Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T15:31:48.340Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Love and Attachment: The Psychobiology of Social Bonding

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Abstract

Basic animal studies and human imaging studies have contributed to our understanding of the psychobiology of love and attachment. There are overlaps and distinctions in the neuronal circuitry of maternal love, romantic love, and long-term attachment. In these circuits, important molecules, which have been demonstrated to play a role in the psychobiology of social bonding include dopamine, serotonin, opioids, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Particular genetic and environmental variations contribute to social-bonding phenotypes, consistent with an evolutionary perspective on the value of these behaviors. Advances in the psychobiology of social bonds have led to hypotheses about the pharmacotherapy of disorders of attachment.

Type
Pearls in Clinical Neuroscience
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Liebowitz, MR. The Chemistry of Love. Boston, Mass: Little Brown; 1983.Google Scholar
2.Fisher, H. Why We Love: The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love. New York, NY: Henry Holt; 2004.Google Scholar
3.Stein, DJ. How we see others: the psychobiology of schemas and transference. CNS Spectr. 2009;14:1013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Swain, JE, Lorberbaum, JP, Kose, S, et al.Brain basis of early parent-infant interactions: psychology, physiology, and in vivo functional neuroimaging studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48:262287.Google Scholar
5.Fisher, HE, Aron, A, Mashek, D, et al.Defining the brain systems of lust, romantic attraction, and attachment. Arch Sex Behav. 2002;31:413419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Young, LJ, Wang, ZX. The neurobiology of pair bonding. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7:10481054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Nelson, EE, Panksepp, J. Brain substrates of infant-mother attachment: contributions of opioids, oxytocin, and norepinephrine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1998;22:437452.Google Scholar
8.Bartels, A, Zeki, S. The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. Neuroimage. 2004;21:11551166.Google Scholar
9.Fisher, H, Aron, A, Brown, LL. Romantic love: an fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate choice. J Comp Neurol. 2005;493:5862.Google Scholar
10.Strathearn, L, Li, J, Fonagy, P, et al.What's in a smile? Maternal brain responses to infant facial cues. Pediatrics. 2008;122:4051.Google Scholar
11.Bartels, A, Zeki, S. The neural basis of romantic love. Neuroreport. 2000;11:38293834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Aron, A, Fisher, H, Mashek, DJ, et al.Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love. J Neurophysiol. 2005;94:327337.Google Scholar
13.Ramasubbu, R, Masalovich, S, Peltier, S, et al.Neural representation of maternal face processing: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52:726734.Google Scholar
14.Noriuchi, M, Kikuchi, Y, Senoo, A. The functional neuroanatomy of maternal love: mother's response to infant's attachment behaviors. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63:415423.Google Scholar
15.Ortigue, S, Bianchi-Demicheli, F, Hamilton, AFDC, et al.The neural basis of love as a subliminal prime: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Cog Neurosci. 2007;19:2181230.Google Scholar
16.Bales, KL, Mason, WA, Catana, C, et al.Neural correlates of pair-bonding in a monogamous primate. Brain Res. 2007;1184:245253.Google Scholar
17.Beauregard, M, Courtemanche, J, Paquette, V, St-Pierre, EL. The neural basis of unconditional love. Psychiatry Res. 2009;172:9398.Google Scholar
18.Fisher, HE, Aron, A, Brown, LL. Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006;361:21732186.Google Scholar
19.Zeki, S. The neurobiology of love. FEBS Lett. 2007;581:25752579.Google Scholar
20.Kendrick, KM. The neurobiology of social bonds. J Neuroendocrinol. 2004;16:10071008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Marazziti, D, Akiskal, HS, Rossi, A, et al.Alteration of the platelet serotonin transporter in romantic love. Psychol Med. 1999;29:741745.Google Scholar
22.Marazziti, D, Canale, D. Hormonal changes when falling in love. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004;29:931936.Google Scholar
23.Debiec, J. From affiliative behaviors to romantic feelings: a role of nanopeptides. FEBS Lett. 2007;581:25802586.Google Scholar
24.Emanuele, E, Politi, P, Bianchi, M, et al.Raised plasma nerve growth factorlevels associated with earty-stage romantic love. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31:288294.Google Scholar
25.Moles, A, Kieffer, BL, D'Amato, FR. Deficit in attachment behavior in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene. Science. 2004;304:19831986.Google Scholar
26.Young, KA, Liu, Y, Wang, ZX. The neurobiology of social attachment: a comparative approach to behavioral, neuroanatomical, and neurochemical studies. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2008;148:401410.Google Scholar
27.Bakermans-Kranenburg, MJ, van IJzendoorn, MH. Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genes associated with observed parenting. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2008;3:128134.Google Scholar
28.Prichard, ZM, Mackinnon, AJ, Jorm, AF, Easteal, S. AVPR1A and OXTR polymorphisms are associated with sexual and reproductive behavioral phenotypes in humans. Mutation in brief no. 981. Hum Mutat 2007;11:1150.Google Scholar
29.Walum, H, Westberg, L, Henningsson, S, et al.Genetic variation in the vasopressin receptor 1a gene (AVPR1A) associates with pair-bonding behavior in humans. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:1415314156.Google Scholar
30.Emanuele, E, Brondino, N, Pesent, S, et al.Genetic loading on human loving styles. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2007;28:815821.Google Scholar
31.Gillath, O, Shaver, PR, Baek, JM, et al.Genetic correlates of adult attachment style. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2008;34:13961405.Google Scholar
32.Israel, S, Lerer, E, Shalev, I, et al.Molecular genetic studies of the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor (AVPR1a) and the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) in human behaviour: from autism to altruism with some notes in between. In: Landgraf, R, Neumann, I, eds. Advances in Vasopressin and Oxytocin -- From Genes to Behaviour to Disease. Progress in Brain Research 170, series New York, NY: Elsevier; 2008:435449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Meyer-Lindenberg, A. Impact of prosocial neuropeptides on human brain function. In: Landgraf, R, Neumann, I, eds. Advances in Vasopressin and Oxytocin -- From Genes to Behaviour to Disease. Progress in Brain Research 170, series New York, NY: Elsevier; 2008:463470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Bowlby, J. Attachment and Loss, Vol 3. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1980.Google Scholar
35.Pedersen, CA. Biological aspects of social bonding and the roots of human violence. Youth Violence: Scientific Approaches to Prevention. 2004;1036:106127.Google Scholar
36.Crews, D. The evolutionary antecedents to love. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1998;23:751764.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Leckman, JF, Mayes, LC. Preoccupations and behaviors associated with romantic and parental love. Perspectives on the origin of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 1999;8:635665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Sibley, CG, Fischer, R, Liu, JH. Reliability and validity of the revised experiences in close relationships (ECR-R) self-report measure of adult romantic attachment. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2005;31:15241536.Google Scholar
39.Sternberg, RJ. A triangular theory of love. Psychol Rev. 1986;93:119135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Sternberg, RJ. Construct validation of a triangular love scale. Euro J Soc Psychol. 1997;27:313335.Google Scholar
41.Lemieux, R, Hale, JL. Intimacy, passion, and commitment in young romantic relationships: successfully measuring the triangular theory of love. Psychol Rep. 1999;85:497503.Google Scholar
42.Overbeek, G, Ha, T, Scholte, R, et al.Brief report: intimacy, passion, and commitment in romantic relationships--validation of a ‘triangular love scale’ for adolescents. J Adolesc. 2007;30:523528.Google Scholar
43.Kelly, BD. Erotomania: epidemiology and management. CNS Drugs. 2005;19:657669.Google Scholar
44.Heinrichs, M, Domes, G. Neuropeptides and social behaviour: effects of oxytocin and vasopressin in humans. In: Landgraf, R, Neumann, I, eds. Advances in Vasopressin and Oxytocin -- From Genes to Behaviour to Disease. Progress in Brain Research 170, series New York, NY: Elsevier; 2008:337350.Google Scholar
45.Bartz, JA, Hollander, E. Oxytocin and experimental therapeutics in autism spectrum disorders. In: Landgraf, R, Neumann, I, eds. Advances in Vasopressin and Oxytocin -- From Genes to Behaviour to Disease. Progress in Brain Research 170, series New York, NY: Elsevier; 2008:451462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46.Stein, DJ, Carey, PD, Warwick, J. Beauty and the beast: psychobiologic and evolutionary perspectives on body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectr. 2006;11:419422.Google Scholar
47.Miller, G. The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped The Evolution of Human Nature. New York, NY: Doubleday; 2000.Google Scholar