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⁶ Slomich, and Kantor, , ‘Social Psychopathology of Political Assassination’, pp. 9–12.Google Scholar

⁷ Slomich, and Kantor, , ‘Social Psychopathology of Political Assassination’, pp. 9–10.Google Scholar

⁸ Slomich, and Kantor, , ‘Psychopathology of Political Assassination’, p. 10.Google Scholar

⁹ Freedman, , ‘Assassination: Psychopathology and Social Pathology’, p. 655.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Hastings, , ‘The Psychiatry of Presidential Assassination, Part IV: Truman and Kennedy’, p. 300.Google Scholar

¹¹ Weisz, and Taylor, , ‘American Presidential Assassinations’, p. 663.Google Scholar

¹² Donovan, , The Assassins.Google Scholar

¹³ White, Theodore, The Making of the President, 1964 (New York: Atheneum, 1965), p. 29, emphasis added.Google Scholar

¹⁴ McKinley, , Assassination in America, p. 57.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Donovan, , The Assassins, p. 9.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Hassel, , ‘The Political Assassin’, p. 399.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Hassel, , ‘The Political Assassin’, pp. 399–400.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Hassel, , ‘The Political Assassin’, p. 400.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Hassel, , ‘The Political Assassin’, p. 401, emphasis added.Google Scholar

²⁰ Hassel, , ‘The Political Assassin’, pp. 401–2.Google Scholar

²¹ Hassel, , ‘The Political Assassin’, p. 403.Google Scholar

²² Kirkham, , Levy, and Crotty, , Report of the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, Chap. 2, especially p. 78–89.Google Scholar

²³ In a personal communication from the Secret Service dated 16 October 1979, the following bibliography on assassins was suggested to me: Donovan, , The AssassinsGoogle Scholar; Hastings, , ‘The Psychiatry of Presidential Assassinations’Google Scholar; Kirkham, , Levy, and Crotty, , Assassination and Political ViolenceGoogle Scholar; and the Warren Commission, Hearings.Google Scholar

²⁴ See, for example, Szasz, Thomas S., The Myth of Mental Illness (New York: Harper and Row, 1961)Google Scholar; Ideology and Insanity (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970)Google Scholar; and Schizophrenia: The Sacred Symbol of Psychiatry (New York: Basic Books, 1976).Google Scholar

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²⁹ Daniel M'Naghten's Case, 10 Clark and Fin. 200, 8 Eng. Rep. 718 (1843). See also Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, Report (London: HMSO, Cmd. 8932, 1952–1953), esp. pp. 73–144, 391–428.Google Scholar

³⁰ Durham v. United States, 214 F. 2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1954).Google Scholar

³¹ McDonald v. United States, 312 F. 2d 847, 851 (D.C. Cir. 1962).Google Scholar

³² Quoted in Slovenko, Ralph, Psychiatry and the Law (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), p. 83.Google Scholar

³³ Szasz, , Schizophrenia, pp. 3, 190Google Scholar; see also, Halleck, Seymour, ‘American Psychiatry and the Criminal’, in Rieber, R. W. and Vetter, H. J., eds., The Psychological Foundations of Criminal Justice, Vol. 1 (New York: John Jay, 1978), 8–42.Google Scholar

³⁴ Smith, M. Brewster, ‘A Map for the Analysis of Personality and Polities’, The Journal of Social Issues, XXIV (1968), 15–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁵ Berkowitz, Leonard, Aggression: A Social Psychological Analysis (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962).Google Scholar

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³⁸ A complete book length manuscript which documents these observations in considerable detail is now in preparation. See Clarke, James W., American Assassins: The Darker Side of Politics (forthcoming).Google Scholar

³⁸ In a report of this length, it is impossible to report the extensive documentation required in each case; references have therefore been limited to representative sources only.

⁴⁰ See, for example, United States v. Richard Lawrence (1835)Google Scholar, trial transcript, Niles Register, vol. 48, 1836Google Scholar; United States v. Charles J. Guiteau, Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, Crim. Case No. 14056 (1881), National Archives; and MacDonald, Arthur, ‘The Would-Be Assassin of Theodore Roosevelt’, Medical Times, XLII (1914), 97–101.Google Scholar

⁴¹ See, for example, Morison, Samuel Eliot and Commager, Henry Steele, The Growth of the American Republic, Vol. II, 1865–1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1950), pp. 221–2.Google Scholar

⁴² See, for example, United States v. Charles J. Guiteau; Godding, W. W., M.D., Two Hard Cases: Sketches from a Physician's Portfolio (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1882)Google Scholar; Gray, John Purdue, ‘The United States v. Charles J. Guiteau’, American Journal of Insanity, XXXVIII (1882), 303–448Google Scholar; Guiteau, John W., Letters and Facts Heretofore Published, Touching the Mental Condition of Charles J. GuiteauGoogle Scholar (submitted to the President of the United States in the matter of application for a Commission de Lunatico Inquirendo, 23 06 1882Google Scholar); Spitzka, Edward C., ‘A Contribution to the Question of the Mental Status of Guiteau and the History of His Trial’, Alienist and Neurologist, IV (1883), 201–20Google Scholar; and Rosenberg, Charles E., The Trial ofthe Assassin Guiteau (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).Google Scholar

⁴³ See, for example, ‘Sworn Statement of Joseph Zangara’, Miami, Dade County, Florida, File No. 95–18–5, (02 16, 1933)Google Scholar, National archives; Investigatory Documents, Federal Bureau of Investigation (February-March, 1933b); Documents, Dept. of Justice, Mail and Files Div., File No. 95–18–5 (February 20, 1933), National Archives.

⁴⁴ See, for example, State of Maryland v. Arthur Herman Bremer, Crim. Tr. Nos. 12376–12379, Circuit Court for Prince George's County, Maryland (July–August 1972); Bremer, Arthur H.. An Assassins Diary (New York: Harper and Row, 1972)Google Scholar; and Clarke, James W., ‘Emotional Deprivation and Political Deviance: Some Observations on Governor Wallace's Would-be Assassin, Arthur H. Bremer’, paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Boston, Mass. (06 1980).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ See, for example, Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1964)Google Scholar; US Congress, Select Committee on Assassinations, Hearings on the Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, 95th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1978, Vols. I–XIIGoogle Scholar; United Stales v. Lynette Alice Fromme, Cr. No. 5–75–451, Vols I–X, United States District Court for the Eastern District of California (November-December 1975); and Moore, Sara Jane, ‘Playboy Interview’, Playboy (06 1976).Google Scholar

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⁴⁷ Durkheim, Emile, Suicide (New York: Free Press, 1951).Google Scholar

⁴⁸ See, for example, Pitman, Benn, ed., The Assassination of President Lincoln and the Trial of the Conspirators (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1974; original, 1865)Google Scholar; Kimmel, , The Mad Booths of MarylandGoogle Scholar; Attorney General's Papers, John Wilkes Booth, National Archives; United Stales v. Oscar Collazo, United States District Court for the District of Columbia (02-03 1951)Google Scholar; The People of the State of California v. Sirhan Bisbara Sirhan, Crim. Case No. 14026 (1969).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ An unrepentant Oscar Collazo was released from prison on 10 September 1979 announcing his intention to continue the fight for Puerto Rican independence.

⁵⁰ See, for example, People v. Leon F. Czolgosz (1901)Google Scholar, Courthouse Archives, Erie County, Buffalo, N.Y.; MacDonald, Carlos F., ‘The Trial, Execution, Autopsy, and Mental Status of Leon F. Czolgosz, Alias Fred Nieman, The Assassin of President McKinley’, American Journal of Insanity, LVIII (1902), 369–87Google Scholar; Channing, Walter, M.D., ‘The Mental State of Czolgosz, The Assassin of President McKinley’, American Journal of Insanity, LIX (1902), 233–78Google Scholar; Briggs, , The Manner of Man that KillsGoogle Scholar; Goodwyn, Lawrence, Democratic Promise: The Populist Movement in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976)Google Scholar; and Novak, Michael, The Guns of Lattimer (New York: Basic Books, 1978).Google Scholar

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⁵² Huie, William Bradford, He Slew the Dreamer (New York: Delacort, 1970), p. 173.Google Scholar

⁵³ US Congress, Select Committee on Assassinations, Hearings on the Investigation of the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., 95th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1978, Vols. I–XIIGoogle Scholar; US Congress, Final Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations, 95th Cong., 2nd Sess., 2 01 1979.Google Scholar

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⁵⁵ Congressional Quarterly, ‘Revolution in Civil Rights, 1945–1968’ (06 1968), pp. 11–12.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ This point is elaborated in some detail in Hearings, 1978, MLK, Vol. 7Google Scholar; and Report of the Department of Justice Task Force to Review the FBI Martin Luther King, Jr., Security and Assassination Investigations (Washington: Department of Justice, 11 01 1977).Google Scholar

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