau Outrage,” Gleaner, 28 Mar. 1953: 8.

³⁰ In Kenya, the African press was banned and the Indian press was severely limited, and the European press was closely aligned with the government. Osborne, Myles, “‘The Rooting Out of Mau Mau from the Minds of the Kikuyu is a Formidable Task’: Propaganda and the Mau Mau War,” Journal of African History 56 (2015): 77–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 80–81.

³¹ Vere Johns, “Mob Rule Is Not the Way,” Star, 6 Jan. 1953: 6.

³² “Mau Mau,” Public Opinion, 21 Apr. 1953: 4.

³³ Hall, Stuart, with Schwarz, Bill, Familiar Stranger: A Life Between Two Islands (London: Allen Lane, 2017), 54CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁴ Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London: Papers of Richard Hart, reel 2, Freedom Newsletter no. 11, 4 May 1956; and no. 16, 1 July 1956.

³⁵ Thompson, Dudley, From Kingston to Kenya: The Making of a Pan-Africanist Lawyer (Dover: Majority Press, 1993), ch. 8Google Scholar.

³⁶ TNA: CO 1031/834, Foot to Lyttelton, 15 July 1953.

³⁷ Thompson, Kingston to Kenya, 76.

³⁸ TNA: FCO 141/5462, Dudley Thompson File, 9 June 1959.

³⁹ Asia-Africa Speaks from Bandung (Jakarta: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1955).

⁴⁰ Nixon, Rob, Homelands, Harlem, and Hollywood: South African Culture and the World Beyond (New York: Routledge, 1994)Google Scholar. Quito Swan also complicates the story of Bandung, in “Blinded by Bandung?”

⁴¹ Interview, Mona, Kingston, 1 July 2016.

⁴² Fred Wilmot, “Editorial,” Public Opinion, 25 Apr. 1953: 4; “Radio Jamaica ‘Fires’ Wilmot,” Star, 16 Apr. 1953: 1.

⁴³ Terry Lacey, Violence and Politics in Jamaica, 1960–1970: Internal Security in a Developing Country (Totowa: F. Cass, 1977), 12, 17.

⁴⁴ Michael Manley, “The Root of the Matter,” Public Opinion, 6 Dec. 1952: 4; “The Unemployed,” Public Opinion, 6 Dec. 1952: 4.

⁴⁵ Interview, Greenwich Town, Kingston, 6 July 2016.

⁴⁶ Osborne, “Rooting Out.”

⁴⁷ Interview, August Town, Kingston, 1 July 2016.

⁴⁸ See also Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London: Papers of Richard Hart, reel 7/70, notes on lecture by Z. Munroe Scarlett, “Jomo Kenyatta and Kenya, Land of Conflict,” 1953.

⁴⁹ “Mrs Garvey Is Vexed,” Star, 31 Dec. 1952: 3.

⁵⁰ JNA: 1B/7/30 (1), Report of the Jamaica Constabulary, 21 Apr. 1953.

⁵¹ “Friends of Mau Mau,” Star, 10 Jan. 1953: 1.

⁵² JNA: 1B/7/30 (1), Report of the Jamaica Constabulary, 1 May 1953.

⁵³ “Rising Protest,” Star, 18 Apr. 1953: 1.

⁵⁴ JNA: 1B/7/30 (1), Report of the Jamaica Constabulary, 17 Apr. 1953. On another occasion, changes to Kenya's legal code were debated. JNA: 1B/7/30 (1), Report of the Jamaica Constabulary, 17 Oct. 1953.

⁵⁵ Letter of Williams to Editor, Public Opinion, 23 May 1953: 4, 8 (his emphasis).

⁵⁶ JNA: 1B/7/30 (1), Report of the Jamaica Constabulary, 5 June 1953.

⁵⁷ Ibid., 13 May 1953.

⁵⁸ For example, “Africans Nail Headless Dogs to Govt. Notice Boards,” Star, 17 Sept. 1952: 6.

⁵⁹ George Padmore, “Fascism Comes to Kenya,” Public Opinion, 15 Nov. 1952: 2; George Padmore, “White Supremacy in Africa,” Public Opinion, 22 Nov. 1952: 1–2.

⁶⁰ There is significant debate in Mau Mau historiography regarding whether Mau Mau might better be thought of as an intra-Kikuyu civil war. See Osborne, “Historiography of Mau Mau.”

⁶¹ “NLP Takes Garvey Colours,” Star, 1 July 1952: 1.

⁶² “Public Holiday on Garvey's Birthday,” Star, 1 July 1952: 3.

⁶³ “School of African Languages!” Star, 8 June 1952: 1. The debate on languages took place in the pages of the Star during June of 1952.

⁶⁴ “Jamaica Key to Africa Problems,” Public Opinion, 20 June 1953: 3.

⁶⁵ Osborne, “Rooting Out,” 84.

⁶⁶ Hutton, Clinton, “Oh Rudie: Jamaican Popular Music and the Narrative of Urban Badness in the Making of Postcolonial Society,” Caribbean Quarterly 56 (2010): 22–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 59.

⁶⁷ “Knife Vow with Blood,” Star, 17 Aug. 1955: 11. Fascinatingly, and unmentioned in Hutton's work, is evidence that General Elsuzie and several other high-ranking members of Mau Mau were of Chinese descent, a subject worthy of further research.

⁶⁸ Hutton, “Oh Rudie,” 24.

⁶⁹ Hall, Familiar Stranger, 65.

⁷⁰ Its roots are comprehensively explored in Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848 (London: Verso, 1988).

⁷¹ Garvey, indeed, had described Gordon as deserving a “halo of martyrdom” for his role in the rebellion, in the Negro World in 1925. Robert Hill, ed., Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, vol. VI (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 161.

⁷² Weston Library, Oxford: Mss. W. Ind. s. 39, Interview between Sir Walter Coutts and Sir Lawrence Lindo, 2 Aug. 1968.

⁷³ Dance, Daryl Cumber, New World Adams: Interviews with Contemporary West Indian Writers (Leeds: Peepal Tree, 1992), 206–16Google Scholar. See also Hall, Familiar Stranger, 65.

⁷⁴ Blackburn, Overthrow of Colonial Slavery.

⁷⁵ Interview, Greenwich Town, Kingston, 6 July 2016.

⁷⁶ Interview, Mona, Kingston, 1 July 2016.

⁷⁷ Hutton, “Oh Rudie,” 24.

⁷⁸ van Dijk, Frank Jan, “Sociological Means: Colonial Reactions to the Radicalization of Rastafari in Jamaica, 1956–1959,” NWIG: New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 69 (1995): 67–101Google Scholar, 76. In 1955, one government survey about local employment in St. Elizabeth was immediately perceived as part of the process of collecting names of potential migrants. Smith, M. G., Augier, Roy, and Nettleford, Rex, Report on the Rastafari Movement in Kingston, Jamaica (Mona, Jamaica: University College of the West Indies, 1960), 16Google Scholar.

⁷⁹ Robbie Shilliam draws attention to the distinct ways that Caribbean peoples interpreted the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, in “Intervention and Colonial-Modernity: Decolonising the Italy/Ethiopia Conflict through Psalms 68:31,” Review of International Studies 39 (2013): 1131–47.

⁸⁰ These debates were not isolated: in Tanzania, local intellectuals were using Swahili to discuss myriad issues relating to Africanity and identity. Brennan, James, Taifa: Making Nation and Race in Urban Tanzania (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012)Google Scholar.

⁸¹ For instance, Appiah, Kwame Anthony, In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)Google Scholar; Asante, Molefi, The Afrocentric Idea, 2d ed. (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998)Google Scholar.

⁸² The Ethiopian World Federation chapters in Jamaica were somewhat exceptional. Bonacci, Giulia, “The Ethiopian World Federation: A Pan-African Organisation among the Rastafari in Jamaica,” Caribbean Quarterly 59 (2013): 73–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸³ Stewart, Robert, “Religion, Myths and Beliefs: Their Socio-Political Roles,” in Brereton, Bridget, ed., General History of the Caribbean, vol. 5: The Caribbean in the Twentieth Century (Paris: UNESCO, 2004), 566–67Google Scholar.

⁸⁴ Martin, Tony, “African and Indian Consciousness,” in Brereton, Bridget, ed., General History of the Caribbean, vol. 5: The Caribbean in the Twentieth Century (Paris: UNESCO, 2004), 250Google Scholar.

⁸⁵ At a more elite level, see also Bonacci, “Ethiopian World Federation.”

⁸⁶ Interview, Greenwich Town, Kingston, 6 July 2016.

⁸⁷ “Squatters Play Jack-in-the-Box,” Star, 20 Sept. 1952: 1.

⁸⁸ JNA: 1B/5/76/4/403/xlii, Ministry Paper: Mission to Africa, ca. Mar. 1961.

⁸⁹ JNA, 1B/31/391, O'Regan to Levy, 27 Nov. 1950.

⁹⁰ Travel Advertisement for Philip Seaga, Travel Advisors, Ltd., “Liberia Calls You,” Star, 2 Apr. 1955: 11.

⁹¹ In a poem entitled “Liberia's President.” Stennett Kerr-Coombs, I Am No Slave and other Poems (Kingston: S. Kerr-Coombs, 1956), 50.

⁹² W. A. Domingo, “Jamaica's Share in Liberia,” Star, 31 Dec. 1954: 4.

⁹³ TNA: FCO 63/169, Curle to Stewart, 14 Oct. 1969.

⁹⁴ Bonacci, “Ethiopian World Federation,” 86.

⁹⁵ Annie Paul, “Garvey's Lesson,” Gleaner, 29 Mar. 2017, at http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20170329/annie-paul-garveys-lesson (last accessed 24 Mar. 2020).

⁹⁶ JNA: 4/119/14, Norman Manley Papers, handwritten note, n.d.

⁹⁷ “The Spirit of Freedom Abroad,” Public Opinion, 16 Mar. 1957: 1.

⁹⁸ “South African Treason Trial Funds,” Public Opinion, 9 Mar. 1957: 1.

⁹⁹ “Ghana: Africa's First Colony to Win Independence,” Public Opinion, 2 Mar. 1957: 1; “What We Think: Ghana,” Public Opinion, 2 Mar. 1957: 4.

¹⁰⁰ For example, “Plight of West Indians in Britain,” Public Opinion, 9 Mar. 1957: 1.

¹⁰¹ “Manley Apologises for Busta's Outburst against Ghana, Malaya, Foot,” Public Opinion, 16 Nov. 1957: 1.

¹⁰² Gikandi, Simon, “Pan-Africanism and Cosmopolitanism: The Case of Jomo Kenyatta,” English Studies in Africa 43 (2000): 3–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰³ Padmore, George, Pan-Africanism or Communism? The Coming Struggle for Africa (New York: Roy Publishers, 1956), 186Google Scholar. On the limitations of Pan-Africanism, see also Azinna Nwafor, “The Revolutionary as Historian,” in George Padmore, ed., Pan-Africanism or Communism (Garden City: Anchor Books, 1972), xxxvi–viii.

¹⁰⁴ James, George Padmore, 125; Shepperson and Drake, “Fifth Pan-African Conference,” 47.

¹⁰⁵ Shepperson and Drake, “Fifth Pan-African Conference,” 49.

¹⁰⁶ Campbell, Horace, “Rastafari as Pan-Africanism in the Caribbean and Africa,” African Journal of Political Economy 2 (1988): 75–88Google Scholar, 79.

¹⁰⁷ JNA: 3/9/1/82, Peter Abrahams, “Race & Colour in Jamaica (1),” 6 Apr. 1961.

¹⁰⁸ Basil Davidson, “Congo,” Public Opinion, 30 July 1960.

¹⁰⁹ Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, Patrice Lumumba (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014), 70–72Google Scholar.

¹¹⁰ Jeffrey Ahlman, “The Algerian Question in Nkrumah's Ghana, 1958–1960: Debating ‘Violence’ and ‘Nonviolence’ in African Decolonization,” Africa Today 57 (Winter 2010): 66–84.

¹¹¹ Mau Mau leader Dedan Kimathi was referring to his men as “freedom fighters” in 1954, a descriptor that gained greater currency in the 1960s and 1970s. Kinyatti, Maina wa, ed., Kenya's Freedom Struggle: The Dedan Kimathi Papers (Atlantic Highlands: Zed Books, 1987), 45Google Scholar.

¹¹² Grant had played an integral role in helping Bustamante enter politics in the late 1930s. Once Jamaica became independent, Victoria Park was renamed St. William Grant Park, a moniker it still holds today. TNA: CO 1031/3901, “How They Rave,” Star, 2 Mar. 1961.

¹¹³ Along with Frank Hill, Morris Cargill was probably the third of the era's most prominent radio personalities. Both took a more conservative approach than Abrahams.

¹¹⁴ Campbell, Horace, Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney (Trenton: Africa World Press, 1987), 98Google Scholar.

¹¹⁵ Information on the YBF presented here is from Barry Chevannes, Rastafari: Roots and Ideology (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1994), ch. 5.

¹¹⁶ Van Dijk, “Sociological Means,” 71–72.

¹¹⁷ “Beards Back Jo. Kenyatta,” Star, 9 Apr. 1953: 1.

¹¹⁸ Chevannes, Rastafari, 160.

¹¹⁹ Simpson, “Ras Tafari,” 169.

¹²⁰ George Eaton Simpson, “Political Cultism in Western Kingston,” Social and Economic Studies 5 (1955): 133–49, 143.

¹²¹ “’Mau Mau’ Fined £20,” Star, 18 Aug. 1953: 1.

¹²² See, for instance, “Police Called In: Bearded Terrorists,” Star, 16 Apr. 1953: 1.

¹²³ Hall, Familiar Stranger, 49.

¹²⁴ Chevannes, Rastafari, 122, 133.

¹²⁵ TNA: CO 1031/1958, Foot to Phillips, 19 Sept. 1956. On Rastafari and the importance of texts, see also Edmonds, Ennis, Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹²⁶ Orlando Patterson, “Ras Tafari: Cult of Outcasts,” New Society, 12 Nov. 1964: 17.

¹²⁷ Homiak, John, “When Goldilocks Met the Dreadlocks,” in Niaah, Jahlani and MacLeod, Erin, eds., Let Us Start with Africa: Foundations of Rastafari Scholarship (Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2013), 66Google Scholar.

¹²⁸ Lee, Hélène, The First Rasta: Leonard Howell and the Rise of Rastafarianism (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2003)Google Scholar.

¹²⁹ The Promised Key's cover featured the name of Nnamdi Azikiwe, a Nigerian journalist and pan-Africanist thinker, who would become Nigeria's first president in 1963. Part of its text linked the African American and Jamaican struggles. G. G. Maragh, The Promised Key (New York: Publishers Group, 1993[1935]), 17.

¹³⁰ Daniel Branch, Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

¹³¹ Campbell, Rasta and Resistance, 95; Chevannes, Rastafari, x.

¹³² Chevannes, Rastafari, x.

¹³³ Simpson, “Ras Tafari.”

¹³⁴ Smith, Augier, and Nettleford, Report, 23.

¹³⁵ Homiak, John, “Dub History: Soundings on Rastafari Language and Livity,” in Chevannes, Barry, ed., Rastafari and Other African-Caribbean Worldviews (London: Macmillan, 1995), 127–81Google Scholar, 134.

¹³⁶ The period was one of extensive, deep debate fired by young Rastafari (especially the YBF) about the nature of the faith. Homiak, “Dub History.”

¹³⁷ Alexander Wauka, “No Rasta Cult in Jamaica,” Star, 15 Sept. 1952: 4.

¹³⁸ Lawyer Peter Evans, recently deported from Kenya, took on the defense of forty-six of the accused. TNA: CO 1031/2767, Extract from Jamaica LSIC Report, May 1959; Bradley, Lloyd, This Is Reggae Music: The Story of Jamaica's Music (New York: Grove Press, 2001), 63Google Scholar.

¹³⁹ TNA: CO 1031/3994, Extract from WI Economist, May–June 1960; Letter of Horace Dundas to the Editor, Star, 18 June 1960.

¹⁴⁰ “A Beard Is a Weapon,” Star, 21 Dec. 1957: 3; “Do Our Women Like Beards?” Star, 16 May 1959: 3; “No More Beards for Firemen,” Star, 6 June 1959: 1.

¹⁴¹ TNA: CO 1031/2767, Extract from Jamaica LSIC Report, Sept. 1959.

¹⁴² TNA: WO 336/32, Linde to Marnham, 12 Apr. 1960. The Jamaican immigration authorities noted an Ethiopian visa in Henry's passport on his return to the island. The governor's conclusion was, “There is little doubt that he [Henry] had visited that country.” Much to the consternation of officials in Jamaica, the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs wrote to T. E. Sealy, editor of the pro-establishment Gleaner, expressing that Haile Selassie was “pleased to grant for the use of the ‘Ethiopian World Federation’ lands not very far from the capital city of Addis Ababa.” TNA: CO 1031/2767, Imperial Ethiopian Government Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Sealy, 9 Sept. 1959.

¹⁴³ “Henry, Gabbidon Hanged,” Gleaner, 29 Mar. 1961.

¹⁴⁴ JNA: 1B/7/1/6, “Standing in the Gap, United Ethiopian Pilgrim Pioneer Movement,” 4 Sept. 1958.

¹⁴⁵ JNA: 1B/7/1/6, Report of Detective Corporal Duncan, “Public Meeting—Royal Flat, 14/9/58,” 15 Sept. 1958.

¹⁴⁶ TNA: CO 1031/3994, Jamaica Monthly Intelligence Report, Mar. 1960.

¹⁴⁷ V. S. Reid, The Leopard (New York: Viking, 1958).

¹⁴⁸ Dance, New World Adams.

¹⁴⁹ The University of the West Indies at Mona, Jamaica, West Indies Collection, Papers of Vic Reid, VRC 1-1-4, “Statement of Plans,” ca. June–July 1956.

¹⁵⁰ Interview, Mona, Kingston, 1 July 2016.

¹⁵¹ Walter Rodney, “A Note on Mau Mau in Tanganyika Territory,” paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Historical Association of Kenya, Nairobi, 24–26 Aug. 1973.

¹⁵² Guterl, Matthew, “Comment: The Futures of Transnational History,” American Historical Review 118 (2013): 130–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵³ Gilroy, Paul, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993)Google Scholar.