Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T20:19:23.393Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Self-experimentation: Friend or foe?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2004

Seth Roberts*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720-1650

Abstract

The topics discussed in this response are in four broad areas: (1) Idea generation, including the failure to discuss and teach idea generation and how to nurture new ideas (sect. R2), sources of ideas worth testing with self-experimentation (sect. R3), and unusual features of the situation that may have increased the discovery rate (sect. R4); (2) Miscellaneous methodological issues, such as the value of mental experiments (sect. R5) and the limitations of double-blind experiments (sect. R6); (3) Subject-matter issues, including the relationship of this work to other evolutionary psychology studies and a new way to test evolutionary explanations (sect. R7), as well as questions about the mood results (sect. R8) and the weight results (sect. R9); and (4) Self-experimentation, including its difficulty (sect. R10) and future (sect. R11).

Type
Author's Response
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, R. P. (1991) Early morning awakening insomnia: Bright-light treatment. In: Case studies in insomnia, ed. Hauri, P. J.. Plenum Medical. [aSR]Google Scholar
Altman, L. K. (1987/1998) Who goes first? The story of self-experimentation in medicine. Random House/University of California Press. (Random House edition, 1987; University of California Press edition, 1998). [IG, arSR, PT]Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition. [DSM-IV] [aSR]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. W., Story, L. J., Zettwoch, N. C., Gustafson, N. J. & Jefferson, B. S. (1989) Metabolic effects of fructose supplementation in diabetic individuals. Diabetes Care 12:337-44. [aSR]Google Scholar
Andrews, P. W., Gangestad, S. W. & Matthews, D. (2002) Adaptationism - how to carry out an exaptionist program. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25:489-504. [rSR]Google Scholar
Apfelbaum, M., Reinberg, A., Nillus, P. & Halberg, F. (1969) Rythmes circadiens de l’alternance veille-sommeil pendant l’isolement souterrain de sept jeune femmes. La Presse Medicale 77:879-82. [aSR]Google Scholar
Baer, D. M. (1998) Self-experimentation: Some judgmental comments on selfexperimentation. Self-Experimentation Self-Control Communications 10:1-5. [aSR]Google Scholar
Barcroft, J. & Verzár, F. (1931) The effect of exposure to cold on the pulse rate and respiration of man. Journal of Physiology 71:373-80. [MC]Google Scholar
Bartlett, F. (1958) Thinking: An experimental and social study. Basic Books. [aSR]Google Scholar
Benca, R. M., Obermeyer, W. H., Thisted, R. A. & Gillin, J. C. (1992) Sleep and psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 49:651-68. [aSR]Google Scholar
Benca, R. M. & Quintans, J. (1997) Sleep and host defenses: A review. Sleep 20:1027-37. [aSR]Google Scholar
Bernstein, I. L. (1980) Effects of interference stimuli on the acquisition of learned aversions to foods in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 94:921-31. [aSR]Google Scholar
Bernstein, R. K. (1997) Dr. Bernstein's diabetes solution: A complete guide to achieving normal blood sugars. Little, Brown. [arSR]Google Scholar
Beveridge, W. I. B. (1957) The art of scientific investigation. W. W. Norton. [aSR]Google Scholar
Bixler, E. O., Vgontzas, A. N., Lin, H.-M., Vela-Bueno, A. & Kales, A. (2002) Insomnia in Central Pennsylvania. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53:589-92. [aSR]Google Scholar
Blair, A. J., Booth, D. A., Lewis, V. J. & Wainwright, C. J. (1989) The relative success of official and informal weight reduction techniques. Psychology and Health 3:195-206. [DAB]Google Scholar
Blair, S. N. & Connelly, J. C. (1996) How much physical activity should we do? The case for moderate amounts and intensities of physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 67:193-205. [aSR]Google Scholar
Blair, S. N., Kohl, H. W., Gordon, N. F. & Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr., (1992) How much physical activity is good for health? Annual Review of Public Health 13:99-126. [aSR]Google Scholar
Blood, M. L., Sack, R. L., Percy, D. C. & Pen, J. C. (1997) A comparison of sleep detection by wrist actigraphy, behavioral response, and polysomnography. Sleep 20:388-95. [aSR]Google Scholar
Boivin, D. B., Czeisler, C. A., Dijk, D.-J., Duffy, J. F., Folkard, S., Minors, D. S., Totterdell, P. & Waterhouse, J. M. (1997) Complex interaction of the sleepwake cycle and circadian phase modulates mood in healthy subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry 54:145-52. [aSR, PT]Google Scholar
Boivin, D. B., Duffy, J. F., Kronauer, R. E. & Czeisler, C. A. (1996) Dose-response relationships for resetting of human circadian clock by light. Nature 379:540-42. [aSR]Google Scholar
Bolles, R. C. (1990) A functionalistic approach to feeding. In: Taste, experience, and feeding, ed. Capaldi, E. D. & Powley, T. L.. American Psychological Association. [aSR]Google Scholar
Bolles, R. C. & Stokes, L. W. (1965) Rat's anticipation of diurnal and adiurnal feeding. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 60:290-94. [aSR]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A. (1989) The effect of dietary starches and sugars on satiety and on mental state and performance. In: Dietary starches and sugars in Man: A comparison, ed. Dobbing, J., pp. 225-49. Springer Verlag. [DAB]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A. (1990) How not to think about immediate dietary and postingestional influences on appetites and satieties (Commentary on Ramirez 1990). Appetite 14:171-79. [DAB]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A. (1998) Promoting culture supportive of the least fattening patterns of eating, drinking, and physical activity. (Prevention of Obesity: Berzelius Symposium and Satellite of 8th International Congress of Obesity). Appetite 31:417-20. [DAB]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A., Chase, A. & Campbell, A. T. (1970) Relative effectiveness of protein in the late stages of appetite suppression in man. Physiology and Behavior 5:1299-302. [DAB]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A. & Freeman, R. P. J. (1993) Discriminative measurement of feature integration in object recognition. Acta Psychologica 84:1-16. [DAB]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A., Knibb, R. C., Platts, R. G., Armstrong, A. M., Macdonald, A. & Booth, I. W. (1999) The psychology of perceived food intolerance. Leatherhead Food RA Food Industry Journal 2(3):325-34. [DAB]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A., Mobini, S., Earl, T. & Wainwright, C. J. (2003) Consumer-specified instrumental quality of short-dough cookie texture using penetrometry and break force. Journal of Food Science: Sensory and Nutritive Qualities of Food 68(1):382-87. [DAB]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A. & Smith, E. B. O. (1964) Urinary excretion of some purine bases in normal and schizophrenic subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry 110:582-87. [DAB]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A., Thompson, A. L. & Shahedian, B. (1983) A robust, brief measure of an individual's most preferred level of salt in an ordinary foodstuff. Appetite 4:301-12. [DAB]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A., Toates, F. M. & Platt, S. V. (1976) Control system for hunger and its implications in animals and man. In: Hunger: Basic mechanisms and clinical implications, ed. Novin, D., Wyrwicka, W. & Bray, G. A., pp. 127-42. Raven Press. [DAB]Google Scholar
Borbely, A. A. & Achermann, P. (1992) Concepts and models of sleep regulation: an overview. Journal of Sleep Research 1:63-79. [aSR]Google Scholar
Boulos, Z., Rosenwasser, A. M. & Terman, M. (1980) Feeding schedules and the circadian organization of behavior in the rat. Behavioral and Brain Research 1:39-65. [aSR]Google Scholar
Boulos, Z. & Terman, M. (1980) Food availability and daily biological rhythms. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 4:119-31. [aSR]Google Scholar
Box, G. E. P., Hunter, W. G. & Hunter, J. S. (1978) Statistics for experimenters: An introduction to design, data analysis, and model building. Wiley. [aSR]Google Scholar
Boyden, S. V. (1970) The impact of civilisation on the biology of man. Australian National University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Brand-Miller, J. C., Holt, S. H. A., Pawlak, D. B. & McMillan, J. (2002) Glycemic index and obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:281S-285S. [aSR]Google Scholar
Bravata, D. M., Sanders, L., Huang, J., Krumholz, H. M., Olkin, I., Gardner, C. D. & Bravata, D. M. (2003) Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets. A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association 289:1837-950. [DAB]Google Scholar
Breslau, N., Roth, T., Rosenthal, L. & Andreski, P. (1996) Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: A longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults. Biological Psychiatry 39:411-18. [aSR]Google Scholar
Brown, G. W. (1998) Loss and depressive disorders. In: Adversity, stress, and psychopathology, ed. Dohrenwend, B. P.. Oxford University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Brown, G. W. & Harris, T. (1978) Social origins of depression. Free Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Brown, K. S. (1995) Testing the most curious subject - oneself. The Scientist 9(1):10. [aSR]Google Scholar
Brownell, K. D. (1987) The LEARN program for weight control. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. [aSR]Google Scholar
Browning, W. D. (1997) Boosting productivity with IEQ improvements. Building Design and Construction, April:50-52. [aSR]Google Scholar
Bunney, W. E. & Bunney, B. G. (2000) Molecular clock genes in man and lower animals: Possible implications for circadian abnormalities in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:335-45. [aSR]Google Scholar
Burkett, L. (1987) Smoking Cessation. Self-Experimentation Self-Control Communication. Available at: http://www.people.ukans.edu/∼grote [IG]Google Scholar
Burr, M. L. (2000) Lessons from the story of n-3 fatty acids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71:397S-398S. [rSR]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., Haselton, M. G., Shackelford, T. K., Bleske, A. L. & Wakefield, J. C. (1998) Adaptations, exaptations, and spandrels. American Psychologist 53:533-48. [rSR]Google Scholar
Cabanac, M. (1995) La quête du plaisir. Editions Liber. [MC, aSR]Google Scholar
Cabanac, M. & Gosselin, C. (1996) Ponderostat: Hoarding behavior satisfies the condition for a lipostat in the rat. Appetite 27:251-61. [rSR]Google Scholar
Cabanac, M. & Morrissette, J. (1992) Acute, but not chronic, exercise lowers the body weight set-point in male rats. Physiology and Behavior 52:1173-77. [aSR]Google Scholar
Cabanac, M. & Rabe, E. F. (1976) Influence of a monotonous food on body weight regulation in humans. Physiology and Behavior 17:675-78. [aSR]Google Scholar
Camerer, C. (1995) Individual decision making. In: The handbook of experimental economics, ed. Kagel, J. H. & Roth, A. E.. Princeton University Press. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1960) Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review 67:380-400. [aSR]Google Scholar
Campbell, S. S., Eastman, C. I., Terman, M., Lewy, A. J., Boulos, Z. & Dijk, D. J. (1995) Light treatment for sleep disorders: Consensus report. I. Chronology of seminal studies in humans. Journal of Biological Rhythms 10:105-109. [aSR]Google Scholar
Campbell, T. C. & Junshi, C. (1994) Diet and chronic degenerative diseases: Perspectives from China. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59:1153S-1161S. [aSR]Google Scholar
Capaldi, E. D. (1996) Conditioned food preferences. In: Why we eat what we eat, ed. Capaldi, E. D.. American Psychological Association. [aSR]Google Scholar
Carpenter, K. J., Harper, A. E., & Olson, R. E. (1997). Experiments that changed nutritional thinking. Journal of Nutrition 127:1017S-1053S. [aSR]Google Scholar
Carpenter, L. L., Kupfer, D. J. & Frank, E. (1986) Is diurnal variation a meaningful symptom in unipolar depression? Journal of Affective Disorders 11:255-64. [aSR]Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control (1997) Smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost - United States, 1984. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46:444-51. [IG]Google Scholar
Chagnon, N. A. (1983) Yanomanö: The fierce people. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [aSR]Google Scholar
Chang, P. P., Ford, D. E., Mead, L. A., Cooper-Patrick, L. & Klag, M. J. (1997) Insomnia in young men and subsequent depression: The John Hopkins Precursors Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 146:105-14. [aSR]Google Scholar
Checkley, S. (1989) The relationship between biological rhythms and the affective disorders. In: Biological rhythms in clinical practice, ed. Arendt, J., Minors, D. S. & Waterhouse, J. M.. Wright. [aSR]Google Scholar
Christensen, C. M. (1997) The innovator's dilemma: When new technologies cause great firms to fail. Harvard Business School Press. [rSR]Google Scholar
Cleveland, W. S. (1993) Visualizing data. AT&T Bell Laboratories. [MV]Google Scholar
Cline, R. J. W. & Haynes, K. M. (2001) Consumer health information seeking on the Internet: The state of the art. Health Education Research 16:671-92. [rSR]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edition. Erlbaum. [MV]Google Scholar
Cohen, M. N. (1989) Health and the rise of civilization. Yale University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Skoner, D. P., Rabin, B. S. & Gwaltney, J. M. Jr., (1997) Social ties and susceptibility to the common cold. Journal of the American Medical Association 277:1940-44. [aSR]Google Scholar
Conner, M. T., Haddon, A. V., Pickering, E. S. & Booth, D. A. (1988) Sweet tooth demonstrated: Individual differences in preference for both sweet foods and foods highly sweetened. Journal of Applied Psychology 73:275-80. [DAB]Google Scholar
Cordain, L., Brand-Miller, J., Eaton, S. B., Mann, N., Holt, S. H. H. & Speth, J. D. (2000) Plant-animal subsistence rations and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71:682-92. [aSR]Google Scholar
Cornélissen, G., Halberg, F., Hawkins, D., Otsuka, K. & Henke, W (1997) Individual assessment of antihypertensive response by self-starting cumulative sums. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 21:111-20. [aSR]Google Scholar
Cornélissen, G., Halberg, F., Schwartzkopff, O., Delmore, P., Katinas, G., Hunter, D., Tarquini, B., Tarquini, R., Perfetto, F., Watanabe, Y. & Otsuka, K. (1999) Chronomes, time structures, for chronobioengineering for “a full life.” Biomedical Instrumentation and Technology 33:152-87. [aSR]Google Scholar
Cornélissen, G., Halberg, F., Wendt, H. W., Bingham, C., Sothern, R. B., Haus, E., Kleitman, E., Kleitman, N., Revilla, M. A., Revilla, M. Jr., Breus, T. K., Pimenov, K., Grigoriev, A. E., Mitish, M. D., Yatsyk, G. V. & Syutkina, E. V. (1996) Resonance of about-weekly human heart rate rhythm with solar activity change. Biologia (Bratislava) 51:749-56. [FH]Google Scholar
Corruccini, R. S. (1999) How anthropology informs the orthodontic diagnosis of malocclusion's causes. Edwin Mellen Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Corruccini, R. S. & Kaul, S. S. (1983) The epidemiology transition and anthropology of minor chronic non-infectious diseases. Medical Anthropology 7:36-50. [aSR]Google Scholar
Cox, D. R. (1958) Planning of experiments. Wiley. [JG]Google Scholar
Cozby, P. C. (2004) Methods in behavioral research, 8th edition. McGraw-Hill. [rSR]Google Scholar
Crisp, A. H. & Stonehill, E. (1971) Aspects of the relationship between psychiatric status, sleep, nocturnal motility and nutrition. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 15:501-509. [aSR]Google Scholar
Crisp, A. H. & Stonehill, E. (1973) Aspects of the relationship between sleep and nutrition: A study of 375 psychiatric out-patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 122:379-94. [aSR]Google Scholar
Crisp, A. H., Stonehill, E., Fenton, G. W. & Fenwick, P. B. C. (1973) Sleep patterns in obese patients during weight reduction. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 22:159-65. [aSR]Google Scholar
Crosbie, J. (1995) Interrupted time-series analysis with short series: Why it is problematic; how it can be improved. In: The analysis of change, ed. Gottman, J. M., pp. 361-95. Erlbaum. [JG]Google Scholar
Curb, J. D. & Marcus, E. B. (1991) Body fat and obesity in Japanese Americans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53:1552S-1155S. [aSR]Google Scholar
Czeisler, C. A. (1995) The effect of light on the human circadian pacemaker. Ciba Foundation Symposium 183:254-90. [aSR]Google Scholar
Czeisler, C. A., Kronauer, R. E., Johnson, M. P., Allan, J. S., Johnson, T. S. & Dumont, M. (1989) Action of light on the human circadian pacemaker: Treatment of patients with circadian rhythm sleep disorders. In: Sleep ‘88, ed. Horne, J.. Gustave Fischer Verlag. [aSR]Google Scholar
Danesh, J., Collins, R. & Peto, R. (1997) Chronic infections and coronary heart disease: Is there a link? Lancet 350:430-36. [aSR]Google Scholar
Dawes, R. M. & Mulford, M. (1997) Diagnoses of alien kidnappings that result from conjunction effects in memory. In: The UFO Invasion: The Roswell Incident, Alien Abductions, and Government Coverups, ed. Frazier, K., Karr, B. & Nickell, J.. Prometheus Press. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Descartes, R. (1637/1931) Discourse on the method of rightly conducting the reason and seeking for truth in the sciences. In: The Philosophical Works of Descartes, vol. 1, trans. Haldane, E. S. & Ross, G. R. T.. Cambridge University Press, 1931. [SCM]Google Scholar
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1994) 4th edition. [DSMIV] American Psychiatric Association. [aSR]Google Scholar
Diamond, H. & Diamond, M. (1985) Fit for life. Warner Books. [aSR]Google Scholar
Diamond, J. (1992) Diabetes running wild. Nature 357:362-63. [aSR]Google Scholar
Dinan, T. G. (1999) The physical consequence of depressive illness. British Medical Journal 318:826. [aSR]Google Scholar
Dinges, D. F., Douglas, S. D., Hamarman, S., Zaugg, L. & Kapoor, S. (1995) Sleep deprivation and human immune function. Advances in Neuroimmunology 5:97-110. [aSR]Google Scholar
Donnison, C. P. (1937) Civilization and disease. Baillière, Tindall & Cox. [aSR]Google Scholar
Doucet, E., Imbeault, P., St-Pierre, S., Almeras, N., Mauriege, P., Richard, D. & Tremblay, A. (2000) Appetite after weight loss by energy restriction and a lowfat diet-exercise follow-up. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 24:906-14. [aSR]Google Scholar
Douglas, A. S., Allan, T. M. & Rawles, J. M. (1991) Composition of seasonality of disease. Scottish Medical Journal 36:76-82. [aSR]Google Scholar
Earl, P. E. (2001) Simon's travel theorem and the demand for live music. Journal of Economic Psychology 22:335-58. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Eaton, S. B. & Eaton, S. B., III (1999) The evolutionary context of chronic degenerative diseases. In: Evolution in health and disease, ed. Stearns, S. C.. Oxford University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Ebbinghaus, H. (1885/1913) Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. Columbia University. (Original work published 1885.) [arSR]Google Scholar
Egeland, J. A. & Hostetter, A. M. (1983) Amish study, I: Affective disorders among the Amish, 1976-1980. American Journal of Psychiatry 140:6-61. [aSR]Google Scholar
Ehlers, C. L., Frank, E. & Kupfer, D. J. (1988) Social zeitgebers and biological rhythms. Archives of General Psychiatry 45:948-52. [aSR]Google Scholar
Elster, J. (1983) Sour grapes: Studies in the subversion of rationality. Cambridge University Press. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Fantino, M. (1976) Effet de l’alimentation intragastrique au long cours chez l’homme. Journal de Physiologie 72:86A. [aSR]Google Scholar
Fenner, D. P. & Bernstein, I. L. (1984) Interference in food aversion conditioning by reducing drug dose or conditioning trials. Behavioral and Neural Biology 40:114-18. [aSR]Google Scholar
Feynman, R. P. (1972) The development of the space-time view of quantum electrodynamics. In: Nobel lectures on physics, vol. 4, pp. 155-78. Elsevier. [rSR]Google Scholar
Folkard, S. & Akerstedt, T. (1989) Towards the prediction of alertness on abnormal sleep/wake schedules. In: Vigilance and performance in automatized systems, ed. Coblentz, A.. Kluwer Academic. [aSR]Google Scholar
Folkard, S., Akerstedt, T., Macdonald, I., Tucker, P. & Spencer, M. B. (1999) Beyond the three-process model of alertness: Estimating phase, time on shift, and successive night effects. Journal of Biological Rhythms 14:577-87. [PT]Google Scholar
Ford, D. E. & Kamerow, D. B. (1989) Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders: An opportunity for prevention? Journal of the American Medical Association 262:1479-84. [aSR]Google Scholar
French, J. A., Wainwright, C. J., Booth, D. A. & Hamilton, J. (1992) Effects of meat species and particle size on postprandial satiety. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 51:57A. [DAB]Google Scholar
Furka, A. (2001) Foreword. In: High-throughput synthesis: Principles and practices, ed. Sucholeiki, I.. Marcel Dekker. [aSR]Google Scholar
Gardner, J. & Oswald, A. (2002) Does money buy happiness? A longitudinal study using data on windfalls. In: Royal Economic Society Annual Conference, 81. Royal Economic Society. [SCM]Google Scholar
Garrow, J. S. & Stalley, S. (1975) Is there a “set point” for human body-weight? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 34:84A-85A. [aSR]Google Scholar
Georgi, F. (1947) Psychophysische Korrelationen: III: Psychiatrische Probleme im Licte der Rhythmusforschung. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 49:1276-80. [aSR]Google Scholar
Gibbs, W. W. (1996) Gaining on fat. Scientific American 275(2):88-94. [aSR]Google Scholar
Gillberg, M. (1997) Human sleep/wake regulation. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Supplement 110:8-10. [aSR]Google Scholar
Glicksohn, J., Friedland, G. & Salach-Nachum, A. (1990-91) Systematic selfobservation of entoptic phenomena and their relation to hypnagogia. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 10:269-78. [JG]Google Scholar
Glicksohn, J., Gvirtsman, D. & Offer, S. (1995-96) The compensatory nature of mood: A single-subject time-series approach. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 15:385-96. [JG]Google Scholar
Glicksohn, J. & Myslobodsky, M. S. (1993) The representation of patterns of structural brain asymmetry in normal individuals. Neuropsychologia 31:145-59. [JG]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1995) Researcher introspection as a method in consumer research: Applications, issues, and implications. Journal of Consumer Research 21:719-22. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Grady, D. (2000) Trading obesity's dangers for surgery’s. New York Times, October 12:A1. [aSR]Google Scholar
Grote, I. (1997) The emergence of combination therapies intensifies the need for generalization technologies. In: Environment and behavior, ed. Baer, D. M. & Pinkston, E. M., pp. 289-99. Westview. [IG]Google Scholar
Grote, I. (1999) The behavior of the scientist: Epistemological tools science-makers use and games they play. Behavior and Social Issues 9:47-53. (submitted) Visual analysis of basic scientific design. [IG]Google Scholar
Gundel, A., Polyakov, V. V. & Zulley, J. (1997) The alteration of human sleep and circadian rhythms during spaceflight. Journal of Sleep Research 6:1-8. [aSR]Google Scholar
Guyatt, G. H., Keller, J. L., Jaeschke, R., Rosenbloom, D., Adachi, J. D. & Newhouse, M. T. (1990) The n-of-1 randomized controlled trial: Clinical usefulness. Annals of Internal Medicine 112:293-99. [rSR]Google Scholar
Gwinup, G. (1975) Effect of exercise alone on the weight of obese women. Archives of Internal Medicine 135:676-80. [aSR]Google Scholar
Halberg, F. (1968) Physiologic considerations underlying rhythmometry, with special reference to emotional illness. In: Cycles biologiques et psychiatrie, ed. DeAjuriaguerra, J.. Georg. [aSR]Google Scholar
Halberg, F., Cornélissen, G., Otsuka, K., Schwartzkopff, O., Halberg, J. & Bakken, E. E. (2001) Chronomics. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 55 (Suppl. 1):153-90. [FH]Google Scholar
Halberg, F., Cornélissen, G., Otsuka, K., Watanabe, Y., Katinas, G. S., Burioka, N., Delyukov, A., Gorgo, Y., Zhao, Z. Y., Weydahl, A., Sothern, R. B., Siegelova, J., Fiser, B., Dusek, J., Syutkina, E. V., Perfetto, F., Tarquini, R., Singh, R. B., Rhees, B., Lofstrom, D., Lofstrom, P., Johnson, P. W. C., Schwartzkopff, O. & International, BIOCOS Study Group (2000) Cross-spectrally coherent ∼10.5- and 21-year biological and physical cycles, magnetic storms and myocardial infarctions. Neuroendocrinology Letters 21:233-58. [aSR]Google Scholar
Halberg, F., Cornélissen, G., Schack, B., Wendt, H. W., Minne, H., Sothern, R. B., Watanabe, Y., Katinas, G., Otsuka, K. & Bakken, E. E. (2003) Blood pressure self-surveillance for health also reflects 1.3-year Richardson solar wind variation: Spin-off from chronomics. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 57(Suppl. 1):58S-76S. [FH]Google Scholar
Halberg, F., Engeli, M., Hamburger, C. & Hillman, D. (1965) Spectral resolution of low-frequency, small-amplitude rhythms in excreted 17-ketosteroids; probable androgen-induced circaseptan desychronization. Acta Endocrinologica (Suppl.) 103:5-54. [aSR]Google Scholar
Hallonquist, J. D., Goldberg, M. A. & Brandes, J. S. (1986) Affective disorders and circadian rhythms. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 31:259-72. [aSR]Google Scholar
Halmos, P. R. (1975) The problem of learning to teach: I. The teaching of problem solving. American Mathematical Monthly 82:466-70. [aSR]Google Scholar
Hamilton, L. W. (1971) Starvation induced by sucrose ingestion in the rat: Partial protection by septal lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 77:59-69. [rSR]Google Scholar
Hamilton, L. W. & Timmons, C. R. (1976) Sex differences in response to taste and postingestive consequences of sugar solutions. Physiology and Behavior 17:221-25. [rSR]Google Scholar
Hamilton, L. W., Timmons, C. R. & Lerner, S. M. (1980) Caloric consequences of sugar solutions: A failure to obtain gustatory learning. American Journal of Psychology 93:387-407. [rSR]Google Scholar
Hansen, V., Lund, E. & Smith-Sivertsen, T. (1998) Self-reported mental distress under the shifting daylight in the high north. Psychological Medicine 28:447-52. [aSR]Google Scholar
Harris, L. D. (1988) Edge effects and conservation of biotic diversity. Conservation Biology 2:330-32. [aSR]Google Scholar
Haug, H.-J. (1992) Prediction of sleep deprivation outcome by diurnal variation of mood. Biological Psychiatry 31:271-78. [aSR]Google Scholar
Haug, H.-J. & Fahndrich, E. (1990). Diurnal variations of mood in depressed patients in relation to severity of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 19:37-41. [aSR]Google Scholar
Haug, H.-J. & Wirz-Justice, A. (1993) Diurnal variation of mood in depression: Important or irrelevant? Biological Psychiatry 34:201-203. [aSR, PT]Google Scholar
Heacock, P. M., Hertzler, S. R. & Wolf, B. W. (2002) Fructose prefeeding reduces the glycemic response to a high-glycemic index, starchy food in humans. Journal of Nutrition 132:2601-604. [aSR]Google Scholar
Healy, D. & Waterhouse, J. M. (1990) The circadian system and affective disorders: Clocks or rhythms? Chronobiology International 7:5-10. [aSR]Google Scholar
Healy, D. & Waterhouse, J. M. (1995) The circadian system and the therapeutics of the affective disorders. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 65:241-63. [aSR]Google Scholar
Healy, D. & Williams, J. M. (1988) Dysrhythmia, dysphoria, and depression: The interaction of learned helplessness and circadian dysrhythmia in the pathogenesis of depression. Psychological Bulletin 103:163-78. [aSR]Google Scholar
Healy, D. & Williams, J. M. (1989) Moods, misattributions and mania: An interaction of biological and psychological factors in the pathogenesis of mania. Psychiatric Developments 7:49-70. [aSR]Google Scholar
Heller, R. F. & Heller, R. F. (1997) The carbohydrate addict's lifespan program. Penguin Putnam. [aSR]Google Scholar
Herbert, T. B. & Cohen, S. (1993) Depression and immunity: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin 113:472-86. [aSR]Google Scholar
Herbert, V. (1962) Experimental nutritional folate deficiency in man. Transactions of the Association of American Physicians 73:307-20. [aSR]Google Scholar
Hightower, J. M. & Moore, D. (2003) Mercury levels in high-end consumers of fish. Environmental Health Perspectives 111:604-608.Google Scholar
Hippisley-Cox, J., Fielding, K. & Pringle, M. (1998) Depression as a risk for ischemic heart disease in men: Population based case-control study. British Medical Journal 316:1714-19. [aSR]Google Scholar
Hirsch, J., Hudgins, L. C., Leibel, R. L. & Rosenbaum, M. (1998) Diet composition and energy balance in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67:551S-555S. [aSR]Google Scholar
Ho, A., Fekete-Mackintosh, A., Resnikoff, A. M. & Grinker, J. (1978) Sleep timing changes after weight loss in the severely obese. Sleep Research 7:69. [aSR]Google Scholar
Hoch, T. A. (1987) Smoking cessation after 8 years of smoking 20-40 cigarettes/ day and after several unsuccessful attempts at stopping “cold turkey.” Self- Experimentation Self-Control Communication. Available at: http://www.people.ukans.edu/∼grote. [IG]Google Scholar
Holman, R. T. (1991) Hugh MacDonald Sinclair 1910-1990, advocate of the essential fatty acids. In: Health effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in seafoods, World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 66, ed. Simopoulos, A. P., Kifer, R. R., Martin, R. E. & Barlow, S. M., pp. xx-xxiv. Karger. [rSR]Google Scholar
Hope-Simpson, R. E. (1981) The role of season in the epidemiology of influenza. Journal of Hygiene 86:35-47. [aSR]Google Scholar
Hoptman, M. J. & Davidson, R. J. (1998) Baseline EEG asymmetries and performance on neuropsychological tasks. Neuropsychologia 36:1343-53. [JG]Google Scholar
Horgan, J. (1999) The undiscovered mind: How the human brain defies replication, medication, and explanation. The Free Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Hostetler, J. A. (1980) Amish society, 3rd edition. John Hopkins University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Hrobjartsson, A. & Gotzsche, P. C. (2001) Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. New England Journal of Medicine 21:1594-1602. [arSR]Google Scholar
Humphrey, G. (1951) Thinking: An introduction to its experimental psychology. Methuen. [JG]Google Scholar
Hutchison, T. W. (1938) The significance and basic postulates of economic theory. Augustus M. Kelley. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Hyman, R. (1964) The nature of psychological inquiry. Prentice-Hall. [aSR]Google Scholar
Intersalt Cooperative Research Group (1988) Intersalt: An international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. British Medical Journal 297:319-28. [aSR]Google Scholar
Irons, D. (1998) The world's best-kept diet secrets. Sourcebooks. [aSR]Google Scholar
Jacobs, J. (1984) Cities and the wealth of nations. Random House. [aSR]Google Scholar
Jacobs, J. (2000) The nature of economies. Random House. [aSR]Google Scholar
Jacobs, W. W. (1990) Effects of cigarette smoking on the human heart. Self- Experimentation Self-Control Communication. Available at: http://www.people.ukans.edu/∼grote. [IG]Google Scholar
Jansson, B. (1985) Geographic mappings of colorectal cancer rates: A retrospect of studies, 1974-1984. Cancer Detection and Prevention 8:341-48. [aSR]Google Scholar
Jasienski, M. (1996) Wishful thinking and the fallacy of single-subject experimentation. The Scientist 10(5):10. [rSR]Google Scholar
Jefferson, T. O. & Tyrrell, D. (2001) Antivirals for the common cold (Cochrane review). The Cochrane Library, 4. Update Software. [aSR]Google Scholar
Jenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Marchie, A., Faulkner, D. A., Wong, J. M. W., de Souza, R., Eman, A., Parker, T. L., Vidgen, E., Lapsley, K. G., Trautwein, E. A., Josse, R. G., Leiter, L. A. & Connelly, P. W. (2003) Effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods vs lovastatin on serum lipids and Creactive protein. Journal of the American Medical Association 290:502-10. [rSR]Google Scholar
Jewett, M. E., Kronauer, R. E. & Czeisler, C. A. (1991) Light-induced suppression of endogenous circadian amplitude in humans. Nature 350:59-62. [aSR]Google Scholar
Johannessen, T., Petersen, H., Kristensen, P. & Fosstvedt, D. (1990) The controlled single subject trial. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 9:17-21. [rSR]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. A., Polgar, J., Weightman, D. & Appleton, D. (1973) Data on the distribution of fibre types in thirty-six human muscles: An autopsy study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 18:111-29. [aSR]Google Scholar
Josling, P. (2001) Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: A doubleblind, placebo-controlled survey. Advances in Therapy 18:189-93. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kaplan, G. A., Roberts, R. E., Camacho, T. C. & Coyne, J. C. (1987) Psychosocial predictors of depression. Prospective evidence from the human population laboratory studies. American Journal of Epidemiology 125:206-20. [aSR]Google Scholar
Keesey, R. E. & Hirvonen, M. D. (1997) Body weight set-points: Determination and adjustment. Journal of Nutrition 127:1875S-1883S. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kelly, J. R. & Barsade, S. G. (2001). Mood and emotions in small groups and work teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes [Special issue: Affect at work: Collaborations of basic and organizational research] 86:99-130. [rSR, PT]Google Scholar
Kempner, W. (1944) Treatment of kidney disease and hypertensive vascular disease with rice diet. North Carolina Medical Journal 5:125-33. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kennedy, G. C. (1950) The hypothalamic control of food intake in rats. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 137B:535-48. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kennedy, G. J., Kelman, H. R., Thomas, C., Wisniewski, W., Metz, H. & Bijur, P. E. (1989) Hierarchy of characteristics associated with depressive symptoms in an urban elderly sample. American Journal of Psychiatry 146:220-25. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C. (1997) The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annual Review of Psychology 48:191-214. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshelman, S., Wittchen, H.-U. & Kendler, K. S. (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry 51:8-19. [aSR]Google Scholar
Keys, A., Broñek, J., Henschel, A., Mickelson, O. & Taylor, H. L. (1950) The biology of human starvation. University of Minnesota Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kienle, G. S. & Kiene, H. (1997) The powerful placebo effect: Fact or fiction? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 50:1311-18. [arSR]Google Scholar
Kim, S. H. & Tokura, H. (1998) Visual allesthesia: Cloth color preference in the evening under the influence of different light intensities during the daytime. Physiology and Behavior 65:367-70. [aSR]Google Scholar
Klahr, D. & Simon, H. (1999) Studies of scientific discovery: Complementary approaches and convergent findings. Psychological Bulletin 125:524-43. [aSR]Google Scholar
Klein, R. (1979) Rhythms in human performance: 11⁄₂-hour oscillations in cognitive style. Science 204:1326-28. [aSR]Google Scholar
Klerman, G. L. & Weissman, M. M. (1989) Increasing rates of depression. Journal of American Medical Association 261:2229-35. [aSR]Google Scholar
Knibb, R., Booth, D. A., Armstrong, A., Platts, R., Macdonald, A. & Booth, I. W. (1999) Episodic and semantic memory in reports of food intolerance. Applied Cognitive Psychology 13:451-64. [DAB]Google Scholar
Koestler, A. (1964) The act of creation. Hutchinson. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kohsaka, M., Fukuda, N., Honma, H., Kobayashi, R., Sakakibara, S., Koyama, E., Nakano, T. & Matsubara, H. (1999) Effects of moderately bright light on subjective evaluations in healthy elderly women. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 53:239-41. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kolata, G. (2000) How the body knows to gain or lose. New York Times, October 17:D1 (National Edition). [aSR]Google Scholar
Krall, E. A. & Dawson-Hughes, B. (1994) Walking is related to bone density and rates of bone loss. American Journal of Medicine 96:20-26. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kraybill, D. B. (1989) The riddle of Amish culture. John Hopkins University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kripke, D. F. (1984) Critical interval hypotheses for depression. Chronobiology International 1:73-80. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kristofferson, A. B. (1976) Low variance stimulus-response latencies: Deterministic internal delays? Perception and Psychophysics 20:89-100. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kristofferson, A. B. (1977) A real-time criterion theory of duration discrimination. Perception and Psychophysics 21:105-17. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kristofferson, A. B. (1980) A quantal step function in duration discrimination. Perception and Psychophysics 27:300-306. [aSR]Google Scholar
Kromhout, D., Bloemberg, B., Seidell, J. C., Nissinen, A. & Menotti, A. (2001) Physical activity and dietary fiber determine population body fat levels: The Seven Countries Study. International Journal of Obesity 25:301-306. [aSR]Google Scholar
Krueger, J. M. (1990) Somnogenic activity of immune response modifiers. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 11:122-26. [aSR]Google Scholar
Krueger, J. M. & Karnowsky, M. L. (1987) Sleep and the immune response. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 496:510-16. [aSR]Google Scholar
Lacey, J. H., Crisp, A. H., Kalucy, R. S., Hartmann, M. K. & Chen, C. N. (1975) Weight gain and the sleeping electroencephalogram: Study of 10 patients with anorexia nervosa. British Medical Journal 4:556-58. [aSR]Google Scholar
Lack, L. C., Mercer, J. D. & Wright, H. (1996) Circadian rhythms of early morning awakening insomniacs. Journal of Sleep Research 5:211-19. [aSR]Google Scholar
Lack, L. & Wright, H. (1993) The effect of evening bright light in delaying the circadian rhythms and lengthening the sleep of early awakening insomniacs. Sleep 16:436-43. [aSR]Google Scholar
Lakatos, I. (1978) The methodology of scientific research programmes. Cambridge University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Leibel, R. L., Rosenbaum, M. & Hirsch, J. (1995) Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. New England Journal of Medicine 9:621-28. [aSR]Google Scholar
Leppämäki, S., Partonen, T. & Lönnqvist, J. (2002) Bright-light exposure combined with physical exercise elevates mood. Journal of Affective Disorders 72:139-44. [aSR]Google Scholar
Lewin, S. B. (1996) Economics and psychology: Lessons for our own day from the early twentieth century. Journal of Economic Literature 34:1293-323. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R. & Fischer, S. A. (1993) Age-cohort changes in the lifetime occurrence of depression and other mental disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102:110-20. [aSR]Google Scholar
Long, S. J., Jeffcoat, A. R. & Millward, D. J. (2000) Effect of habitual dietaryprotein intake on appetite and satiety. Appetite 35:79-88. [DAB]Google Scholar
Looker, A. C., Orwoll, E. S., Johnston, C. C. Jr., Lindsay, R. L., Wahner, H. W., Dunn, W. L., Calvo, M. S., Harris, T. B. & Heyse, S. P. (1997) Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older U.S. adults from NHANES III. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 12:1761-68. [aSR]Google Scholar
Lorch, R. F. Jr., & Myers, J. L. (1990) Regression analyses of repeated measures data in cognitive research. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 16:149-57. [JG]Google Scholar
Lubart, T. I. (1999) Componential models. In: Encyclopedia of creativity, vol. 1, ed. Runco, M. A. & Pritsker, S. R., pp. 295-300. Academic Press. [TIL]Google Scholar
Lubart, T., Mouchiroud, C., Tordjman, S. & Zenasni, F. (2003) Psychologie de la créativité [Psychology of creativity]. Armand Colin. [TIL]Google Scholar
Lubow, R. E. (1973) Latent inhibition. Psychological Bulletin 79:398-407. [aSR]Google Scholar
Lucas, F. & Sclafani, A. (1996) Food deprivation increases the rat's preference for a fatty flavor over a sweet taste. Chemical Senses 21:169-79. [aSR]Google Scholar
Ludwig, D. S. (2000) Dietary glycemic index and obesity. Journal of Nutrition 130:280S-283S. [aSR]Google Scholar
Ludwig, D. S. & Eckel, R. H. (2002) The glycemic index at 20 y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:264S-265S. [aSR]Google Scholar
Ludwig, D. S., Pereira, M. A., Kroenke, C. H., Hilner, J. E., Van Horn, L., Slattery, M. L. & Jacobs, D. R. Jr., (1999) Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 282:1539-46. [aSR]Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1974) The psychology of animal learning. Academic Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Mayer, J. (1968) Overweight: Causes, cost, and control. Prentice-Hall. [aSR]Google Scholar
McGuire, W. J. (1997) Creative hypothesis generating in psychology: Some useful heuristics. Annual Review of Psychology 48:1-30. [aSR]Google Scholar
McMurran, M. & Sellen, J. L. (in preparation) Offenders’ motivation to change: What do people who work with offenders think? [SCM]Google Scholar
Medawar, P. B. (1969) Induction and intuition in scientific thought. American Philosophical Society. (1984) The limits of science. Harper & Row. [aSR]Google Scholar
Michel, C. & Cabanac, M. (1999) Lipectomy, body weight, and body weight set point in rats. Physiology & Behavior 66:473-79. [aSR]Google Scholar
Middlebrooks, J. C. & Green, D. M. (1991) Sound localization by human listeners. Annual Review of Psychology 42:135-59. [rSR]Google Scholar
Miller, J. B., Foster-Powell, K. & Colagiuri, S. (1996) The G. I. factor. Hodder & Stoughton. [aSR]Google Scholar
Milton, K. (2000) Hunter-gatherer diets-a different perspective. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71:665-67. [aSR]Google Scholar
Minors, D. S. & Waterhouse, J. M. (1986) Circadian rhythms and their mechanisms. Experientia 15:1-13. [aSR]Google Scholar
Mistlberger, R. E., Houpt, T. A. & Moore-Ede, M. C. (1990) Food-anticipatory rhythms under 24-hour schedules of limited access to single macronutrients. Journal of Biological Rhythms 5:35-46. [aSR]Google Scholar
Moffoot, A. P. R., O’Carroll, R. E., Bennie, J., Carroll, S., Dick, H., Ebmeier, K. P. & Goodwin, G. M. (1994) Diurnal variation of mood and neuropsychological function in major depression with melancholia. Journal of Affective Disorders 32:257-69. [aSR]Google Scholar
Moldofsky, H. (1995) Sleep and the immune system. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 17:649-54. [aSR]Google Scholar
Monmaney, T. (1993) Marshall's hunch. The New Yorker, September 20:64-72. [aSR]Google Scholar
Montignac, M. (1999) Eat yourself slim. Erica House. [aSR]Google Scholar
Moos, W. H. (1998) Forward. Biotechnology and Bioengineering (Combinatorial Chemistry) 61:5-6. [aSR]Google Scholar
Morita, T. & Tokura, H. (1998) The influence of different wavelengths of light on human biological rhythms. Applied Human Science 17:91-96. [aSR]Google Scholar
Morris, J. N., Heady, J. A., Raffle, P. A. B., Roberts, C. G. & Parks, J. W. (1953) Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work. Lancet 2:1053-57. [aSR]Google Scholar
Myers, D. G. (1992) The pursuit of happiness: Who is happy, and why. William Morrow. [aSR]Google Scholar
National Library of Medicine (2002) Malocclusion of teeth. Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia, located at: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/ 001058.htm. Accessed November 12, 2002. [aSR]Google Scholar
Neel, J. V. (1994) Physician to the gene pool. Wiley. [aSR]Google Scholar
Nelson, J. C. & Charney, D. S. (1981) The symptoms of major depressive illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 138:1-13. [aSR]Google Scholar
Neuringer, A. (1981) Self-experimentation: A call for change. Behaviorism 9:79-94. [aSR]Google Scholar
Neuringer, A. (1984) Melioration and self-experimentation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 42:397-406. [IG]Google Scholar
Nieman, D. C. (1994) Physical activity, fitness, and infection. In: Physical activity, fitness, and health, ed. Bouchard, C., Shepard, R. J. & Stephens, T.. Human Kinetics. [aSR]Google Scholar
Nieto, F. J. (1998) Infections and atherosclerosis: New clues from an old hypothesis. American Journal of Epidemiology 148:937-48. [aSR]Google Scholar
O’Hara, M. W., Kohout, F. J. & Wallace, R. B. (1985) Depression among the rural elderly: A study of prevalence and correlates. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 173:582-89. [aSR]Google Scholar
Ohayon, M. M. (2002) Epidemiology of insomnia: What we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Medicine Reviews 6:97-111. [aSR]Google Scholar
Oliver, J. E. (1991) The incomplete guide to the art of discovery. Columbia University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Orr, W. C., Hoffman, H. J. & Hegge, F. W. (1974) Ultradian rhythms in extended performance. Aerospace Medicine 45:995-1000. [aSR]Google Scholar
Pappenheimer, J. R. (1983) Induction of sleep by muramyl peptides. Journal of Physiology 336:1-11. [aSR]Google Scholar
Pavia, M. R. (2001) High-throughput organic synthesis: A perspective looking back on 10 years of combinatorial chemistry. In High-throughput synthesis: Principles and practices, ed. Sucholeiki, I.. Marcel Dekker. [aSR]Google Scholar
Peck, J. W. (1976) Situational determinants of the body weights defended by normal rats and rats with hypothalamic lesions. In: Hunger: Basic mechanisms and clinical implications, ed. Novin, D., Wyrwicka, W. & Bray, G. A., pp. 297-311. Raven Press. [DAB]Google Scholar
Peden, B. F. & Keniston, A. H. (1990) Self-experimentation as a tool for teaching about psychology. In: Activity handbook for the teaching of psychology, ed. Makowsky, V. P., Sileo, C. C., Whisttemore, L. G., Landry, C. P. & Skutley, M. L.. American Psychological Association. [aSR]Google Scholar
Petry, N. M. & Simcic, F. Jr., (2002) Recent advances in the dissemination of contingency management techniques; Clinical and research perspectives. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 23:81-86. [IG]Google Scholar
Pettigrew, J. D. & Miller, S. M. (1998) A ‘sticky’ interhemispheric switch in bipolar disorder? Proceedings of the Royal Sociey of London (Series B: Biological Science) 265:2141-48. [aSR]Google Scholar
Post, R. M. & Luckenbaugh, D. A. (2003) Unique design issues in clinical trials of patients with bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 37:61-73. [rSR]Google Scholar
Price, J. D. & Evans, J. G. (2002) N-of-1 randomized controlled trials (‘N-of-1 trials’): Singularly useful in geriatric medicine. Age and Ageing 31:227-32. [rSR]Google Scholar
Raben, A., Vasilaras, T. H., Møller, A. C. & Astrup, A. (2002) Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: Different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 weeks in overweight subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:721-29. [aSR]Google Scholar
Rajaratnam, S. M. W. & Redman, J. R. (1999) Social contact synchronizes freerunning activity rhythms of diurnal palm squirrels. Physiology and Behavior 66:21-26. [aSR]Google Scholar
Ramirez, I. (1987) When does sucrose increase appetite and adiposity? Appetite 9:1-19. [aSR]Google Scholar
Ramirez, I. (1990a) Stimulation of energy intake and growth by saccharin in rats. Journal of Nutrition 120:123-33. [arSR]Google Scholar
Ramirez, I. (1990b) Why do sugars taste good? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 14:125-34. [aSR]Google Scholar
Randich, A. & LoLordo, V. M. (1979) Associative and nonassociative theories of the UCS preexposure phenomenon: Implications for Pavlovian conditioning. Psychological Bulletin 86:523-48. [aSR]Google Scholar
Raynor, H. A. (2001) Dietary variety, energy regulation, and obesity. Psychological Bulletin 127:325-41. [aSR]Google Scholar
Regestein, Q. R. & Monk, T. H. (1995) Delayed sleep phase syndrome: A review of its clinical aspects. American Journal of Psychiatry 152:602-608. [aSR]Google Scholar
Remington, N. A., Fabrigar, L. R. & Visser, P. S. (2000) Reexamining the circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79:286-300. [PT]Google Scholar
Richardson, J. D., Paularena, K. I., Belcher, J. W. & Lazarus, A. J. (1994) Solar wind oscillations with a 1.3-year period. Geophysical Research Letters 21:1559-60. [FH]Google Scholar
Roberts, R. M. (1989) Serendipity: Accidental discoveries in science. Wiley. [aSR]Google Scholar
Roberts, S. (1994) Arising aid (U.S. Patent No. 5,327,331). United States Department of Commerce Patent and Trademark Office. [aSR]Google Scholar
Roberts, S. (1998) Baer (1998) on self-experimentation. Self-Experimentation Self- Control Communication. Available at: http://www.people.ukans.edu/∼grote. [IG]Google Scholar
Roberts, S. (2001) Surprises from self-experimentation: Sleep, mood, and weight. Chance 14(2):7-12. [arSR]Google Scholar
Roberts, S. & Neuringer, A. (1998) Self-experimentation. In: Handbook of research methods in human operant behavior, ed. Lattal, K. A. & Perrone, M.. Plenum. [arSR]Google Scholar
Roberts, S. B. (2000) High-glycemic index foods, hunger, and obesity: Is there a connection? Nutrition Reviews 58:163-69. [aSR]Google Scholar
Rolls, B. & Barnett, R. A. (2000) Volumetrics: Feel full on fewer calories. HarperCollins. [aSR]Google Scholar
Root-Bernstein, R. S. (1989) Discovering. Harvard University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, R. (1966) Experimenter effects in behavioral research. Appleton- Century-Crofts. [aSR]Google Scholar
Roth, A. E. (1995) Bargaining experiments. In: The handbook of experimental economics, ed. Kagel, J. H. & Roth, A. E.. Princeton University Press. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Sancar, A. & Sancar, G. B. (1988) DNA repair enzymes. Annual Review of Biochemistry 57:29-67. [rSR]Google Scholar
Savage, L. J. (1954) The foundations of statistics. Wiley. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1976) The hypnagogic state: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin 83:452-81. [JG]Google Scholar
Schegloff, E. A. (1996) Issues of relevance for discourse analysis: Contingency in action, interaction and co-participant context. In: Computational and conversational discourse: Burning issues - An interdisciplinary account, ed. Hovy, E. H. & Scott, D., pp. 3-38. Springer Verlag. [EAS]Google Scholar
Schwartz, A. & Schwartz, R. M. (1993) Depression: Theories and treatments. Columbia University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. W., Baskin, D. G., Kaiyala, K. J. & Woods, S. C. (1999) Model for the regulation of energy and adiposity by the central nervous system. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69:584-96. [aSR]Google Scholar
Schwarz, N. & Strack, F. (1999) Reports of subjective well-being: Judgmental processes and their methodological implications. In: Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology, ed. Kahneman, D., Diener, E. & Schwarz, N., pp. 61-84. Russell Sage Foundation. [SCM]Google Scholar
Sclafani, A. (1973) Feeding inhibition and death produced by glucose ingestion in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 11:595-601. [rSR]Google Scholar
Sclafani, A. (1991) Conditioned food preferences. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 29:256-60. [aSR]Google Scholar
Sclafani, A., Cardieri, C., Tucker, K., Blusk, D. & Ackroff, K. (1993) Intragastric glucose but not fructose conditions robust flavor preferences in rats. American Journal of Physiology (Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative Physiology) 265:R320-R325. [aSR]Google Scholar
Sclafani, A. & Springer, D. (1976) Dietary obesity in adult rats: Similarities to hypothalamic and human obesity syndromes. Physiology and Behavior 17:461-71. [arSR]Google Scholar
Sears, B. (1995) The zone. HarperCollins. [aSR]Google Scholar
Seidell, J. (2000) Obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes - a worldwide epidemic. British Journal of Nutrition 83:S5-S8. [aSR]Google Scholar
Seneci, P. (2000) Solid-phase synthesis and combinatorial technologies. Wiley- Interscience. [aSR]Google Scholar
Shacham, S. (1983) A shortened version of the Profile of Mood States. Journal of Personality Assessment 47:305-306. [aSR]Google Scholar
Shanks, D. R. & St. John, M. F. (1994) Characteristics of dissociable human learning systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:367-447. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Shapiro, G. (1986) A skeleton in the darkroom: Stories of serendipity in science. Harper & Row. [aSR]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. J., Jones, G., Ishii, K., Kaneko, M. & Olbrecht, A. J. (1969) Factors affecting body density and thickness of subcutaneous fat. Data on 518 Canadian city dwellers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 22:1175-89. [aSR]Google Scholar
Shetty, P. S. & James, W. P. (1994) Body mass index: A measure of chronic energy deficiency in adults. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [aSR]Google Scholar
Shoptaw, S., Rotheram-Fuller, E., Yang, X, Frosch, D., Nahom, D., Jarvic, M. E. Rawson, R. A. & Ling, W. (2002) Smoking cessation in methadone maintenance. Addiction 97:1317-28. [IG]Google Scholar
Siffre, M. (1964) Beyond time. McGraw-Hill. [aSR]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. & Kaplan, C. A. (1989) Foundations of cognitive science. In: Foundations of cognitive science, ed. Posner, M. I.. MIT Press. [SCM]Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1999) Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity. Oxford University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1976) Walden Two. Macmillan. [HLM]Google Scholar
Smith, C. S. (1981) A search for structure: Selected essays on science, art, and history. MIT Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Smith, C. S., Folkard, S., Schmeider, R. A., Parra, L. F., Spelten, E., Almiral, H., Sen, R. N., Sahu, S., Perez, L. M. & Tisak, J. (2002a) Investigation of morning-evening orientation in six countries using the preferences scale. Personality and Individual Differences 32:949-68. [PT]Google Scholar
Smith, L. D., Best, L. A., Stubbs, A., Archibald, A. B. & Roberson-Nay, R. (2002b) Knowledge: The role of graphs and tables in hard and soft psychology. American Psychologist 57:749-61. [SSG]Google Scholar
Smith, R. (1985) Exercise and osteoporosis. British Medical Journal 290:1163-64. [aSR]Google Scholar
Sobel, R. K. (2001) Barry Marshall. U.S. News and World Report 131(7):39. [aSR]Google Scholar
Solomon, A. (2001) The noonday demon: An atlas of depression. Scribner. [aSR]Google Scholar
Soroker, N., Cohen, T., Baratz, C., Glicksohn, J. & Myslobodsky, M. S. (1994) Is there a place for ipsilesional eye patching in neglect rehabilitation? Behavioural Neurology 7:159-64. [JG]Google Scholar
Spector, P. E. (1992) Summated rating scale construction: An introduction. Sage. [MV]Google Scholar
Stangor, C. (2004) Research methods for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edition. Houghton Mifflin. [rSR]Google Scholar
Starbuck, S., Cornélissen, G. & Halberg, F. (2002) Is motivation influenced by geomagnetic activity? Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 56(Suppl. 2):289S-297S. [FH]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. & Lubart, T. I. (1995) Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. Free Press. [TIL]Google Scholar
Steward, H. L., Bethea, M. C., Andrews, S. S. & Balart, L. A. (1998) Sugar busters! Ballantine Books. Stolarz-Fantino, S., Fantino, E., Zizzo, D. J. & Wen, J. (2003) The conjunction fallacy: New evidence for robustness. American Journal of Psychology 116:15-34. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Stone, A. A. (1996) Daily mood variability: Form of diurnal patterns and determinants of diurnal patterns. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26:1286-1305. [aSR]Google Scholar
Strassmann, B. I. & Dunbar, R. I. M. (1999) Human evolution and disease: Putting the Stone Age perspective. In: Evolution in health and disease, ed. Stearns, S. C.. Oxford University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Streblow, D. N., Orloff, S. L. & Nelson, J. A. (2001) Do pathogens accelerate atherosclerosis? Journal of Nutrition 131:2798S-2804S. [aSR]Google Scholar
Stueve, A., Dohrenwend, B. P. & Skodol, A. E. (1998) Relationships between stressful life events and episodes of major depression and nonaffective psychotic disorders: Selected results from a New York risk factor study. In: Adversity, stress, and psychopathology, ed. Dohrenwend, B. P.. Oxford University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Suzuki, T. (1994) The essentials of Japanese cooking. Shufunotomo. [aSR]Google Scholar
Swenson, C. J., Baxter, J., Shetterly, S. M., Scarbro, S. L. & Hamman, R. F. (2000) Depressive symptoms in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic white rural elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology 152:1048-55. [aSR]Google Scholar
Szalai, A. (1972) The use of time: Daily activities of urban and suburban populations in twelve countries. Mouton. [arSR]Google Scholar
Szent-Györgyi, A. (1972) Dionysians and Apollonians. Science 176:966. [MC]Google Scholar
Takahashi, J. S., DeCoursey, P. J., Bauman, L. & Menaker, M. (1984) Spectral sensitivity of a novel photoreceptive system mediating entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms. Nature 308:186-88. [aSR]Google Scholar
Tennesen, M. (2000) A drink to your health. Health, June:89-92. [aSR]Google Scholar
Thaler, R. (1987) The psychology of choice and the assumptions of economics. In: Laboratory experimentation in economics: Six points of view, ed. Roth, A. E., pp. 99-130. Cambridge University Press. [rSR]Google Scholar
Tordoff, M. G. & Alleva, A. M. (1990) Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51:963-69. [aSR]Google Scholar
Totterdell, P. (2001) Links between time of day, sleep and unhappy mood in early infancy: An intensive case study. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 19:433-51. [rSR, PT]Google Scholar
Totterdell, P., Kellett, S., Teuchmann, K. & Briner, R. B. (1998) Evidence of mood linkage in work groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74:1504-15. [rSR]Google Scholar
Totterdell, P., Reynolds, S., Parkinson, B. & Briner, R. B. (1994) Associations of sleep with everyday mood, minor symptoms and social interaction experience. Sleep 17:466-75. [arSR]Google Scholar
Trowell, H. C. & Burkitt, D. P. (1981) Western diseases: Their emergence and prevention. Harvard University Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Tukey, J. W. (1969) Analyzing data: Sanctification or detective work. American Psychologist 24:83-91. [arSR]Google Scholar
Tukey, J. W. (1977) Exploratory data analysis. Addison-Wesley. [arSR, MV]Google Scholar
Tukey, J. W. (1980) We need both exploratory and confirmatory. American Statistician 34:23-25. [rSR]Google Scholar
Turner, R. B. (1997) Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology 78:531-40. [aSR]Google Scholar
Vaillant, G. E. (1998) Natural history of male psychological health, XIV: Relationship of mood disorder vulnerability to physical health. American Journal of Psychiatry 155:184-91. [aSR]Google Scholar
Valenstein, E. S. (1998) Blaming the brain. The Free Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Valentine, C. W. (1953) Introduction to experimental psychology, 5th edition. London University Tutorial Press. [DAB]Google Scholar
Varian, H. R. (1999) Intermediate microeconomics: A modern approach. Norton. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Vernikos-Danellis, J. & Winget, C. M. (1979) The importance of light, postural and social cues in the regulation of the plasma cortisol rhythm in man. In: Chronopharmacology, ed. Peinberg, A. & Halberg, F.. Pergamon Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Vgontzas, A. N. & Kales, A. (1999) Sleep and its disorders. Annual Review of Medicine 50:387-400. [aSR]Google Scholar
Wackermann, J., Lehmann, D., Michel, C. M. & Strik, W. K. (1993) Adaptive segmentation of spontaneous EEG map series into spatially defined microstates. International Journal of Psychophysiology 14:269-83. [JG]Google Scholar
Wallendorf, M. & Brucks, M. (1993) Introspection in consumer research: Implementation and implications. Journal of Consumer Research 20:339-59. [DJZ]Google Scholar
Walsh, B. T., Goetz, R., Roose, S. P., Fingeroth, S. & Glassman, A. H. (1985) EEGmonitored sleep in anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Biological Psychiatry 20:947-56. [aSR]Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J., Minors, D., Folkard, S., Owens, D., Atkinson, G., Macdonald, I., Reilly, T., Sytnik, N. & Tucker, P. (1998) Light of domestic intensity produces phase shifts of the circadian oscillator in humans. Neuroscience Letters 245:97-100. [aSR]Google Scholar
Watford, M. (2002) Small amounts of dietary fructose dramatically increase hepatic glucose update through a novel mechanism of glucokinase activation. Nutrition Reviews 60:253-64. [aSR]Google Scholar
Webb, W. B. (1985) Sleep in industrialized settings in the northern hemisphere. Psychological Reports 57:591-98. [aSR]Google Scholar
Weerasinghe, D. P., MacIntyre, C. R. & Rubin, G. L. (2002) Seasonality of coronary artery deaths in New South Wales, Australia. Heart 88:30-34. [aSR]Google Scholar
Wehr, T. A. (1990a) Manipulations of sleep and phototherapy: Nonpharmacological alternatives in the treatment of depression. Clinical Neuropharmacology 13 (Suppl. 1):S54-S65. [aSR]Google Scholar
Wehr, T. A. (1990b) Reply to Healy, D. and Waterhouse, J. M.: The circadian system and affective disorders: Clocks or rhythms? Chronobiology International 7:11-14. [PT]Google Scholar
Wehr, T. A. & Goodwin, F. K. (1983) Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Boxwood Press. [aSR]Google Scholar
Wever, R. A. (1979) The circadian system of man: Results of experiments under temporal isolation. Springer-Verlag. [arSR]Google Scholar
Whitney, E. & Rolfes, S. (1999) Understanding nutrition. West/Wadsworth. [aSR]Google Scholar
Willett, W. C. (1998) Is dietary fat a major determinant of body fat? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67:556S-562S. [aSR]Google Scholar
Williams, P. T. (1997) Relationship of distance run per week to coronary disease risk factors in 8,283 male runners. Archives of Internal Medicine 157:191-98. [aSR]Google Scholar
Winfree, A. T. (1973) Resetting the amplitude of Drosophila's circadian chronometer. Journal of Comparative Physiology 85:105-40. [aSR]Google Scholar
Wing, R. R. & Hill, J. O. (2001) Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition 21:323-41. [aSR]Google Scholar
Wirtshafter, D. & Davis, J. D. (1977) Set points, settling points, and the control of body weight. Physiology and Behavior 19:75-78. [aSR]Google Scholar
Wirz-Justice, A. (1986) Light therapy for depression: Present status, problems, and perspectives. Psychopathology 19(Suppl. 2):136-41. [aSR]Google Scholar
Wolever, T. M. (1990) Relationship between dietary fiber content and composition in foods and the glycemic index. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51:72-75. [aSR]Google Scholar
Woodhouse, J. M. & Campbell, F. W. (1975) The role of the pupil light reflex in aiding adaptation to the dark. Vision Research 15:649-53. [rSR]Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2000) Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. World Health Organization. [aSR]Google Scholar
Zeitzer, J. M., Dijk, D.-J., Kronauer, R. E., Brown, E. N. & Czeisler, C. A. (2000) Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: Melatonin phase resetting and suppression. Journal of Physiology 526:695-702. [aSR]Google Scholar
Zizzo, D. J. (2003) Probability compounding in words and practice. Theory and Decision 54: 287-314. [DJZ]Google Scholar