Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T10:25:58.444Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A psychopharmacologist's view of attachment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Torgny H. Svensson
Torgny H. Svensson
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-104 01 Stockholm, Sweden
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 15 , Issue 3 , September 1992 , pp. 524
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. (1990) Conceptualization of developmental psychopathology. In: Handbook of developmental psychopathology, ed. Lewis, M. & Miller, S. M.. Plenum Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967) Infancy in Uganda. John Hopkins Press. [JK]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1978) Toward a general theory of infantile attachment: A comparative review of aspects of the social bond. (Commentary on Rajecki et al.) Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:436–38. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978) Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Erlbaum. [aGWK, JK, CBN]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Witing, B. A. (1969) Attachment and exploratory behavior of one year olds in a strange situation. In: Determinants of infant behavior, ed. Foss, B. M.. Methuen. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Alba, J. W. & Hasher, L. (1983) Is memory schematic? Psychological Bulletin 93:203–31. [MS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alberts, J. R. & Cramer, C. P. (1988) Ecology and experience: Sources of means and meaning of development change. In: Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, vol. 9: Developmental psychobiology and developmental neurobiology, ed. Blass, E. M.. Plenum Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Altman, S. A. (1962) A field of study of the sociobiology of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 102:330–435. [DGF]Google Scholar
Anderson, C. O., Kenney, M. A. & Mason, W. A. (1977) Effects of maternal mobility, partner, and endocrine state on social responsiveness of adolescent rhesus monkeys. Developmental Psychobiology 10:421–34. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, C. O. & Mason, W. A. (1974) Early experience and complexity of social organization in groups of young rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 87:681–90. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, C. O. & Mason, W. A. (1978) Competitive social strategies in groups of deprived and experienced rhesus monkeys. Developmental Psychobiology 11:289–99. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anisman, H. & Zacharko, R. (1982) Depression: The predisposing influence of stress. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:89–137. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aoki, C. & Siekevitz, P. (1988) Plasticity in brain development. Scientific American 259(6):56–64. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Argiolas, A., Collu, M., Gessa, G. L., Melis, M. R. & Serra, G. (1988) The oxytocin antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-Orn8-vasotocin inhibits male copulatory behavior in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 149:389–92. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayres, A. J. (1975) Sensory integration and learning disorders. Western Psychological Services. [rGWK]Google Scholar
Ayres, A. J. (1989) Sensory integration and the child. Western Psychological Services. [rGWK]Google Scholar
Bachevalier, J. (1991) Memory loss and socio-emotional disturbances following neonatal damage of the limbic system in monkeys: An animal model of childhood autism. In: Advances in neuro psychiatry and psychopharmacology, vol. 1: Schizophrenia, ed. Tamminga, C. A. & Schulz, S. C.. Raven Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Bachevalier, J. & Mishkin, M. (1986) An early and late developing system for learning and retention in infant monkeys. Behavioral and Brain Research 20:249–61. [aGWK, WAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlow, H. B. (1972) Single units and sensations: A neuron doctrine for perceptual physiology. Perception 1:371–94. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J. E. (1972) Schedules of electric shock presentation in the behavioral control of imprinted ducklings. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 18:305–21. [LAE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barry, H. IIIChild, I. L. & Bacon, M. K. (1959) Relation of child training to subsistence economy. American Anthropologist 61:51–63. [DGF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bear, M. F. & Singer, W. (1986) Modulation of visual cortical plasticity by acetylcholine and noradrenaline. Nature 320:172–76. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchamp, A. J., Gluck, J. P., Fouty, H. E. & Lewis, M. H. (1991) Associative processes in differentially reared rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): Blocking. Developmental Psychobiology 24:175–89. [arGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T. (1975) Cognitive therapy and emotional disorders. International Universities Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Benhar, E. E., Carlton, P. L. & Samuel, D. (1975) A search for mirror-image reinforcement and self-recognition in the baboon. Contemporary Primatology. Karger. [MLB]Google Scholar
Bernstein, I. S. & Ehardt, C. (1986) The influence of kinship and socialization on aggressive behavior in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Animal Behaviour 34:739–47. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertenthal, B. I. & Campos, J. J. (1987) New directions in the study of early experience. Child Development 58:560–67. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Björk, A. (1989) Is social stress in pigs a detrimental factor to health and growth that can be avoided by amperozide treatment? Applied Animal Behavioral Science 23:39–47. [THS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, I. B. (1991) Information in the brain: A molecular perspective. MIT Press. [BJ]Google Scholar
Boccia, M. L. (1989) Preliminary report on the use of a natural foraging task to reduce aggression and stereotypies in socially housed pigtailed macaques. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 28 (1):3–4. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Boccia, M. L. & Campos, J. J. (1989) Maternal emotional communication, social referencing and infants' reactions to strangers. In: New directions in child development, empathy and related emotional responses, ed. Eisenberg, N.. Jossey-Bass. [MLB]Google Scholar
Boccia, M. L., Reite, M.Kaemingk, K., Held, P. & Laudenslager, M. (1989) Behavioral and autonomic responses of peer-reared pigtail macaques to separation. Developmental Psychobiology 22:447–61. [MLB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boccia, M. L., Reite, M.Kaemingk, K., Held, P. & Laudenslager, M. (1991a) Social context and responses of peer-reared pigtail macaques to separation. Primates 32:255–63. [MLB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boccia, M. L., Reite, M. L. & Laudenslager, M. L. (1991b) Early social environment may alter the development of attachment and social support: Two case reports. Infant Behavior and Development 14:253–60. [MLB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolhuis, J., Johnson, M., Horn, G. & Bateson, P. (1989) Long-lasting effects of IMHV lesions on social preferences in domestic fowl. Behavioral Neuroscience 103:438–41. [EAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1951) Maternal care and mental health. World Health Organization. [arGWK]Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1960) Grief and mourning in infancy and early childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 15:9–52. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969) Attachment and loss: Attachment. Basic Books. [arGWK JPC. HDEJK]Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1973) Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety, and anger. Basic Books. [aGWK, MS]Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and loss: Loss, sadness, and depression. Basic Books. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1982a) Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 52:664–78. [arGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowlby, J. (1982b) Attachment and loss, vol. I: Attachment, 2nd ed. (Original work published 1969). Basic Books. [CBN]Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1988) A secure base. Basic Books. [arGWK]Google Scholar
Brake, S. C., Shair, H. & Hofer, M. A. (1988) Exploiting the nursing niche: The infant's sucking and feeding in the context of the mother-infant interaction. In: Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, vol. 9: Developmental psychobiology and behavioral ecology, ed. Blass, E. M.. Plenum Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Bråten, S. (1988) Dialogic mind: The infant and adult in protoconversation. In: Nature, cognition and system, ed. Cavallo, M.. Kluwer Academic. [CT]Google Scholar
Brazelton, T. B. (1986) Development of newborn behavior. In: Human growth: A comprehensive treatise, ed. Falkner, F. & Tanner, J. M.. Plenum Press. [BJ]Google Scholar
Brazelton, T. B., Koslowski, B. & Main, M. (1974) The origins of reciprocity in mother-infant interaction. In: The effect of the infant on its caregiver, ed. Lewis, M. & Rosenblum, L. A.. Wiley Interscience. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Bretherton, I. (1985) The ontogenesis of attachment theory. In: Growing points of attachment theory and research, ed. Bretherton, I. & Waters, E.. University of Chicago Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Bretherton, I. & Waters, E., eds. (1985) Growing points in attachment theory and research. University of Chicago Press. [DGF]Google Scholar
Brothers, L. (1991) The social brain: A project for integrating primate behavior and neurophysiology in a new domain. Concepts in Neuroscience 1:27–51. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Brown, G. L. & Linnoila, M. (1990) CSF serotonin metabolite (5-HIAA) studies in depression, impulsivity, and violence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 51 (4 suppl):31–41. [BJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. W., Bifulco, A. & Harris, T. O. (1987) Life events, vulnerability and onset of depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 150:30–42. [CBN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryant, C. E., Rupniak, N. M. J. & Iversen, S. D. (1988) Effects of different environmental enrichment devices on cage stereotypies and autoaggression in captive cynomolgus monkeys. Journal of Medical Primatology 17:257–69. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buijs, R. (1978) Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat: Pathways to the limbic system, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Cell Tissue Research 252:355–65. [TRI]Google Scholar
Buijs, R. M. & van Heerikhuize, J. J. (1982) Vasopressin and oxytocin release in the brain — a synaptic event. Brain Research 252:71–76. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burford, B. (1988) Action cycles: Rhythmic actions for engagement with children and young adults with profound mental handicap. European Journal of Special Needs Education 3(4): 189–206. [CT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bushnell, I. W. R., Sai, F. & Mullin, J. T. (1989) Neonatal recognition of the mother's face. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 7:3–15. [HDE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, P. D. & Nemeroff, C. B. (1988) Corticotropin-releasing factor as a possible cause of comorbidity in anxiety and depressive disorders. In: Comorbidity in anxiety and mood disorders, ed. Maser, J. D. & Cloninger, C. R.. American Psychiatric Association Press. [CBN]Google Scholar
Butler, P. D., Weiss, J. M., Stout, J. C. & Nemeroff, C. B. (1990) Corticotropin-releasing factor produces fear-enhancing and behavioral activating effects following infusion into the locus coeruleus. Journal of Neuroscience 10:176–83. [CBN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caine, N. G., Earle, H. & Reite, M. (1983) Personality traits of adolescent pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina): An analysis of social rank and early separation experience. American Journal of Primatology 4:253–60. [JPC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caine, N. G. & Reite, M. (1983) Infant abuse in captive pig-tailed macaques: Relevance to human child abuse. In: Child abuse: The nonhuman primate data, ed. Reite, M. & Caine, N.. Alan R. Liss. [JPC]Google Scholar
Capitanio, J. P. (1985) Early experience and social processes in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): II. Complex social interaction. Journal of Comparative Psychology 99:133–44. [aGWK, JPC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capitanio, J. P. (1986) Behavioral pathology. In: Comparative primate biology, vol. 2A: Behavior, conservation, and ecology, ed. Mitchell, G. & Erwin, J.. Alan R. Liss. [JPC]Google Scholar
Capitanio, J. P., Rasmussen, K. L. R., Snyder, D. S., Laudenslager, M. & Reite, M. (1986) Long-term follow-up of previously separated pigtail macaques: Group and individual differences in response to novel situations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 27:531–38. [JPC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capitanio, J. P. & Reite, M. (1984) The roles of early separation experience and prior familiarity in the social relations of pigtail macaques: A descriptive multivariate study. Primates 25:475–84. [JPC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellucci, V. F. & Schacher, S. (1990) Synaptic plasticity and behavioral modifications in the marine mollusk Aplysia. Progress in Brain Research 86:105–15. [DP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chamove, A. S., Anderson, J. R. & Nash, V. J. (1984) Social and environmental influences on aggression in rhesus monkeys. Primates 25 (3):319–25. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapais, B. (1988) Rank maintenance in female Japanese macaques: Experimental evidence for social dependency. Behavior 104:41–59. [DP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, P. B., Smith, M. A., Kilts, C. D., Bissette, G., Ritchie, J., Anderson, C. & Nemeroff, C. B. (1986) Alterations in corticotropinreleasing factor-like immunoreactivity in discrete rat brain regions after acute and chronic stress. Journal of Neuroscience 6:2908–14. [CBN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheney, D., Seyfarth, R., & Smuts, B. (1986) Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates. Science 234:1361–66. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Churchland, P. M. (1989) A neurocomputational perspective: The nature of mind and the structure of science. MIT Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. & Churchland, P. S. (1990) Could a machine think? Scientific American 262:32–37. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Churchland, P. S. (1986) Neurophilosophy: Toward a unified science of the mind-brain. MIT Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1988) Perspectives on cognitive neuroscience. Science 242:741–45. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, N. J. (1984) Preserved learning capacity in amnesia: Evidence for multiple memory systems. In: Neuropsychology of memory, ed. Squire, L. R. & Butters, N.. Guilford Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Cooper, C. R. & Aslin, R. N. (1989) The language environment of the young infant. Implications for early perceptual development. Canadian Journal of Psychology 43:247–66. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cynander, M. & Mitchell, D. E. (1980) Prolonged sensitivity to monocular deprivation in dark reared cats. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:1026–40. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darlington, C. D. (1959) The origin of Darwinism. Scientific American 60–66. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C. (1882) The descent of man, 2nd ed. John Murray (first published in 1871). [JKK]Google Scholar
DeCasper, A. J. & Fifer, W. P. (1980) Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers' voices. Science 208:1174–76. [BJ, MS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeCasper, A. J. & Prescott, P. A. (1984) Human newborns' perception of male voices: Preference, discrimination, and reinforcing value. Developmental Psychobiology 17:481–91. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeCasper, A. J. & Spence, M. J. (1986) Prenatal maternal speech influences newborns' perception of speech sounds. Infant Behavior and Development 9:133–50. [BJ, CT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desimone, R., Albright, T. D., Gross, C. G. & Bruce, C. (1984) Stimulus selective properties of inferior temporal neurons in the macaque. Journal of Neuroscience 4:2051–62. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diamond, A. & Goldrnan-Rakic, P. S. (1989) Comparison of human infants and rhesus monkeys on Piaget's AB task: Evidence for dependence on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Experimental Brain Research 74:24–40. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diamond, M. C. (1988) Enriching heredity: The impact of the environment on the anatomy of the brain. Free Press. [BJ]Google Scholar
Dziurawiec, S. & Ellis, H. D. (1986) Neonates' attention to face-like stimuli: Goren, Sarty and Wu revisited. Paper presented at the annual conference of the British Psychological Society, Developmental Section, Exeter. [HDE]Google Scholar
Ebert, M. H. & Perlow, M. J. (1977) Utility of cerebrospinal fluid measurements in studies of brain monoamines. In: Structure and function of brain monoamine systems, ed. Usdin, E., Weiner, N. & Youdin, M. B. H.. Marcel Dekker. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M. (1989) Topobiology. Scientific American 260:76–89. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eiserer, L. A. (1978a) Anomalous effects in psychology: Parallels between the brain stimulation and imprinting literatures. Psychological Record 28:557–70. [LAE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eiserer, L. A. (1978b) Maltreatment effects and learning processes in infantile attachment. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:445. [LAE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elands, J., Beetsma, A., Barberis, C. & de Kloet, E. R. (1988) Topography of the oxytocin receptor system in rat brain: An autoradiographical study with a selective radioiodinated oxytocin antagonist. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 1:293–302. [TRI]Google Scholar
Ellis, H. D. & Ellis, D. M. (1989) Questions of innateness and plasticity in physiognomic processing. European Bulletin of Cognitive Psychology 9:70–73. [HDE]Google Scholar
Engel, A. K., König, P., Kreitner, A. K. & Singer, W. (1991) Interhemispheric synchronization of oscillatory neural responses in cat visual cortex. Science 252:1177–79. [CT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, E. (1980) Identity and the life cycle. Norton. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Fahrbach, W. E., Morrell, J. I. & Pfaff, D. W. (1985) Possible role for endogenous oxytocin in estrogen-facilitated maternal behavior in rats. Neuroendocrinology 40:526–32. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernald, A. (in press) Prosody in speech to children: Prelinguistic and linguistic functions. In: Annals of child development, ed. R. Vasta. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. [BJ]Google Scholar
Field, T. M. (1979) Visual and cardiac responses to animate and inanimate faces by young and preterm infants. Child Development 50:188–94. [HDE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, T. M. (1985) Attachment as psychobiological attunement: Being on the same wavelength. In: The psychobiology of attachment and separation, ed. Reite, M. & Field, T.. Academic Press. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, T. M., Cohen, D., Garcia, R. & Greenberg, R. (1984) Mother-stranger face discrimination by the newborn. Infant Behavior and Development 7:19–25. [HDE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, A. E. (1955) The effects of differential early treatment on the social and exploratory behavior of puppies. Ph.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University. [LAE]Google Scholar
Floeter, M. K. & Greenough, W. T. (1979) Cerebellar plasticity: Modification of Purkinje cell structure by differential rearing in rhesus monkeys. Science 206:227–28. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, S. L. & Morrison, J. H. (1987a) Development of noradrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic innervation of neocortex. Current Topics in Developmental Biology 21:391–423. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foote, S. L. & Morrison, J. H. (1987b) Extrathalamic modulation of cortical function. Annual Reviews in Neuroscience 10:67–95. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freedman, D. G. (1990) The theory of logical typing: Context and paradox. Human Ethology Newsletter 5:4–6. [DGF]Google Scholar
Freedman, D. G., Cox, S. & Berg, L. (1988) Affective attunement and intersubjectivity in cross-cultural perspective: Methodological issues. Paper presented at the International Conference for Infant Studies, Washington, D.C. [DGF]Google Scholar
Freedman, D. G. & Gorman, J. (1992) Internal working models, cultural transmission and human evolution. (Unpublished manuscript.) [DGF]Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1930) Civilization and its discontents. Hogarth Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1969) An outline of psychoanalysis. Translation, James Strachey. Norton. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Frisch, J. E. (1968) Individual behavior and inter-troop variability in Japanese macaques. In: Primates: Studies in adaptation and variability, ed. Jay, P. C.. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [DGF]Google Scholar
Gallup, G. G. (1982) Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates. American Journal of Primatology 2:237–48. [MLB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geertz, C. (1973) The interpretation of cultures. Basic Books. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Gertz, L. L. & Hofman, J. E. (1986) Social organization in free living prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 18:275–82. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1986) The ecological approach to visual perception. Erlbaum. [JPC]Google Scholar
Ginsberg, S. D., Hof, P. R., Young, W. G., Kraemer, G. W., McKinney, W. T. & Morrison, J. H. (1991) Quantitative analysis of transmitter identified systems in the monkey paraventricular nucleus: Effects of differential rearing conditions. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 17:85. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Glavin, G. B. (1985) Stress and brain noradrenaline. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 9:233–43. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gluck, J. P., Harlow, H. F. & Schlitz, K. A. (1973) Differential effect of early enrichment and deprivation on learning in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 84 (3):598–604. [arGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluck, J. P. & Sackett, G. E. (1974) Frustration and self-aggression in social isolate rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 83:331–34. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gluck, J. P. & Sackett, G. E. (1976) Extinction deficits in socially isolated rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Developmental Psychology 12:173–74. [arGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1984) Modular organization of the prefrontal cortex. Trends in Neuroscience 7:419–24. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1987) Development of cortical circuitry and cognitive function. Child Development 58:601–22. [arGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman-Rakic, P. S. & Brown, R. M. (1982) Postnatal development of monoamine content and synthesis in cerebral cortex of rhesus monkeys. Developmental Brain Reserch 4:339–49. [arGWK, WAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goren, C. C., Sarty, M. & Wu, P. Y. K. (1975) Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Pediatrics 56:544–49. [HDE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenough, W. T., Black, J. E. & Wallace, C. S. (1987) Experience and brain development. Child Development 58:539–59. [aGWK, WAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grieser, D. L. & Kuhl, P. K. (1988) Maternal speech to infants in tonal language. Support for universal prosodic features in motherese. Developmental Psychology 24:14–20. [CT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Stone, G. (1986) Neural dynamics of word recognition and recall: Attentional priming, learning, and resonance. Psychological Review 93:46–74. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossmann, K. E. & Grossman, K. (1981) Parent-infant attachment relationships in Bielefeld. In: Behavioral development: The Bielefeld interdisciplinary project, ed. Immelmann, K., Barlow, G., Petrovich, L. & Main, M.. Cambridge University Press. [CBN]Google Scholar
Guralnick, M. J. (1991) The next decade of research on the effectiveness of early intervention. Exceptional Children 58(1): 174–83. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haracz, J. L. (1984) A neural plasticity hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neurosciences and Biobehavioral Reviews 8:55–71. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harlow, H. F. (1958) The nature of love. American Psychologist 13:673–85. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harlow, H. F. & Harlow, M. K. (1965a) The affectional systems. In: Behavior of nonhuman primates, vol. 2, ed. Foss, B. M.. Academic Press. [arGWK]Google Scholar
Harlow, H. F. & Harlow, M. K. (1965b) Effects of various mother-infant relationships on rhesus monkey behaviors. In: Determinants of infant behavior (IV), ed. Foss, B. M.. Methuen. [rGWK]Google Scholar
Harlow, H. F., Harlow, M. K. & Hansen, E. W. (1963) The maternal affectional system of rhesus monkeys. In: Maternal behavior in mammals, ed. Rheingold, H. L.. Wiley. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Harlow, H. F., Harlow, M. K. & Suomi, S. J. (1971) From thought to therapy: Lessons from a primate laboratory. American Scientist 59:538–49. [arGWK]Google ScholarPubMed
Harlow, H. F., Plubell, P. E. & Baysinger, C. M. (1973) Induction of psychological death in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 3:299–307. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harlow, H. F. & Suomi, S. J. (1970) The nature of love — simplified. American Psychologist 25:161–68. [LAE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hebb, D. O. (1949) The organization of behavior. Wiley. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1982) The conceptual nervous system. Pergamon Press. [arGWK]Google Scholar
Held, R. (1965) Plasticity in sensory-motor behavior. Scientific American 213:84–94. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herdt, G. (1987) The Sambia: Ritual and gender in New Guinea. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [rGWK]Google Scholar
Higley, J. D., Hasert, M. F., Suomi, S. J. & Linnoila, M. (1991) Nonhuman primate model of alcohol abuse: Effects of early experience, personality, and stress on alcohol consumption. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 88:7261–65. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinde, R. A. (1977) Mother-infant separation and the nature of interindividual relationships: Experiment with rhesus monkeys. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 196:29–50. [rGWK]Google ScholarPubMed
Hinde, R. A. (1982) Attachment: Some conceptual and biological issues. In: The place of attachment in human behavior, ed. Parkes, C. & Stevenson-Hinde, J.. Basic Books. [arGWK]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. & Spencer-Booth, Y. (1971) Towards understanding individual differences in rhesus mother-infant interaction. Animal Behaviour 19:165–73. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsch, H. V. (1986) The tunable seer: Activity-dependent development of vision. In: Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, vol. 8: Developmental psychobiology and developmental neurobiology, ed. Blass, E. M.. Plenum Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Hofer, M. A. (1984) Relationships as regulators: A psychobiological perspective on bereavement. Psychosomatic Medicine 46:183–97. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofer, M. A. (1987) Early social relationships: A psychobiologist's view. Child Development 58:633–47. [arGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horn, G. (1985) Memory, imprinting, and the brain. Clarendon Press. [DGF, EAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, M. J. (1991) Person schemas and maladaptive interpersonal patterns. University of Chicago Press. [MS]Google Scholar
Hubel, D. H. (1978) Effects of early deprivation on the visual cortex of cat and monkey. Harvey Lectures 72:1–51. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Hubel, D. & Wiesel, T. N. (1970) The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens. Journal of Physiology 206:419–36. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubel, D. & Wiesel, T. N. (1977) Functional architecture of macaque visual cortex. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 198:1–59. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Huebner, R. A. (1992) Autistic disorder: A neuropsychological enigma. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 46:487–501. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphrey, N. K. (1976) The social function of intellect. In: Growing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. & Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge University Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Insel, T. R. (in press) Oxytocin: A neuropeptide for affiliation — evidence from behavioral, receptor autoradiographic, and comparative studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology. [TRI, CBN]Google Scholar
Insel, T. R., Gelhard, R. E. & Shapiro, L. E. (1991) The comparative distribution of neurohypophyseal peptide receptors in monogamous and polygamous mice. Neuroscience 43:623–30. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Insel, T. R. & Harbaugh, C. R. (1989) Lesions of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus disrupt the initiation of maternal behavior. Physiology & Behavior 45:1033–41. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Insel, T. R. & Winslow, J. T. (1991) Central oxytocin administration reduces rat pup isolation calls. European Journal of Pharmacology 203:149–52. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, S. (1984) Cortical monoamines and behavior. In: Monoamine innervation of the cerebral cortex, ed. Descarries, L. & Jasper, H. H.. Alan R. Liss. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Jackson, J. H. (1958) Selected writings, ed. Taylor, J.. Basic Books. [aGWK]Google Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology, vol. 1. (reprinted 1950). Dover. [arGWK, MS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jannet, F. J. (1980) Social dynamics in the montane vole (Microtus montanus) as a paradigm. The Biologist 62:3–19. [TRI]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) Mental models: Toward a cognitive science of language, inference and consciousness. Harvard University Press. [MS]Google Scholar
Johnston, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H. D. & Morton, J. (1991) Newborns' preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline. Cognition 40:1–21. [HDE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, M. H. & Morton, J. (1991) Biological and cognitive development: A case of face recognition. Blackwell. [HDE]Google Scholar
Kagan, J. & Moss, H. A. (1983) Birth to maturity. Wiley. [arGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S. & Snidman, N. (1988) Biological basis of childhood shyness. Science 240:167–71. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S. & Snidman, N. (1990) The temperamental qualities of inhibition and lack of inhibition. In: Handbook of developmental psychopathology, ed. Lewis, M. & Miller, S. M.. Plenum Press. [arGWK]Google Scholar
Kalil, R. (1989) Synapse formation in the developing brain. Scientific American 261:76–86. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalin, N. & Shelton, S. E. (1989) Defensive behaviors in rhesus monkeys: Environmental cues and neurochemical regulation. Science 243:1718–21. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalin, N., Shelton, S. E. & Takahashi, L. K. (1991) Defensive behaviors in rhesus monkeys: Ontogeny and context-dependent selective expression. Child Development 62:1175–83. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kasamatsu, T., Itakura, T., Johnson, G., Hegglund, P., Pettigrew, J., Nakai, K. et al. , (1984) Neuronal plasticity in cat visual cortex: A proposed role for the central noradrenaline system. In: Monoamine innervation of cerebral cortex, ed. Descarries, L. & Jasper, H. H.. Alan R. Liss. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Kasamatsu, T. & Petigrew, J. D. (1976) Depletion of brain catecholamines: Failure of occular dominance shift after monocular occlusion in kittens. Science 194:206–09. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, I. C. (1977) Developmental considerations of anxiety and depression: Psychobiological studies in monkeys. In: Psychoanalysis and contemporary science, ed. Shapiro, T.. International Universities Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Kaufman, I. C. & Rosenblum, L. A. (1967) The reaction to separation in infant monkeys: Anaclitic depression and conservation-withdrawal. Psychosomatic Medicine 29:649–75. [aGWK, EAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawai, M. (1965) On the system of social ranks in a natural troop of Japanese monkeys (1): Basic rank and dependent rank. In: Japanese monkeys, a collection of translations, ed. Imanishi, K. & Altmann, S. A.. S. A. Altmann. [DP]Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (1989) Developmental psychopathology: Current research, issues, and directions. American Psychologist 44(2): 180–87. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendrick, K. M., Keverne, E. B. & Baldwin, B. A. (1987) Intracerebroventricular oxytocin stimulates maternal behaviour in the sheep. Neuroendocrinology 46:56–61. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koford, C. B. (1963) Group relations in an island colony of rhesus monkeys. In: Primate social behavior, ed. Southwick, C. H.. Van Nostrand. [DGF]Google Scholar
Konner, M. (1982) The tangled wing: Biological constrains on the human spirit. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Konorski, J. (1967) The integrative activity of the brain. University of Chicago Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Kovach, J. K. (1987) Quantitative genetics and developmental psychology: Shall the twain ever meet? Commentary on “Why are children in the same family so different from one another?” by Plomin & Daniels. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:28–29. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraemer, G. W. (1982) Neurochemical correlates of stress and depression: Depletion or disorganization? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:110. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraemer, G. W. (1985) Effects of differences in early social experience on primate neurobiologcal development. In: The psychobiology of attachment, ed. Reite, M. & Field, T.. Academic Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Kraemer, G. W. (1986) Causes of changes in brain noradrenaline systems and later effects on responses to social stressors in rhesus monkeys: The cascade hypothesis. Antidepressants and receptor function (CIBA Foundation Symposium 123). Wiley. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Kraemer, G. W. (1988) Speculations on the developmental neurobiology of protest and despair. In: Inquiry into schizophrenia and depression: Animal models of psychiatric disorders, ed. Simon, P., Soubrie, P. & Widlocher, D.. Karger. [arGWK]Google Scholar
Kraemer, G. W. & Clarke, A. S. (1990) The behavioral neurobiology of selfinjurious behavior in rhesus monkeys. Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 14 (suppl):141–68. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, G. W., Ebert, M. H., Lake, C. R. & McKinney, W. T. (1983) Amphetamine challenge: Effects in previously isolated monkeys and implications for animal models of schizophrenia. In: Ethopharmacology: Primate models of neuropsychiatric disorders, ed. Miczek, K.. Alan R. Liss. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Kraemer, G. W., Ebert, M. H., Lake, C. R. & McKinney, W. T. (1984a) Hypersensitivity to d-amphetamine several years after early social deprivation in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 82:266–71. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, G. W., Ebert, M. H., Lake, C. R. & McKinney, W. T. (1984b) Cerebrospinal fluid changes associated with pharmacological alteration of the despair response to social separation in rhesus monkeys. Psychiatry Research 11:303–15. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, G. W., Ebert, M. H., Schmidt, D. E. & McKinney, W. T. (1989). A longitudinal study of the effects of different rearing environments on cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine and biogenic amine metabolites in rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2:175–89. [arGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, G. W., Ebert, M. H., Schmidt, D. E. & McKinney, W. T. (1991) Strangers in a strange land: A psychobiological study of infant monkeys before and after separation from real or inanimate mothers. Child Development 62:548–66. [arGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, G. W. & McKinney, W. T. (1979) Interactions of pharmacological agents which alter biogenic amine metabolism and depression: An analysis of contributing factors within a primate model of depression. Journal of Affective Disroders 1:33–54. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, G. W. & McKinney, W. T. (1988) Animal models in psychiatry: Contributions of research on synaptic mechanisms. In: Receptors and ligands in psychiatry and neurology, ed. Sen, A. K. & Lee, T.. Cambridge University Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Lamb, M. E. (1977) Father-infant and mother-infant interaction in the first year of life. Child Development 48:167–81. [CBN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, M. E., Thompson, R. A., Gardner, W. P., Charnov, E. L. & Estes, D. (1984) Security of infantile attachment as assessed in the “strange situation”: Its study and biological interpretation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (1):127–71. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1950) In search of the engram. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 4:454–582. [aGWK, CBN]Google Scholar
Laudenslager, M. L., Held, P. E., Boccia, M. L., Reite, M. L. & Cohen, J. J. (1990) Behavioral and immunological consequences of brief motherinfant separation: A species comparison. Developmental Psychobiology 23:247–64. [MLB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leckman, J. F. (1989) Research on children and adolescents with mental, behavioral and developmental disorders. Report of the Institute of Medicine chartered by the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press. [rGWK]Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. (1986) Sensory systems and emotion: A model of affective processing. Integrative Psychiatry 4:237–48. [aGWK]Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E., Romanski, L. & Xagoraris, A. (1989) Indelibility of subcortical emotional memories. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1:238–43. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeVay, S., Wiesel, T. N. & Hubel, D. (1980) The development of ocular dominance columns in normal and visually deprived monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology 191:1–51. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeVine, R. A. & Miller, P. M. (1990) Commentary. Human Development 33:73–80. [DGF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, J. K., McKinney, W. T., Young, L. D. & Kraemer, G. W. (1975) Mother-infant separation in rhesus monkeys as a model of human depression: A reconsideration. Archives of General Psychiatry 33:699–705. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, M. (1990) Challenges to the study of developmental psychopathology. In: Handbook of developmental psychopathology, ed. Lewis, M. & Miller, S. M.. Plenum Press. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, M. H., Gluck, J. P., Beauchamp, A. J., Keresztury, M. F. & Mailman, R. B. (1990) Long-term effects of early isolation in Macaca mulatta: Changes in dopamine receptor function following apomorphine challenge. Brain Research 513:67–73. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livingstone, M., Rosen, G. D., Drislane, F. W. & Galaburda, A. M. (1991) Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88(18): 7943–47. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luria, A. R. (1976) Cognitive development: Its cultural and social foundationns. Harvard University Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Main, M. (1991) Metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring and singular (coherent) vs. multiple (incoherent) models of attachment: Findings and directions for future research. In: Attachment across the life cycle, ed. Marris, P., Stevenson-Hinde, J. & Parkes, C.. Routledge Press. [MS]Google Scholar
Main, M. & Goldwyn, R. (1984) Predicting rejection of her infants from mother's representation of her own experience: Implications for the abused-abusing intergenerational cycle. International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect 8:203–17. [DGF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Main, M. & Weston, D. R. (1981) The quality of the toddler's relationships to mother and to father: Related to conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationships. Child Development 52:932–40. [CBN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, L. J., Lewis, M. H., Gluck, J. P. & Cork, L. (1990) Aberrant compartmental organization of the striatum in isolation reared monkeys. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 49:284. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, L. J., Spicer, D. M., Lewis, M. H., Gluck, J. P. & Cork, L. C. (1991) Social deprivation of infant rhesus monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the brain: 1. Subcortical regions. The Journal of Neuroscience 11:3344–58. [arGWK, CBN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marvin, R. S. & Stewart, R. B. (1990) A family systems framework for the study of attachment. In: Attachment in the preschool years, ed. Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D. & Cummings, E. M.. University of Chicago Press. [DGF]Google Scholar
Mason, W. A. (1968) Early social deprivation in the nonhuman primates: Implications for human behavior. In: Environmental influences, ed. Glass, D. C.. Rockefeller University Press & Russell Sage Foundation. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Mason, W. A. (1970) Information processing and experimental deprivation: A biologic perspective. In: Early experience and visual information processing in perceptual and reading disorders, ed. Young, F. A. & Lindsley, D. B.. National Academy of Sciences Press. [JPC]Google Scholar
Mason, W. A. (1978) Social experience and primate cognitive development. In: The development of behavior: Comparative and evolutionary aspects, ed. Burghardt, G. M. & Berkoff, M.. Garland Press. [aGWKJK]Google Scholar
Mason, W. A. (1979) Development of social interaction: Maternal attributes and primate cognitive development. In: Human ethology: Claims and limits of a new discipline, ed. von Cranach, M., Foppa, K., Lepenies, W. & Ploog, D.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aGWK]Google Scholar
Mason, W. A. (1982) Primate social intelligence: Contributions from the laboratory. In: Animal mind — human mind, ed. Griffin, D. R.. Springer-Verlag. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Mason, W. A. (1985) Experiential influences on the development of expressive behaviors in rhesus monkeys. In: The development of expressive behavior: Biologyenvironment interactions, ed. Zivin, G.. Academic Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Mason, W. A. & Capitanio, J. P. (1988) Formation and expression of filial attachment in rhesus monkeys raised with living and inanimate mother substitutes. Developmental Psychobiology 21:401–30. [aGWK, JPC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 2: Applications. MIT Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
McKenna, J. J. (1990a) Evolution and the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Part I: Infant responsivity to parental contact. Human Nature 1:145–77. [JPC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenna, J. J. (1990b) Evolution and the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Part II: Why human infants? Human Nature 1:179–206. [JPC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenna, J. J. & Mosko, S. (1990) Evolution and the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Part III: Infant arousal and parent-infant co-sleeping. Human Nature 1:291–330. [JPC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenna, J. J., Mosko, S., Dungy, C. & McAninch, J. (1990) Sleep and arousal patterns of co-sleeping human mother/infant pairs: A preliminary physiological study with implications for the study of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 83:331–47. [JPC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinney, W. T. & Moran, E. C. (1981) Animal models of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 31:422–26. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Mehler, J., Jusczyk, P., Lambertz, G., Halsted, N.Bertoncini, J. & Amiel-Tison, C. (1988) A precursor of language acquisition in young infants. Cognition 29:143–78. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzoff, A. N. & Moore, M. K. (1977) Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science 196:75–78. [HDE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, R. E., Caul, W. F. & Mirsky, I. A. (1971) Patterns of eating and drinking in socially isolated rhesus monkeys. Physiology and Behavior 7:127–34. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, R. E., Mirsky, I. A., Caul, W. F. & Sakata, T. (1969) Hyperphagia and polydipsia in socially isolated monkeys. Science 165:231–39. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mineka, S. & Suomi, S. J. (1978) Social separation in monkeys. Psychology Bulletin 85:1376–1400. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mirsky, I. A. (1968) Communication of affects in rhesus monkeys. In: Environmental influences, ed. Glass, D. C.. Rockefeller University Press & Russel Sage Foundation. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Mishkin, M. & Appenzeller, T. (1987) The anatomy of memory. Scientific American 256:80–89. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mishkin, M., Malamut, B. & Bachevalier, J. (1984) Memories and habits: Two neural systems. In: Neurobiology of learning and memory, ed. Lynch, G., McGaugh, J. L. & Weinberger, N. M.. Guilford Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Miyake, K., Chen, S. & Campos, J. J. (1985) Infant temperament, mother's mode of interaction, and attachment in Japan: An interim report. In: Growing points in attachment theory and research, ed. Bretherton, I. & Waters, E.. University of Chicago Press. [DGF]Google Scholar
Moran, T. (1988) Environment and neural determinants of behavior in development. In: Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, vol. 9: Developmental psychobiology and developmental neurobiology, ed. Blass, E. M.. Plenum Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Morse, P. A. (1972) The discrimination of speech and nonspeech stimuli in early infancy. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 14:477–92. [BJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morton, J. & Johnston, M. H. (1991) CONSPEC and CONLERN: A twoprocess theory of infant face recognition. Psychological Review 98:164–81. [HDE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mountcastle, V. (1979) An organizing principle for cerebral function: The unit module and the distributed system. In: The neurosciences: Fourth study program, ed. Schmitt, F. O. & Worden, F. G.. MIT Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Mower, G. D., Christen, W. G. & Caplan, C. J. (1983) Very brief visual experience eliminates plasticity in the cat visual cortex. Science 221:178–80. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, E. & Mishkin, M. (1985) Amygdalectomy impairs crossmodal association in monkeys. Science 228:604–5. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, L. (1988) Effects of postnatal depression on infant development: Direct studies of early mother-infant interactions. In: Motherhood and mental illness, vol. 2, ed. Brockington, I. & Kumar, R.. John Wright. [CT]Google Scholar
Murray, L. & Trevarthen, C. (1985) Emotional regulation of interactions between two-month-olds and their mothers. In: Social perception in infants, ed. Field, T. & Fox, N.. Ablex. [CT]Google Scholar
Neale, M. C., Walters, E., Heath, A. C., Kessler, R. C., Pérusse, D., Eaves, L. J. & Kendler, S. K. (in press) Depression and parental bonding: Cause, consequence, or genetic covariance? Genetic Epidemiology. [DP]Google Scholar
Nemeroff, C. B. (1992) New vistas in neuropeptide research in neuropsychiatry: Focus on corticotropin-releasing factor. Neuropsychopharmacology 6(2). [CBN]Google ScholarPubMed
Nichols, M. P. & Schwartz, R. C. (1991) Family therapy. Allyn & Bacon. [DGF]Google Scholar
Novak, M. A. (1979) Social recovery of monkeys isolated for the first year of life: 2. Long-term assessment. Developmental Psychology 15:50–61. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Novak, M. A. & Harlow, H. F. (1975) Social recovery of monkeys isolated for the first year of life: 1. Rehabilitation and therapy. Developmental Psychology 11:453–65. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Numan, N. (1988) Maternal behavior. In: The physiology of reproduction, ed. Knobil, E. et al. Raven Press. [THS]Google Scholar
Oades, R. D. (1985) The role of noradrenaline in tuning and dopamine in switching between signals in the CNS. Neurosciences and Biobehavioral Reviews 9:261–82. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Neill, P. (1988) Developing effective social and environment enrichment strategies for macaques in captive groups. Lab Animal May/June:23–36. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Parker, G. (1979) Parental characteristics in relation to depressive disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 134:138–47. [DP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G. (1990) The parental bonding instrument: A decade of research. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 25:281–82. [DP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavlicevic, M., Duncan, J. & Trevarthen, C. (submitted) Improvisational music therapy and the rehabilitation of chronic schizophrenics. [CT]Google Scholar
Pavlicevic, M. & Trevarthen, C. (1989) A musical assessment of psychiatric states in adults. Psychopathology 22:325–34. [CT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, C. A. & Prange, A. J. Jr., (1979) Induction of maternal behavior in virgin rats after intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 76:6661–65. [TRI, THS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pérusse, D., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C. & Eaves, L. J. (submitted) Human parental behavior: Evidence for genetic influence and implication for gene-culture transmission.Google Scholar
Petigrew, J. D. & Kasamatsu, T. (1978) Local perfusion of noradrenaline maintains visual cortical plasticity. Nature 271:761–63. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1963) The origins of intelligence in children. Norton. [rGWK]Google Scholar
Pipp, S.Harmon, R. J. (1987) Attachment as regulation: A commentary. Child Development 58:648–52. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plomin, R. (1989) Environment and genes: Determinants of behavior. American Psychologist 44:105–11. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plomin, R. & Daniels, D. (1987) Why are children in the same family so different from each other? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:1–60. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prescott, J. W. (1971) Early somatosensory deprivation as an ontogenic process in the abnormal development of brain and behavior. Medical primatology: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates. Karger. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Raggenbass, M., Charpak, S., Dubois-Dauphin, M. & Dreifuss, J. J. (1988) Electrophysiological evidence for oxytocin receptors on neurones located in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve in the rat brainstem. Journal of Receptor Research 8:273–82. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rajecki, D. W., Lamb, M. E. & Obmascher, P. (1978) Toward a general theory of infantile attachment: A comparative review of aspects of the social bond. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:417–64. [aGWK, LAE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratner, A. M. (1976) Modification of ducklings filial behavior by aversive stimulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2:266–84. [LAE]Google ScholarPubMed
Reite, M. (1987) Some additional influences shaping the development of behavior. Child Development 58:596–600. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reite, M. & Capatanio, J. P. (1985) On the nature of social separation and social attachment. In: The psychobiology of attachment and separation, ed. Reite, M. & Field, T.. Academic Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Reite, M., Kaemingk, K. & Boccia, M. L. (1989) Maternal separation in bonnet monkey infants: Altered attachment and social support. Child Development 60:473–80. [MLB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, J. & Bowlby, J. (1952) Responses of young children to separation from their mothers. Courrier Centre Internationale d'Enfance 2:131–42. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T. (1984) Neurons in the cortex of the temporal lobe and in the amygdala of the monkey with responses selective for faces. Human Neurobiology 3:209–22. [aGWK]Google ScholarPubMed
Rolls, E. T. (1991) A theory of emotion, and its application to understanding the neural basis of emotion. Cognition and Emotion 4:161–90. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenblatt, J. S., Turkewitz, G. & Schneirla, T. C. (1961) Early socialization in the domestic cat as based on feeding and other relationships between female and young. In: Determinants of infant behaviour, ed. Foss, B. M.. Methuen. [EAS]Google Scholar
Rosenblum, L. A. (1982) The influence of the social and physical environment on mother-infant relations. Annali dell Istituto Superiore di Sanita 18:215–22. [aGWK]Google ScholarPubMed
Rosenblum, L. A. & Kaufman, I. C. (1968) Variations in infant development and response to maternal loss in monkeys. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 3:123–32. [MLB]Google Scholar
Rosenblum, L. A. & Paully, G. S. (1984) The effects of varying environmental demands on maternal and infant behavior. Child Development 55:305–14. [arGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenblum, L. A. & Plimpton, E. H. (1981) The infant's effort to cope with separation. In: The uncommon child, ed. Lewis, M. & Rosenblum, L. A.. Plenum Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1972) Maternal deprivation reassessed. Penguin Education. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1979a) Maternal deprivation, 1972–1978: New findings, new concepts, new approaches. Child Development 50:283–305. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M. (1979b) Protective factors in children's responses to stress and disadvantage. In: Primary prevention of psychopathology, vol. 3: Social competence in children, ed. Kent, M. W. & Rolf, J. G.. University Press of New England. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1985) Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 147:598–611. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sackett, G. P. (1970) Unlearned responses, differential rearing experiences, and the development of social attachments in rhesus monkeys. In: Primate behavior: Developments infield and laboratory research, vol. 1. Academic Press. [arGWK]Google Scholar
Sackett, G. P. (1972) Isolation rearing in monkeys: Diffuse and specific effects on later behavior. In: Animal models of human behavior, ed. Chauvin, R.. Colloques Internationaux du C.N.R.S. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Sackett, G. P. (1982) Can single processes explain effects of postnatal influences on primate development? In: The development of attachment and affiliative systems, ed. Emde, R. N. & Harmon, R. J.. Plenum Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Sackett, G. P., Ruppenthal, G. C., Fahrenbruch, C. E., Holm, R. A. & Greenough, W. T. (1981) Genotype determines social isolation rearing effects in rhesus monkeys. Developmental Psychology 17:313–18. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzen, E. A. (1962) Imprinting and fear. Symposium of the Zoological Society, London 8:199–217. [EAS]Google Scholar
Salzen, E. A. (1967) Imprinting in birds and primates. Behaviour 28:232–54. [EAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salzen, E. A. (1969) Contact and social attachment in domestic chicks. Behaviour 33:38–51. [EAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzen, E. A. (1970) Imprinting and environmental learning. In: Development and evolution of behavior, ed. Aronson, L. R., Tobach, E., Lehrman, D. S. & Rosenblatt, J. S.. Freeman. [EAS]Google Scholar
Salzen, E. A. (1978) Social attachment and a sense of security - a review. Social Science Information 17:555–627. [rGWK, EAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzen, E. A., Parker, D. M. & Williamson, A. J. (1975) A forebrain lesion preventing imprinting in domestic chicks. Experimental Brain Research 24:145–57. [EAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salzen, E. A., Parker, D. M. & Williamson, A. J. (1978) Forebrain lesions and retention of imprinting in domestic chicks. Experimental Brain Research 31:107–16. [EAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sapolsky, R. M. (1990) Stress in the wild. Scientific American 262:116–23. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scanlan, J. S., Boccia, M. L., Laudenslager, M. L. & Broussard, C. (1990) Presence of social support affects behavioral and immunological response to maternal separation in infant bonnet macaques. American Journal of Primatology 20:230–31. [MLB]Google Scholar
Schneider, M. L. (1987) A rhesus monkey model of human individual differences. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Schneider, M. L. (in press) Delayed object permanence development in prenatally stressed rhesus monkey infants (Macaca mulatta). Occupational Therapy Journal of Research. [rGWK]Google Scholar
Schneider, M., Kraemer, G. W. & Suomi, S. J. (1991) The effects of vestibular proprioceptive stimulation on motor maturation and response to challenge in rhesus monkeys. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 11:135–54. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1990) Is the brain's mind a computer program? Scientific American 262:26–31. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seay, B., Alexander, B. K. & Harlow, H. F. (1964) Maternal behavior of socially deprived monkeys. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 69:345–54. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Servan-Schreiber, D., Printz, H. & Cohen, J. D. (1990) A network model of catecholamine effects: Gain, signal-to-noise ratio, and behavior. Science 249:892–95. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seyfarth, R. M. & Cheney, D. L. (1988) Empirical tests of reciprocity theory: Problems in assessment. Ethology and Sociobiology 9:181–87. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, L. E. & Insel, T. R. (1990a) Infant's response to social separation reflects adult differences in affiliative behavior: A comparative developmental study in prairie and montane voles. Developmental Psychobiology 23:375–94. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, L. E. & Insel, T. R. (1990b) Oxytocin receptor distribution reflects species-typical patterns of social behavior. Society for Neuroscience 16th Annual Meeting Abstract 186.6 [TRI]Google Scholar
Siegel, S. J., Hof, P. R., Young, W. G., Kraemer, G. W., McKinney, W. T. & Morrison, J. H. (1991) Effects of maternal deprivation on neuronal populations in hippocampus. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 17:895. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Sigman, M. & Mundy, P. (1989) Social attachments in autistic children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 28:74–81. [MS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, W., Tretter, F. & Yinon, W. (1982) Central gating of developmental plasticity in kitten visual cortex. Journal of Physiology 324:221–37. [CT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, C. (1985) Sleep states and learning: A review of the animal literature. Neurosciences and Biobehavioral Reviews 9:157–68. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soubrie, P. (1986) Reconciling the role of central serotonin neurons in human and animal behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:319–64. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitz, R. (1945) Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 1:53–73. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitz, R. (1946) Anaclitic depression: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood, II: The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 2:313–42. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, L. R. (1986) Mechanisms of memory. Science 232:1612–19. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R. (1987) Memory and brain. Oxford University Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1986) Bowlby's contribution to psychoanalytic theory and developmental psychology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 27:841–49. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sroufe, L. A. & Fleeson, J. (1986) Attachment and the construction of relationships. In: The nature and development of relationships, ed. Hartup, W. W. & Rubin, Z.. Erlbaum. [DGF]Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. & Waters, E. (1977) Attachment as an organized construct. Child Development 48:1184–89. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steklis, H. D. & Kling, A. (1985) Neurobiology of affiliative behavior in nonhuman primates. In: The psychobiology of attachment and separation, ed. Reite, M. & Field, T.. Academic Press. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Stern, D. N. (1985) The interpersonal world of the infant. Basic Books. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Stevenson-Hinde, J., Stillwell-Barnes, R. & Zunz, M. (1980) Subjective assessment of rhesus monkeys over successive years. Primates 21:66–82. [JPC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, E. A. (1983) Problems with current catecholamine hypotheses of antidepressant agents: Speculations leading to a new hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:535–77. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, E., Bonnet, K. & Hofer, M. A. (1976) Survival and development of maternally deprived rats: Role of body temperature. Psychosomatic Medicine 39:242–49. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Struble, R. G. & Riesen, A. H. (1978) Changes in cortical dendritic branching subsequent to partial social isolation in stumptail monkeys. Developmental Psychobiology 11:479–86. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suomi, S. J. (1991) Early stress and adult emotional reactivity in rhesus monkeys. In: The childhood environment and adult disease (CIBA Foundation Symposium 156), ed. Bock, G. R. & Whelan, J.. Wiley. [BJ]Google Scholar
Suomi, S. J. & Harlow, H. F. (1972) Social rehabilitation of isolate-reared monkeys. Developmental Psychology 6:453–65. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suomi, S. J., Harlow, H. F. & Domek, C. J. (1970) Effect of repetitive infantinfant separation of young monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 76:161–72. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suomi, S. J., Harlow, H. F. & Novak, M. A. (1974) Reversal of social deficits produced by isolation rearing in monkeys. Journal of Human Evolution 3:527–34. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suomi, S. J. & Ripp, C. (1983) A history of motherless mother monkey mothering at the University of Wisconsin Primate Laboratory. In: Child abuse: The nonhuman primate data, ed. Reite, M. & Caine, N.. Alan R. Liss. [JPC]Google Scholar
Svensson, T. H. (1987) Peripheral autonomic regulation of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in brain: Putative implications for psychiatry and psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology 92:1–7. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swanson, L. W. (1977) Immunohistochemical evidence for a neurophysincontaining autonomic pathway arising in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brain Research 128:346–53. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szentágothai, J. (1987) The brain-mind relation: A pseudoproblem? In: Mindwaves: Thoughts on intelligence, identity and consciousness, ed. Blakemore, C. & Greenfield, S.. Basil Blackwell. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1979) Communication and cooperation in early infancy. A description of primary intersubjectivity. In: Before speech: The beginning of human communication, ed. Bullowa, M.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [CT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1984) Emotions in infancy: Regulators of contacts and relationships with persons. In: Approaches to emotion, ed. Scherer, K. & Ekman, P.. Erlbaum. [CT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1985a) Facial expressions of emotion in mother-infant interaction. Human Neurobiology 4:21–32. [CT]Google ScholarPubMed
Trevarthen, C. (1985b) Neuroembryology and the development of perceptual mechanisms. In: Human growth, 2nd ed., ed. Faulkner, F. & Tanner, J. M.. Plenum Press. [CT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1989) Development of early social interactions and the affective regulations of brain growth. In: Neurobiology of early infant behaviour, ed. von Euler, C. & Forssberg, H.. (Wenner-Gren International Symposia Series). Macmillan. [CT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1990) Growth and education of the hemispheres. In: Brain circuits and functions of the mind: Essays in honor of Roger W. Sperry, ed. Trevarthen, C.. Cambridge University Press. [CT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. & Marwick, H. (1986) Signs of motivation for speech in infants, and the nature of a mother's support for development of language. In: Percursors of early speech, ed. Lindblom, B. & Zetterstrom, R.. Macmillan. [CT]Google Scholar
Tribollet, E., Audigier, S., Dubois-Dauphin, M. & Dreifuss, J. J. (1990) Gonadal steroids regulate oxytocin receptors but not vasopressin receptors in the brain of male and female rats. An autoradiographical study. Brain Research 511:129–40. [TRI]Google Scholar
Tribollet, E., Barberis, C., Jard, S., Dubois-Dauphin, M. & Dreifuss, J. J. (1988) Localization and pharmacological characterization of high affinity binding sites for vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat brain by light microscopic autoradiography. Brain Research 442:105–18. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turketwitz, G. (1988) A prenatal source for the development of hemispheric specialization. In: Brain lateralization in children: Developmental implications, ed. Molfese, D. & Segalowitz, S. J.. Guilford. [BJ]Google Scholar
Turner, C. H., Davenport, R. K. & Rogers, C. M. (1969) The effect of early deprivation on social behavior of adolescent chimpanzees. American Journal of Psychiatry 125:85–90. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Wimersma Greidanus, T. B., Kroodsma, J. M., Pot, M. L. H., Stevens, M. & Maigret, C. (1990) Neurohypophyseal hormones and excessive grooming behavior. European Journal of Pharmacology 187:1–8. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voorn, P. & Buijs, R. M. (1983) An immuno-electronmicroscopical study comparing vasopressin, oxytocin, substance P and enkephalin containing nerve terminals in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat. Brain Research 270:169–73. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vygotsky, L. S. (1987) Problems of general psychology. In: The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky, vol. 1, ed. Rieber, R. W. & Carton, A. S.. Plenum Press. [arGWK]Google Scholar
Waters, E., Wippman, J. & Sroufe, L. A. (1979) Attachment, positive affect, and competence in the peer group: Two studies in construct validation. Child Development 50:821–29. [MS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, J. M. & Simson, P. G. (1986) Depression in an animal model: Focus on the locus coeruleus. CIBA Foundation symposium, 123: Antidepressants and receptor function. Wiley. [aGWK]Google Scholar
Werner, E. E. (1989a) Children of the garden island. Scientific Americ 260 (4):106–11. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werner, E. E. (1989b) High risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to 32 years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 59(1):72–81. [rGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J., Carter, C. S. & Insel, T. R. (in press) Oxytocin induces pair bonding in a monogamous mammal. In: Oxytocin in maternal, sexual, and social behaviors, ed. C. Pederson, J. Caldwell, G. F. Jirikowski & T. R. Insel. New York Academy of Science Press. [TRI]Google Scholar
Wise, S. P. & Desimone, R. (1988) Behavioral neurophysiology: Insights into seeing and grasping. Science 242:736–41. [aGWK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witt, D. M. & Insel, T. R. (1991) A selective oxytocin antagonist attenuates progesterone facilitation of female sexual behavior. Endocrinology 128:3269–76. [TRI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed