Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T08:37:40.010Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Evolution of Common-Field Agriculture in the Andes: A Hypothesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Ricardo Godoy
Affiliation:
Harvard University

Extract

Similar forms of subsistence and social organization have emerged in different parts of the world in response to similar ecological, technological, and demographic factors. For example, moldboard plow agriculture evolved in many places as the result of high population density, availability of large domesticable animals, presence of wet and heavy soils, and such staples as wheat, barley, rye, and buckwheat, which required extensive land preparation and “considerable surface area to produce the food calories necessary to feed a family” (Pryor 1985:732). Wolf long ago (1957) noted that the colonial experience had helped to promote the development of closed, corporate communities in rural societies of Mesoamerica and Indonesia.

Type
State Economic Policy and Social Division
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Altamira y Crevea, Rafael. 1890. Historia de lapropiedad comunal. Madrid: J. López Camacho.Google Scholar
Arguedas, José Maria. 1968. Las comunidades de España y del Perú. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.Google Scholar
Assadourian, Carlos Sempat; Heraclio, Bonilla; Antonio, Mitre; Platt, Tristan. 1980. Mineria y espacio económico en los Andes, Sighs XVI–XX. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Bakewell, Peter. 1977. “Technological Change in Potosi: The Silver Boom of the 1570s.” Jahrbuch fur Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas, no. 14, 5777.Google Scholar
Bakewell, Peter. 1984. Miners ofthe Red Mountain: Indian Labor in Potosi, 1545–1650. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Barnadas, Joseph. 1973. Charcas. La Paz: Centio de Investigaccion del Campesine (CIPCA).Google Scholar
Behar, Ruth. 1986. Santa Maria del Monte: The Presence of the Past in A Spanish Village. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bishko, Charles Julian. 1952. “The Peninsular Background of Latin American Cattle Ranching.” The Hispanic American Historical Review, 32:4, 491515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloch, Marc. 1966. French Rural History: An Essay on its Basic Characteristics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Blum, Jerome. 1961. Lord and Peasant in Russia: From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Blum, Jerome. 1971. “The European Village as Community: Origins and Functions.” Agricultural History, 45, 157–78.Google Scholar
Browman, David L. n.d. “Camelid Pastoralism in the Andes: Llama Caravan Fleteros, and their Importance in Production and Distribution.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Browman, David L.. 1973. “Pastoral Models Among the Huanca of Peru Prior to the Spanish Conquest.” A Newsletter Bulletin on South American Anthropology, 1:1, 4044.Google Scholar
Brush, Stephen. 1977. Mountain, Field, and Family: The Economy and Human Ecology of an Andean Valley. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Bruce; Godoy, Ricardo. 1986. “Commonfield Agriculture: The Andes and Medieval England Compared.” Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resources Management, 323–58. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Cárdenas, Francisco. 1873. Ensayo de historia de la propiedad territorial en España 2 vols. Madrid.Google Scholar
Cardich, Augusto. 1975. “Agricultores y pastores en Lauricocha y límites superiores del cultivo.” Revista del Museo Nacional de Lima, 41, 1136.Google Scholar
Cardich, Augusto. 1980. “El fenómeno de las fluctuaciones de los límites superiores del cultivo en los Andes: su importancia.” Relaciones (Sociedad Argentina de Antropología), 14:1, 731.Google Scholar
Cardich, Augusto. 1987. “Native Agriculture in the Highlands of the Peruvian Andes.” National Geographic Research, 3:1, 2239.Google Scholar
Carter, William. 1964. Aymara Communities and the Bolivian Agrarian Reform (Social Science Monograph No. 24). Gainesville, Fla: University of Florida.Google Scholar
Chevalier, Francois. 1953. La formation des grands domaines aux Mexique, Terre et societe XVI–XVII Siècles. Paris: Institut d' Ethnologie. Musee de l'Homme.Google Scholar
Chevalier, Francois. 1970. Land and Society in Colonial Mexico: The Great Hacienda. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cobb, Gwendolin. 1977. Potosí y Huancavelica. Bases económicas, 1545–1640. La Paz: Muñoz Reyes.Google Scholar
Cole, Jeffrey Austin. 1985. The Potosi Mita, 1573–1700. Compulsory Indian Labor in the Andes. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Coon, Carleton S. 1951. Caravan: The Story of the Middle East. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Costa y Martínez, Joaquín. 1944. Colectivismo agrario en España: Doctrinas y hechos. Buenos Aires: Editorial América Lee.Google Scholar
Crespo, Alberto Rodas. 1970. “El reclutamiento y los viajes en la ‘mita’ del cerro de Potosi,” in La mineria hispana e iberoamericana. Contribución a su investigación histórica, vol. I, 467–82. León, Spain: Ponencias del VI Congreso Internacional de Mineria.Google Scholar
Crosby, Alfred W. Jr. 1973. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Dew, Edward. 1969. Politics in the Alliplano: The Dynamics of Change in Rural Peru. Austin: The University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Dobyns, H. 1963. “An Outline of Andean Edidemic History to 1720.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 37, 493515.Google ScholarPubMed
Donkin, R.A. 1979. Agricultural Terracing in the Aboriginal New World. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Fernández, James. 1981. “The Call to the Commons.” Paper presented at the Oxford Conference on Forms of Reciprocity and Cooperation in Rural EuropeSt. Anthony's College, Oxford University, 09 811.Google Scholar
Flores Ochoa, J.R. 1977. Pastores de Puna. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Fonseca, Martel; Cesar, Mayer; and Enrique, Mayer. 1986. “De la hacienda a la comunidad: el impacto de la reforma agraria en la provincia de Paucartambo, Cusco.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Foster, George. 1960. Culture and Conquest: America's Spanish Heritage. New York: Wenner-Gren Foundation of Anthropological Research.Google Scholar
Freeman, Susan Tax. 1970. Neighbors: The Social Contract in a Castilian Hamlet. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gade, Daniel. 1970. “Ecología del robo agrícola en las tierras altas de los Andes Centrales.” Amárica Indígena, 30:1, 314.Google Scholar
Gade, Daniel. 1975. Plants, Man and the Land in the Vilcanota Valley of Peru. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk B.V.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gade, Daniel; Roberto, Rios. 1976. “La chaquitaclla: herramienta indígena sudamericana.” América Indígena, 36:2, 359–74.Google Scholar
Garcilaso de la Vega, El Inca. 1966. Royal Commentaries of the Incas. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Georgescu-Rogen, Nicholas. 1969. “The Institutional Aspects of Peasant Communities: An Analytical View,” in Subsistence Agriculture and Economic Development, Wharton, Clifton R. Jr., ed., 6193. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Godoy, Ricardo. 1986. “The Fiscal Role of the Andean Ayllu.” Man, 21:4, 723–41.Google Scholar
Godoy, Ricardo. 1986a. “Sistemas agrícolas sectoriales en los Andes. Una visión general.” América Indígena, 44:2, 363–77.Google Scholar
Goodell, Grace. 1977. “The Elementary Structures of Political Life.” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Grieshaber, Erwin. 1979. Hacienda-Indian Community Relations and Indian Acculturation: An Historiographical Essay.” Latin American Research Review, 14:3, 107–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillet, David. 1980. “Reciprocal Labor and Peripheral Capitalism in the Central Andes.” Ethnology, 19:2, 151–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillet, David. 1987. “On the Potential for Intensification of Agropastoralism in the Arid Zones of the Central Andes,” in Arid Land Use Strategies and Risk Management in the Andes, 8198. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez Flores, Pedro. 1970. “Raesultados de la visita secreta [1574].” Historia y Cultura, 4, 5–48.Google Scholar
Hastorf, Christine A.; Timothy, K. Earle. 1985. “Intensive Agriculture and the Geography of Political Change in the Upper Mantaro Region of Central Peru,” in Prehistoric Intensive Agriculture in the Tropics, Farrington, I.S., ed., 569–95. London: BAR International Series 232.Google Scholar
Julien, Catherine J. 1985. “Guano and Resource Control in Sixteenth-Century Arequipa,” in Andean Ecology and Civilization, Shozo, Masuda, Isumi, Shimada, and Craig, Morris, eds., 185231. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Klein, Julius. 1920. The Mesta: A Study in Spanish Economic History, 1273–1836. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanning, Edward. 1967. Peru before the Incas. New York: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Maine, Henry Sumner. 1876. Village-Communities in the East and West. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Malaga Medina, A. 1972. “El virrey Don Francisco de Toledo y la reglamentación del tributo en el virreinato del Peru.” Anuario de Estudios Americanos (Seville), no. 29, 597623.Google Scholar
Malaga Medina, A. 1974. “Las reducciones en el Perú durante el gobierno del virrey Francisco de Toledo.” Anuario de Estudios Americanos, no. 31, 819–42.Google Scholar
Martínez Alier, J. 1973. Los Huachilleros del Peru. Paris: Ruedo Ibérico.Google Scholar
Mayer, Enrique. 1979. Land Use in the Andes. Ecology and Agriculture in the Mantaro Valley of Peru with Special Reference to Potatoes. Lima: Centra Internacional de la Papa.Google Scholar
McBride, George. 1921. The Agrarian Indian Communities of Highland Bolivia. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCorkle, Constance M. 1982. Management of Animal Health and Disease in an Indigenous Andean Community. Publication No. 4, Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Project. Columbia: Department of Rural Sociology, University of Missouri.Google Scholar
McCorkle, Constance M.. 1982a. Organizational Dialectics of Animal Management. Publication No. 5, Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Project. Columbia: Department of Rural Sociology, University of Missouri.Google Scholar
McCorkle, Constance M.. 1987. “Punas, Pastures, and Fields: Grazing Strategies and the Agropastoral Dialectic in an Indigenous Andean Community,” in Arid Land Use Strategies and Risk Management in the Andes, Browman, David L., ed., 5779. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Means, Philip Ainsworth. 1925. “A Study of Ancient Andean Social Institutions.” Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 27, 411–69.Google Scholar
Mitchell, William P. 1980. “Local Ecology and the State: Implications of Contemporary Quechua Land Use for the Inca Sequence of Agricultural Work,” in Beyond the Myths of Culture, Eric, Ross, ed., 139–54. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Murra, John V. 1960. Rite and Crop in the Inca State,” in Culture and History, Stanley, Diamond, ed., 393407. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Murra, John V. 1975. “Rebaños y pastores en la economía del Tawantinsuyu,” in John V. Murra, Formaciones económicas y polóticas del mundo andino, 117–44. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Murra, John V. 1980. The Economic Organization of the Inka State. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Murra, John V. 1985. “El archipielago Vertical Revisited,” in Andean Ecology and Civilization, Shozo, Masuda, Izumi, Shimada, and Craig, Morris, eds., 313. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Murra, John V. 1985a. “The Limits and Limitations of the ‘Vertical Archipelago’ in the Andes,” in Andean Ecology and Civilization, Shozo, Masuda, Izumi, Shimada, and Craig, Morris, eds., 1520. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Neale, Walter C. 1957. “Reciprocity and Redistribution in the Indian Village: Sequence to Some Notable Discussions,” In Trade and Markets in the Early Empires, Karl, Planyi, Arensberg, Conrad M., and Pearson, Harry W., eds., 218–36. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Orlove, Benjamin. 1977. Alpaca, Sheep, and Men: The Wool Export Economy and Regional Society in Southern Peru. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Orlove, Benjamin; Ricardo, Godoy. 1986. “Sectoral Fallowing Systems in the Central Andes.” Journal of Ethnobiology, 6:1, 169204.Google Scholar
Parry, J.H. 1966. The Spanish Seaborne Empire. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Platt, Tristan. 1978. “Acerca del sistema tributario pre-toledano en el Alto Peru.” Avances (Bolivia), no. 1, 3346.Google Scholar
Poyck, A.P.G. 1962. “Farm Studies in Iraq.Mededelingen van den Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen, Nederland, 62:1, 199.Google Scholar
Pryor, Frederic L. 1985. “The Invention of the Plow.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 27:4, 727–43.Google Scholar
Robertson, James A. 1926. “Some Notes on the Transfer by Spain of Plants and Animals to its Colonies Overseas.” The James Sprunt Historical Studies, 19:1, 721.Google Scholar
Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Maria. 1981. Recursos naturales renovablesy pesca: siglos XVI y XVII. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Rowe, John Howland. 1946. “Inca Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest,” in Handbook of South American Indians, vol 2: 143. Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington.Google Scholar
Rowe, John Howland. 1957. “The Incas Under Spanish Colonial Institutions.” Hispanic American Historical Review, 37, 155–99.Google Scholar
Sánchez Albórnoz, Nicolas. 1977. Indios y tributos en el Alto Perú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Sánchez Albórnoz, Nicolas. 1982. “Migraciones internas en el Alto Peru. El saldo acumulado en 1645.” Historia Boliviano, 2:1, 1119.Google Scholar
San Miguel, Luís G. 1956. “Notas para un estudio sociológico-jurídico de la ‘derrota'.” Boletin del Instituto de Estudios Asturianos, 19:55, 89114.Google Scholar
Seebohm, F. 1905. The English Village Community. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shea, D. 1976. “In Defence of Small Population Estimates for the Central Andes in 1520,” in The Native Population of the Americas in 1492, William, Denevan, ed., 157–80. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Shimada, Melody; Izumi, Shimada. 1985. “Prehistoric Llama Breeding and Herding on the North Coast of Peru.” American Antiquity, 50:1, 326.Google Scholar
Simpson, Lesley Byrd. 1952. “Exploitation of Land in Central Mexico in the Sixteenth Century.” Ibero-Americana, 36, 129.Google Scholar
Smith, C.T. 1970. “Depopulation in the Central Andes in the Sixteenth Century.” Current Anthropology, 11, 453464.Google Scholar
Smith, C.T., Denevan, W.M., and Hamilton, P.. 1968. “Ancient Ridged Fields in the Region of Lake Titicaca.” Geographical Journal, 134, 353367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tándeter, Enrique. 1981. “Forced and Free Labour in Late Colonial Potosi.” Past and Present, 93, 98136.Google Scholar
Thirsk, Joan. 1964. “The Common Fields.” Past and Present, 29, 39.Google Scholar
Thompson, Donald E. 1968. “An Archaeological Evaluation of Ethnohistoric Evidence on Inca Culture,” in Anthropological Archaeology in the Americas, Meggers, Betty J., ed., 108–20. Washington: Anthropological Society of Washington.Google Scholar
Vassberg, David. 1974. “The Tierras Baldias: Community Property and Public Lands in 16th Century Castile.” Agricultural History, 98:3, 383401.Google Scholar
Vassberg, David. 1975. “The Sale of Tierras Baldias in Sixteenth-Century Castille.” The Journal of Modern History, 47:4, 629–54.Google Scholar
Vassberg, David. 1978. “Concerning Pigs, the Pizarros, and the Agro-Pastoral Background of the Conquerors of Peru.” Latin American Research Review, 13, 4761.Google Scholar
Vassberg, David. 1980. “Peasant Communalism and Anti-Communal Tendencies in Early Modern Castile.” Journal of Peasant Studies, 7, 477–91.Google Scholar
Vázquez de Espinosa, Antonio. 1942. Compendium and Description of The West Indies. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 102. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar
Vincze, Lajos. 1980. “Peasant Animal Husbandry: A Dialectical Model of Techno-Environmental Integration in Agro-Pastoral Societies.” Ethnology, 20:4, 387403.Google Scholar
Walcott, Robert R. 1936. “Husbandry in Colonial New England.” New England Quarterly, 9, 218–52.Google Scholar
Wamán Puma, Felipe. 1980. El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno. Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno.Google Scholar
Weisser, Michael R. 1972. The Peasants of the Montes. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wheeler, Jane C. 1988. “Evolution of the Lauca Biosphere Reserve Dry Puna Under the Impact of Native Andean and European Origin Pastoralism.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Whitaker, Arthur P. 1929. “The Spanish Contribution to American Agriculture.” Agricultural History, 3:1, 114.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce; Robert, Larsen; and Brooke Thomas, R.. 1974. “Dung as an Essential Resource in a Highland Peruvian Community.” Human Ecology, 2:2, 89104.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric. 1957. “Close Corporate Peasant Communities in Mesoamerica and Central Java.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 13:1, 118.Google Scholar