Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T01:12:42.110Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Antonine Wall 1960–1980*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2011

Lawrence Keppie
Lawrence Keppie
Affiliation:
Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In the Jubilee volume of the Journal of Roman Studies (1960), Dr Kenneth Steer surveyed a quarter century of excavation and research on the Antonine Wall, starting from the publication in 1934 of the second, definitive, edition of Sir George Macdonald's The Roman Wall in Scotland. The following pages aim to discuss in brief compass how our knowledge has been extended in the twenty years that have followed, and suggest some things which the next two decades could and should be aiming to achieve. As 1960 also marked the publication of the first edition of Professor Anne Robertson's indispensable handbook to The Antonine Wall and its visible remains, that year is a doubly appropriate starting point. The last two decades have witnessed a sharp increase in the number of excavations taking place along the line of the Antonine Wall, in the amount of money available to do this (most of it from government sources), in the number of full-time archaeologists concerned with its study and preservation, and in the number of students working on the problems of the frontier line at university level; there has also been a greater awareness of the Wall in relation to the general development of Roman defensive works. All this activity culminated in 1979 in the first ever full visit to Scotland of the International Limes Congress.

Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 13 , November 1982 , pp. 91 - 111
Copyright
Copyright © Lawrence Keppie 1982. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 JRS 1 (1960), 84-93. For an earlier survey, see Richmond, I. A., JRS xxvi (1936), 190–4Google Scholar.

2 Robertson, A. S., The Antonine Wall (Glasgow, 1960)Google Scholar; sixth (new) ed. 1979.

3 For the proceedings of the Congress, see Hanson, W. S. and Keppie, L. J. F. (eds.), Roman Frontier Studies 1979 (3 vols, Oxford 1980)Google Scholar. The paper by Breeze, D. J., ‘Roman Scotland during the Reign of Antoninus Pius’, vol. i, 45–60Google Scholar, deserves particular mention here. Interest in the northern frontier is reflected in Scottish Archaeological Forum vii (1976), the proceedings of a day-conference on Roman Scotland held in Edinburgh in 1975; many useful papers are also included in Glasgow Arch. Journ. iv (1976) = Studies in Roman Archaeology for Anne S. Robertson, a festschrift dedicated to the doyenne of Roman studies in Scotland, on the occasion of her retirement from the post of Titular Professor of Roman Archaeology at the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University. Interim reports on many unpublished recent excavations are gathered in Breeze, D. J. (ed.), Roman Scotland: Some Recent Excavations (Edinburgh, 1979)Google Scholar, a booklet distributed to members of the 1979 Limes Congress.

4 See the accounts of Sibbald, R., Historical Inquiries (London, 1707)Google Scholar, Gordon, A., Itinerarium Septentrionale (London, 1726)Google Scholar, Horsley, J., Britannia Romana (London, 1732)Google Scholar, Maitland, W., History and Antiquities of Scotland (London, 1757)Google Scholar, Roy, W., Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain (London, 1793)Google Scholar, Stuart, R., Caledonia Romana (Edinburgh & London, 1852)Google Scholar.

5 Keppie, L. J. F., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cvii (1975-1976), 63Google Scholar. For a brief account of the stretches in guardian-ship, see Breeze, D. J., The Antonine Wall (DOE, Edinburgh 1974)Google Scholar.

6 For reports on small-scale work along the line of the Wall over the last 20 years, see Robertson, A. S., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, xcvii (1963-1964), 180–201Google Scholar; L. J. F. Keppie, ibid, cvii (1975-6), 61-80; L. J. F. Keppie and D. J. Breeze, ibid, cxi (1980-1), 229-47.

7 Vit. Ant. Pii v. 4.

8 RIB 1147-8; cf. J. P. Gillam, Arch. Ael5 v (1977), 47-74.

9 Robertson, A. S., in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II. iii (Berlin-New York, 1975), 364 ff., esp. 369Google Scholar.

10 CIL x 515 = ILS 340, where trib. pot. V is coupled with imp. II and cos. III. At Rome the orator Fronto delivered an oration in the presence of Antoninus, to mark the closure of the campaign, praising his skill in its direction (Pan. Lat. iv. 14. 2).

11 RIB 2313 with R. P. Wright ad loc. Note however the comments of Birley, E. B., JRS lvi (1966), 230, in favour of an Antonine dateGoogle Scholar.

12 Britannia iv (1973), 336-7. Full publication by G. S. Maxwell is in prospect.

13 Discovery and Excavation in Scotland (DAES) 1980, 44.

14 For the possibilities, see now Birley, A. R., The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford, 1981), 115–6Google Scholar.

15 Agr. 23.

16 Paus., Description of Greece viii. 43. 4; Robertson, A. S., Birrens (Blatobulgium) (Edinburgh, 1975), 284Google Scholar.

17 Hind, J. G. F., Britannia viii (1977), 229–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rivet, A. L. F. and Smith, C., The Place-Names of Roman Britain (London, 1979), 47 ffGoogle Scholar.

18 Trans. Archit. & Arch. Soc. Dur. Northumberland iii (1974), 13–25Google Scholar.

19 See D. J. Breeze, in W. S. Hanson and L. J. F. Keppie (eds.), op. cit. (note 3), 45-60.

20 Keppie, L. J. F., Roman Distance Slabs from the Antonine Wall (Glasgow, 1979), 8.Google Scholar

21 See Hanson, W. S., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cix (1977-1978), 140–50Google Scholar.

22 For Torwoodlee (close to Newstead), Piggott, S., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, lxxxvi (1950-1951), 92–117Google Scholar ; cf. Hamilton, J. R. C., in Wainwright, F. T. (ed.), The Northern Isles (Edinburgh, 1962), 53 ff.Google Scholar However, Stevenson, R. B. K., in Rivet, A. L. F. (ed.), Problems of the Iron Age in Northern Britain (Edinburgh, 1966), 35Google Scholar, prefers a date for this site in the later second century A.D., suggesting that it was swept away in the Severan re-advance.

23 E. W. MacKie, in D. J. Breeze (ed.), op. cit. (note 3), 52-5.

24 L. Main, in D. J. Breeze (ed.), op. cit. (note 3), 47-51.

25 Feachem, R. W., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, xc (1956-1957), 24–51Google Scholar; RCAHMS, Stirlingshire (Edinburgh, 1964), I, 27, 29Google Scholar; Maxwell, G. S., Scot. Arch. Forum vii (1976), 38–9Google Scholar.

26 For some discussion, see Steer, K. A., Arch. Ael.1 xlii (1964), 20–1Google Scholar.

27 For Woden Law, RCAHMS, Roxburghshire (Edinburgh, 1956), I, 169–72Google Scholar.

28 Jobey, G., Trans. Dum. Gall. Nat. Hist. Antiq. Soc.3 liii (1977-1978), 57–104Google Scholar; cf. Davies, R. W., Historia xxi (1972), 99–113Google Scholar.

29 Scot. Arch. Forum vii (1976), 51–65Google Scholar.

30 Gillam, loc. cit.

31 Robertson, A. S., An Antonine Fort, Golden Hill, Duntocher (Edinburgh & London, 1957), 14, 92Google Scholar. Comprehensive clearance of the fortlet-rampart in 1978-9, for possible display to the public, revealed further constructional details.

32 JRS xli (1951), 61Google Scholar; xlv (1955), 86.

33 Glasgow Arch. Journ. iii (1974), 51–65Google Scholar. The site survived the threatened quarrying, and is no longer at risk.

34 Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cv (1972-1974), 166–75Google Scholar.

35 A. S. Robertson, op. cit. (note 31), 29; D. J. Breeze, loc. cit. (note 34). But the comments of K. A. Steer on likely developments seem prophetic; see JRS 1 (1960), 86.

36 See L. J. F. Keppie in W. S. Hanson and L. J. F. Keppie (eds.), op. cit. (note 3), 107-12; Hanson, W. S. and Keppie, L. J. F., Current Archaeology 62 (June 1978), 91–4Google Scholar; Keppie, L. J. F. and Walker, J. J., Britannia xii (1981), 143–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar; DAES 1981, 6, 87.

37 Britannia xii (1981), 161.

38 DAES 1981, 6.

39 Bellhouse, R. L., Trans. Cumb. & West. Antiq. & Arch. Soc. n.s. lxix (1969), 54–101Google Scholar; Breeze, D. J. and Dobson, B., Hadrian's Wall (London, 1976), 58 ffGoogle Scholar.

40 RCAHMS, Lanarkshire (Edinburgh, 1978), 113, 159Google Scholar.

41 DAES 1980, 82.

42 DAES 1979, 34; Britannia xi (1980), 352Google Scholar; Keppie, L. J. F. and Breeze, D. J., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cxi (1980-1981), 239 fGoogle Scholar.

43 Steer, K. A., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, xc (1956-1957), 161–9Google Scholar ; id., JRS 1 (1960), 86 fGoogle Scholar.

44 In W. S. Hanson and L. J. F. Keppie (eds.), op. cit. (note 3), 110.

45 Steer, K. A. and Cormack, E. A., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, ci (1968-1969), 122–6Google Scholar ; Britannia i (1970), 309Google Scholar , no. 19 with pl. xviii, xxxviii; L. J. F. Keppie, op. cit. (note 20), 16, no. 11.

46 See Hassall, M. W. C., in Munby, J. and Henig, M. (eds.), Roman Life and Art in Britain (Oxford, 1977), II, 327–40Google Scholar.

47 Macdonald, G., The Roman Wall in Scotland (Oxford, 1934), 392Google Scholar ; L. J. F. Keppie, op. cit. (note 20), 20, no. 19 with fig.

48 See Parker, H. M. D., The Roman Legions (Oxford, 1928), 267Google Scholar.

49 RIB 1340.

50 Keppie, L. J. F., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cv (1972-1974), 151–65Google Scholar ; ibid, cvii (1975-6), 61-80; id. in Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms II (Köln-Bonn 1977), 19–21Google Scholar.

51 Keppie, , Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cv (1972-1974), loc. cit.Google Scholar

52 Keppie, L. J. F., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cvii (1975-1976), 77Google Scholar.

53 Keppie, loc. cit. (note 52).

54 Joseph, J. K. S. St, JRS xli (1951), 62Google Scholar; xlv (1955), 86; xlviii (1958), 89; li (1961), 122; lv (1965), 80; lix (1969), 108; lxvii (1977), 134; Maxwell, G.S., in Pippidi, D. M. (ed.), Actes du IXe Congr. Int. d'Études sur les Frontières Romaines (Bucharest, 1974), 327–32Google Scholar. Catalogues of aerial discoveries made by staff of the RCAHMS are available for the years 1976-80.

55 See Feachem, R. W., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, lxxxix (1955-1956), 329–39Google Scholar.

56 Joseph, J. K. S. St, JRS lv (1965), 80Google Scholar. For excavation of one of these construction camps at Dullatur, which proved to have been reduced in size in a secondary phase, see Keppie, L. J. F., Glasgow Arch. Journ. v (1978), 9–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

67 Robertson, op. cit. (note 31).

58 So at Duntocher, at Croy Hill (see fig. in Britannia ix (1978), 414Google Scholar ), and perhaps at Castlehill, see Keppie, L. J. F., Glasgow Arch. Journ. vii (1978), 80–4Google Scholar.

59 See Hanson, W. S. and Keppie, L. J. F., Current Archaeology 62 (June 1978), 91–4Google Scholar.

60 Keppie, op. cit. (note 20), 7.

61 Glasgow Arch. Journ. i (1969), 37–42Google Scholar ; ead. in Birley, E., Dobson, B. and Jarrett, M. (eds.), Roman Frontier Studies 1969 (Cardiff, 1974), 94–101Google Scholar.

62 R. Sibbald, op. cit. (note 4), 30; W. Maitland, op. cit. (note 4), 173; but see G. Macdonald, op. cit. (note 47), 193-63 DAES 1973, 59; 1974, 69.

64 DAES 1975, 21; Britannia vii (1976), 302. A report on the ditches located at the SE corner of the Park is being prepared by R. D. Stevenson, and will be published under the aegis of Strathkelvin District Council.

65 DAES 1980, 3; Britannia xii (1981), 320Google Scholar ; Keppie, L. J. F. and Murray, J. F., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cxi (1980-1981), 248–62Google Scholar.

66 G. Macdonald, op. cit. (note 47), 214-16.

67 See DAES 1968, 44 (Seabegs); Steer, K. A., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, xciv (1960-1961), 323Google Scholar ; Hendry, T. A., Glasgow Arch. Journ. ii (1971), 107–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar (Kinneil). A recent claim to have located Kinneil fort - see Britannia vii (1976), 301Google Scholar - lacks confirmation.

68 D. J. Breeze, in W. S. Hanson and L. J. F. Keppie (eds.), op. cit. (note 3), I, 52. The Ordnance Survey Map of the Antonine Wall (Southampton, 1969) shows a small fort as existing on Bridgeness promontory, at the east terminus of the Wall. However no fort has ever been found there, and, as Bridgeness lies only 1 km from Carriden fort, none need be expected. On the other hand a fortlet could have stood thereabouts; see the antiquarian notice in R. Sibbald, op. cit. (note 4), 30.

69 G. Macdonald, op. cit. (nole 47), 324-6; Feachem, R. W., Glasgow Arch. Journ. iii (1974), 74–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For progress reports on the recent excavations, see Breeze, D. J., The Roman Fort at Bearsden, 1973 Excavations: an Interim Report (DOE, Edinburgh 1974)Google Scholar ; id. in D. J. Breeze (ed.), op. cit. (note 3), 21-5. Brief accounts have also appeared in DAES each year from 1973 to 1981, and in Britannia from 1974 onwards.

70 FIG. 6 shows the final plan, and should be taken as definitive.

71 Information from Dr Breeze.

72 Dickson, J. H., The Glasgow Naturalist xix, part 6 (1979), 437–42Google Scholar.

73 Dickson, J. H., Dickson, C. A. and Breeze, D. J., Antiquity liii (1979), 47–51Google Scholar.

74 Information from Drs Breeze and J. H. Dickson.

75 Britannia viii (1977), 433, no. 32 with pl. xxixAGoogle Scholar.

76 Britannia x (1979), 276Google Scholar ; xi (1980), 353; xii (1981), 320; DAES 1981, 40-1. For earlier work on the site, see Macdonald, G. and Park, A., The Roman Forts on the Bar Hill (Glasgow, 1906)Google Scholar ; Robertson, A. S., Scott, M. and Keppie, L., Bar Hill: A Roman Fort and its Finds (Oxford, 1975)Google Scholar.

77 Information from Mrs Anne Anderson, who is preparing a specialist report.

78 See Macdonald and Park, op. cit. (note 76), n-15.

79 JRS 1 (1960), 90Google Scholar.

80 In Bibauw, J. (ed.), Hommages a Marcel Renard (Bruxelles, 1969), in, 210–18Google Scholar. See also Anne Ross, in Coles, J. M. and Simpson, D. D. A. (eds.), Studies in Ancient Europe (Leicester, 1968), 255–85Google Scholar ; Ross, Anne and Feachem, R., in Megaw, J. V. S. (ed.), To illustrate the Monuments: Essays on Archaeology presented to Stuart Piggott (London, 1976), 230–7Google Scholar where a view of the well as a ritual pit-shaft is developed.

81 Britannia vii (1976), 301–2Google Scholar ; Hanson, W. S., in Limes: Akten des XI Internationalen Limeskongresses (Budapest, 1977), 1–12Google Scholar.

82 See G. Macdonald, op. cit. (note 47), 268-9, 271-2.

83 Hanson, W. S. and Maxwell, G. S., Britannia xi (1980), 43–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

84 Robertson, A. S., Scot. Arch. Forum vii (1976), 5Google Scholar.

85 See Salway, P., The Frontier People of Roman Britain (Cambridge, 1965), 155 ffGoogle Scholar.

86 Steer, K. A. and Feachem, R. W., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, xc (1956-1957), 1–6Google Scholar ; JRS xlvii (1957), 229–30, no. 18Google Scholar.

87 Photographs held by RCAHMS. The profusion of ditches thereabouts precludes the suggestion of Steer and Feachem (loc. cit.) that the altar, which was turned up 150 m east of the fort, stood beside a parade ground.

88 W. S. Hanson, in D. J. Breeze (ed.), op. cit. (note 3), 19-21.

89 See Wright, R. P., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, c (1967-1968), 192–3Google Scholar ; JRS liv (1964), 178Google Scholar , no. 7. A similar altar found in 1967 was dedicated pro se et suis by an ignotus at Camelon; see Maxwell, G. S., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cii (1969-1970), 285–7Google Scholar.

90 Keppie, L. J. F., Glasgow Arch. Journ. v (1978), 12–18Google Scholar.

91 Gawthorpe, S., Clydebank Hist. Journ. i (1980), 15–19Google Scholar.

92 Stuart, R., Caledonia Romana (Edinburgh, 1852), 302Google Scholar ; J. Brogan and A. A. R. Henderson, DAES 1978, 26.

93 P. Salway, loc. cit. (note 85). During excavation at Bearsden in 1975, foundations of two small stone buildings were detected outside the west gate of the fort, fronting on to the Military Way; see Britannia vii (1976), 302 with fig.

94 A. S. Robertson, M. Scott and L. Keppie, op. cit. (note 76), 59-82.

96 DAES 1971, 29; Britannia viii (1977), 365; ix (1978), 416-17; G. Thomas, in D. J. Breeze (ed.), op. cit. (note 3), 8-10.

96 Britannia vii (1976), 305-6; viii (1977), 368-9; ix (1978), 418; x (1979), 278-9; N. M. McQ. Holmes, in D. J. Breeze (ed.), op. cit. (note 3), 11-14.

97 Salway, op. cit. (note 85), 156-7.

98 Miller, S. N., The Roman Fort at Balmuildy (Glasgow, 1922), 55Google Scholar.

99 McCord, N. and Tait, J., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cix (1977-1978), 151–65Google Scholar ; Britannia vii (1976), 300Google Scholar ; viii (1977), 362-4; ix (1978), 411. V. A. Maxfield in D. J. Breeze (ed.), op. cit. (note 3), 30-1.

100 Collingwood, R. G. and Myres, J. N. L., Roman Britain and the English Settlements (Oxford, 1937), 147Google Scholar.

101 Baatz, D., Kastell Hesselbach undandere Forschungen am Odenwaldlimes (Berlin, 1973Google Scholar = Limesforschungen 12), with the perceptive review by Frere, S. S., Britannia v (1974), 494 ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

102 Arch. Ael5 ii (1974), 17–26Google Scholar.

103 Steer, K. A., Arch. Ael4 xlii (1964), 13–19Google Scholar ; Frere, S. S., Britannia (London, 1974), 126, 176.Google Scholar

104 J. N. G. and Ritchie, A., Regional Archaeologies: Edinburgh and South-East Scotland (Edinburgh, 1972), 50 ffGoogle Scholar. ; Jobey, G., in Harding, D. W. (ed.), Hillforts: Later Prehistoric Earthworks in Britain and Ireland (London, 1976), 191–204Google Scholar.

105 Ordnance Survey, Map of Roman Britain (4th ed., Southampton, 1978).

106 cf. below, ‘Roman Britain in 1981’, for evidence which suggests the presence of legionaries at Carlisle for an unspecified purpose in the second century A.D.

107 For Camelon, see now Tatton-Brown, T., Britannia xi (1980), 340–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For discussion of routes by which pottery reached Scotland in the Antonine period, see Gillam, J. P., in Detsicas, A. (ed.), Current Research on Romano-British Coarse Pottery (London, 1973), 53–62Google Scholar ; Webster, P. V., in Dore, J. and Greene, K., Roman Pottery Studies in Britain and Beyond (Oxford, 1977), 133–5Google Scholar (Severn Valley ware); D. F. Williams, ibid. 177-87 (Black-burnished wares).

108 Glasgow Arch. Journ. iv (1976), 81–9Google Scholar.

109 In J. Dore and K. Greene (eds.), op. cit. (note 107), 133-46.

110 Wilkes, J. J., Glasgow Arch. Journ. iii (1974), 58Google Scholar. cf. Breeze, D. J., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cv (1972-1974), 172–3Google Scholar.

111 Keppie, L. J. F. and Walker, J. J., Britannia xii (1981), 147Google Scholar ; information from Mr J. Cannell.

112 G. Macdonald, op. cit. (note 47), 478 ff.; K. A. Steer, Arch. Ael.4 xlii (1964), 21 ff.

113 Steer, K. A., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, xciv (1960-1961), 96–9Google Scholar.

114 Maclvor, I., Thomas, M. C. and Breeze, D. J., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cx (1978-1980), 230–85Google Scholar.

115 Above, p. 103 with note 69 (Bearsden); above, p. 103 with note 76 (Bar Hill).

116 Breeze, D. J. and Dobson, B., Hadrian's Wall (London, 1976), 94 ff. with listsGoogle Scholar.

1 A. S. Robertson, M. Scott and L. Keppie, op. cit. (note 76), 24-7. Excavation in 1978-81 has failed to alter this picture.

118 Breeze and Dobson, op. cit. (note 116), 120 ff.; Breeze, D. J., Britannia v (1974), 141–54Google Scholar ; Maxwell, G. S., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, civ (1971-1972), 179Google Scholar.

119 On deployment of Roman troops under the Empire, see Webster, G., The Roman Imperial Army (London, 1969), 47 ff.Google Scholar; E. N. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire (Baltimore & London, 1979) , passim.

120 Breeze and Dobson, op. cit. (note 116), 94 ff.

121 Britannia i (1970), 310–11Google Scholar, no. 20; Barber, R. L. N., Glasgow Arch. Journ. ii (1971), 117–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

122 RIB 2174-7, 2179-81 with Davies, R. W., Glasgow Arch. Journ. iv (1976), 103–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar (Auchendavy); RIB 2160-3 (Croy); ibid., 2146, 2148, 2151 (Castlecary).

123 Britannia i (1970), 310–11Google Scholar, no. 20 (Old Kilpatrick); JRS liv (1964), 178 no. 7 (Westerwood); RIB 2144 (Rough Castle)Google Scholar.

124 Breeze and Dobson, loc. cit. (note 116).

125 Britannia viii (1977), 433 no. 31Google Scholar.

126 RIB 2187 with R. P. Wright ad loc.

127 Keppie, L. J. F., Glasgow Arch. Journ. v (1978), 19–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar; cf. RCAHMS, Lanarkshire (Edinburgh 1978), 124Google Scholar.

128 op. cit. (note 47), 478; cf. Richmond, I. A., JRS xxvi (1936), 190–4Google Scholar.

129 Robertson, A. S., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, xc (1956-1957), 241–6Google Scholar; ead. in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romischen Welt (Berlin-New York, 1975), 416–17Google Scholar. Similarly in Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, ciii (1970-1971), 133Google Scholar.

130 Gillam, J. P. and Mann, J. C., Arch. Ael.4 xlviii (1970), 1–44Google Scholar; Jarrett, M. G. and Mann, J. C., Bonner Jahrb. clxx (1970), 178–210 esp. at 193-4Google Scholar.

131 cf. Todd, M., Num. Chron.7 vi (1966), 147–53Google Scholar.

132 RIB 1322.

133 RIB 2216.

134 For a sensible review of the evidence for such a revolt, see Breeze and Dobson, op. cit. (note 116), 105-8.

135 G. Macdonald, op. cit. (note 47), 478.

136 Gillam and Mann, loc. cit. (note 130); Jarrett and Mann, loc. cit. (note 130). The conflicting views are summarized by Breeze, D. J., Scot. Arch. Forum vii (1976), 67–80Google Scholar.

137 Steer, K. A., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, xciv (1960-1961), 98, 100 ff., 113 ffGoogle Scholar.

138 Britannia iii (1972), 1–55Google Scholar. Note, however, the comments by Jarrett, M. G., Maryport, Cumbria: A Roman Fort and its Garrison (Kendal, 1976), 18–19Google Scholar.

139 As implied, for example, by Collingwood and Myres, op. cit. (note 100), 143.

140 For the numismatic evidence, see now Shotter, D. C. A., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cvii (1975-1976), 81–91Google Scholar.

141 RIB 2138.

142 Bonner Jahrb. clxx (1970), 194Google Scholar.

143 As supposed by Breeze, D. J. and Dobson, B., Glasgow Arch. Journ. iv (1975), 139Google Scholar.

144 Breeze, D. J., Scot. Arch. Forum vii (1976), 78Google Scholar.

145 Arch. Ael4 xlii (1964), 36.

146 Robertson, Scott and Keppie, op. cit. (note 76), 12-15.

147 So Breeze, loc. cit. (note 144).

148 Breeze and Dobson, op. cit. (note 116), 37 ff.; Mann, J. C., in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romischen Welt 11. i (Berlin-New York, 1974), 508–33Google Scholar.

149 Appreciation of the interrelationship of Roman frontier systems is greatly assisted by the regular meetings of the Limes Congress, begun at Durham in 1949. The XIVth Congress will be held at Aalen, West Germany, in 1983, and the XIVth Congress is expected to be hosted by Austria, perhaps in 1986. The published proceedings of the various Congresses are a valuable digest of recent work.

150 A useful recent application of the tree-ring dating process has been to show that one of the supposed Roman beams forming the superstructure of the bridge across the River Kelvin at Balmuildy fort was not felled until c. A.D. 1360; see DAES 1979, 40.

151 Bellhouse, R. L., Trans. Cumb. & West. Antiq. Arch. Soc. n.s. lxx (1970), 9–47Google Scholar ; Jones, G. D. B., Britannia vii (1976), 236–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar; T. W. Potter, ibid, viii (1977), 149-83.

152 Steer, K. A., JRS 1 (1960), 87–8Google Scholar.

153 Glasgow Arch. Journ. iv (1976), 111–23Google Scholar.

154 A fresh study of the Antonine Wall, by W. S. Hansen and G. S. Maxwell, will be published shortly.