Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T12:18:19.774Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The neuropsychology of schizophrenia: Act 3

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

D. R. Hemsley ,
J. N. P. Rawlins ,
J. Feldon ,
S. H. Jones  and
J. A. Gray
D. R. Hemsley
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England Electronic mail: [email protected].
J. N. P. Rawlins
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford 0X1 3UD, England
J. Feldon
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
S. H. Jones
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England Electronic mail: [email protected].
J. A. Gray
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England Electronic mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Author's Response
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 16 , Issue 1 , March 1993 , pp. 209 - 215
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Antelman, S. M. & Caggiula, A. R. (1977) Norepinephrine-dopamine interactions and behavior. Science 195:646–53. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Archer, T., Jarbe, T. U. C., Mohammed, A. K. & Priedite, G. (1985) The effects of stimulus pre-exposure upon the context affect in taste aversion learning in noradrenaline depleted rats. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 26:158–69. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. (1990) Human memory: Theory and practice. Lawrence Erlbaum. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Baruch, I. (1988) Differential performance of acute and chronic schizophrenics in a latent inhibition task and its relevance for the dopamine hypothesis and the dimensional view of psychosis. Ph.D. thesis, University of London. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baruch, I., Hemsley, D. R. & Gray, J. A. (1988) Differential performance of acute and chronic schizophrenics in a latent inhibition task. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 176:598–606. [rDRH, DWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beech, A., Baylis, G. C., Smithson, P. & Claridge, G. (1983) Individual differences in schizotypy as reflected in cognitive measures of inhibition. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 28:117–29. [DWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beech, A. & Claridge, G. (1987) Individual differences in negative priming: Relations with schizotypal personality traits. British Journal of Psychology 78:349–56. [DWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beech, A., Powell, T., McWilliam, J. & Claridge, G. (1989) Evidence of reduced “cognitive inhibition” in schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 28:109–17. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bemporad, J. R. (1967) Perceptual disorders in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 123:971–76. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogartz, R. S. & Witte, K. L. (1966) On the locus of the stimulus familiarization effect in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 4:317–31. [DWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bracha, H. S., Cabrera, F. J. Jr., Karson, C. N. & Bigelow, L. B. (1985) Lateralization of visual hallucinations in chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 20:1132–36. [rDRH, FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, R. M., Crane, A. M. & Goldman, P. S. (1979) Regional distribution of monoamines in the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures of the rhesus monkey: Concentrations and in vivo synthesis rates. Brain Research 168:133–50. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, R. W., Kirkpatrick, B., Heinrichs, D. W. & Carpenter, W. T. Jr., (1990) Clinical correlates of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 147:290–94. [FHP]Google ScholarPubMed
Calev, A. (1984a) Recall and recognition in chronic nondemented schizophrenics: Use of matched tasks. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 93:172–77. [rDRH, ADP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calev, A. (1984b) Recall and recognition in mildly disturbed schizophrenics: The use of matched tasks. Psychological Medicine 14:425–29. [rDRH, ADP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantor, G. N. (1969) Effects of stimulus familiarization on child behavior. In: Minnesota symposia on child psychology, vol. 3, ed. Hill, J. P.. University of Minnesota Press. [DWS]Google Scholar
Carlsson, A. (1988) The current state of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1:179–203. [MHJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cecil, L. S., Kraut, A. G. & Smothergill, D. W. (1984) An alertness decrement hypothesis of response inhibition to repeatedly presented stimuli. American Journal of Psychology 97:391–98. [DWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, J. (1966) The early symptoms of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 112:225–51. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corin, M. S., Elizan, T. S. & Bender, M. B. (1972) Oculomotor function in patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 15:251–65. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T. J. (1973) Catecholamine-containing neurones and electrical self-stimulation: 2. A theoretical interpretation and some psychiatric implications. Psychological Medicine 3:66–73. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, T. L. & Jarrard, L. E. (1989) Retention of concurrent conditional discriminations in rats with ibotenate lesions of hippocampus. Psychobiology 17:49–60. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, M. E. & Hazlett, E. A. (1991) Heterogeneity, orienting and habituation in schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:24–25. [ADP, DWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deakin, J. F. W., Slater, P., Simpson, M. D. C., Gilchrist, A. C., Skan, W. J. & Royston, M. C et al. , (1989) Front cortical and left temporal glutamatergic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Journal of Neurochemistry 52:1781–86. [MHJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutch, A. M., Ying Tarn, S. & Roth, R. R. (1985) Footshock and conditioned stress increase 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the ventral tegmental area but not substantia nigra. Brain Research 333:143–46. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dougherty, G. D., Steinhauer, S. R., Zubin, J. & van Kammen, D. P. (1991) How does the physiology change with symptom exacerbation and remission in schizophrenia? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:25–26. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flor-Henry, P. (1976) Lateralized temporal-limbic dysfunction and psychopathology. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 280:777–97. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flor-Henry, P. (1986) Auditory hallucinations, inner speech, and the dominant hemisphere. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:523–24. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, S. L., Bloom, F. E. & Aston-Jones, G. (1983) Nucleus locus ceruleus: New evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity. Physiological Reviews 63:844–914. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frith, C. D. (1987) The positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia reflect impairments in the perception and initiation of action. Psychological Medicine 17:631–48. [MHJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frith, C. D. (1991) In what context is latent inhibition relevant to the symptoms of schizophrenia? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:28–29. [ADP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garety, P. A., Hemsley, D. R. & Wessely, S. (1991) Reasoning in deluded schizophrenic and paranoid patients; biases in performance on a probabilistic reasoning task. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 179:194–201. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, L. & Neufeld, R. W. J. (1985) Cognition and symptomatology in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 11:264–85. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gewirtz, J. C. (1991) Novelty value in associative learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:29. [DWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godden, D. R. & Baddeley, A. D. (1975) Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology 66:325–31. [ADP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godden, D. R. & Baddeley, A. D. (1980) When does context influence recognition memory? British Journal of Psychology 71:99–104. [ADP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the function of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford University Press. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J. N. P., Hemsley, D. R. & Smith, A. D. (1991a) The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:1–20. [rDRH, ADP, FHP, DWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, J. A., Hemsley, D. R., Feldon, J., Gray, N. S. & Rawlins, J. N. P. (1991r) Schiz bits: Misses, mysteries and hits [Response to commentary]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:56–71. [rDRH, ADP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, N. S., Pickering, A. D., Hemsley, D. R., Dawling, S. & Gray, J. A. (1992) Abolition of latent inhibition by a single 5 mg dose of d-amphetamine in man. Psychopharmacology 107:425–30. [MHJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, G. (1989) The “basic” symptoms of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 155 (suppl. 7):21–25. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, G. & Channell, S. (1985) Differential effects of contextual change in latent inhibition and in the habituation of an orienting response. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behaviour Processes 11:470–81. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Hamilton, V. (1972) The size constancy problem in schizophrenia: A cognitive skill analysis. British Journal of Psychology 63:73–84. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartmann, E. (1976) Schizophrenia: A theory. Psychopharmacology 49:1–15. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemsley, D. R. (1987) An experimental psychological model for schizophrenia. In: Search for the causes of schizophrenia, ed. Häfher, H., Gattaz, W. F. & Janzavik, W.. Springer Verlag. [rDRH, MHJ]Google Scholar
Hemsley, D. R. (in press) Perceptual and cognitive abnormalities as the bases for schizophrenic symptoms. In: Neuropsychology of schizophrenia, ed. David, A. & Cutting, J.. Lawrence Erlbaum. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Hikosaka, O. & Wurtz, R. H. (1989) The basal ganglia. In: The neurobiology of saccadic eye movements, ed. Wurtz, R. H. & Goldberg, M. E.. Elsevier. [FHP]Google Scholar
Holman, J. G. & Mackintosh, N. J. (1981) The control of appetitive instrumental responding does not depend on classical conditioning to the discriminative stimulus. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33B:21–32. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holzman, P. S. (1987) Recent studies of psychophysiology in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13:49–75. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornykiewicz, O. (1986) Brain noradrenaline and schizophrenia. Progress in Brain Research 65:29–39. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, S. H. (1989) The Kamin blocking effect, incidental learning, and choice reaction time in acute and chronic schizophrenia. Ph.D. thesis, University of London. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Jones, S. H., Hemsley, D. R. & Gray, J. A. (1991) Contextual effects on choice reaction time and accuracy in acute and chronic schizophrenia: Impairment in selective attention or in the influence of prior learning? British Journal of Psychiatry 159:415–21. [rDRH, ADP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joseph, M. H., Frith, C. D. & Waddington, J. L. (1979) Dopaminergic mechanisms and cognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A neurobiological model. Psychopharmacology 63:273–80. [MHJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joseph, M. H., Young, A. M. J. & Gray, J. A. (1991) Reinforcement, conditioning and dopamine function in the nucleus accumbens. In: Monitoring molecules in neuroscience, ed. Rollema, H., Westerink, B. H. C. & Drijfhout, W. J., University Centre for Pharmacy, Groningen. [MHJ]Google Scholar
Kaiya, H. (1980) Neuromelanin, neuroleptics and schizophrenia. Hypothesis of an interaction between noradrenergic and dopaminergic system. Neuropsychobiology 6:241–48. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamin, L. J. (1968) “Attention-like” processes in classical conditioning. In: Miami symposium on the prediction of behavior, ed. Jones, M. R.. University of Miami Press. [MHJ]Google Scholar
Kaye, H. & Pearce, J. M. (1987) Hippocampal lesions attenuate latent inhibition and the decline of the orienting response in rats. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 39B:107–25. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Knight, R. A. (1984) Converging models of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. In: Theories of schizophrenia and psychosis, ed. Spaulding, W. & Cole, J. K.. University of Nebraska Press. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Kraut, A. G. (1976) Effects of familiarization on alertness and encoding in children. Developmental Psychology 12:491–96. [DWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraut, A. G. & Smothergill, D. W. (1978) A two-factor theory of stimulus repetition effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4:191–97. [DWS]Google ScholarPubMed
Kraut, A. G., Smothergill, D. W. & Farkas, M. S. (1981) Stimulus repetition effects on attention to words and colors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 7:1303–11. [DWS]Google ScholarPubMed
Litman, R. E., Hommer, D. W., Clem, T., Rapaport, M. H., Pato, C. N. & Pickar, D. (1989) Smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia: Effects of neuroleptic treatment and caffeine. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 25:473–78. [FHP]Google ScholarPubMed
Ljungberg, T. & Enquist, M. (1987) Disruptive effects of low doses of d-amphetamine on the ability of rats to organise behaviour into functional sequences. Psychopharmacology 93:146–51. [MHJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorden, J. F., Rickert, E. J., Dawson, R. Jr., & Pelleymounter, M. A. (1980) Forebrain norepinephrine and the selective processing of information. Brain Research 190:569–73. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lubow, R. E. (1989) Latent inhibition and conditioned attention theory. Cambridge University Press. [rDRH, MHJ, DWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubow, R. E. (1991) Schizophrenia and attention: In and out of context. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:35–36. [ADP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1975) A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychological Review 82:276–98. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, S. T. (1981) Noradrenaline in the brain: Progress in theories of behavioural function. Progress in Neurobiology 16:263–303. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mason, S. T. & Lin, D. (1980) Dorsal noradrenergic bundle and selective attention in the rat. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology 44:819–32. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matussek, P. (1952) Studies in delusional perception. Psychiatrie und Zeitschrift Neurologie 189:279–318. (trans. 1987 in: The clinical roots of the schizophrenia concept, ed. J. Cutting & M. Shepherd. Cambridge University Press. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayes, A. R., Meudell, P. R. & Pickering, A. D. (1985) Is organic amnesia caused by a selective deficit in remembering contextual information? Cortex 21:167–202. [ADP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaren, I. P. L., Kaye, H. & Mackintosh, N. J. (1989) An associative theory of the representation of stimuli: Applications to perceptual learning and latent inhibition. In: Parallel distributed processing – implications for psychology and neurobiology, ed. Morris, R. G. M.. Oxford University Press. [rDRH]Google Scholar
McNeil, J. (1991) Recall-recognition discrepancies in schizophrenic memory test performance. M.Sc. thesis, Institute of Psychiatry, London University. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Merritt, R. D. & Balogh, D. W. (1990) Backward masking as a function of spatial frequency. A comparison of MMPI-identified schizotypics and control subjects. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 178:186–93. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, J. (1987) Priming is not necessary for selective-attention failures: Semantic effects of unattended, unprimed letters. Perception & Psychophysics 41:419–34. [rDRH, ADP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirabile, C. S. Jr., Glueck, B. C. & Stroebel, C. F. (1976) Susceptibility to motion sickness and field dependence-independence as measured with the rod and frame test. Neuropsychobiology 2:45–51. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mirkin, A. M. (1985) Bimodal electrodermal activity in schizophrenics. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 24:131–32. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohammed, A. K., Callenholm, N. E. B., Jarbe, T. V. C., Swedberg, M. D. B., Danysz, W., Robbins, T. W. & Archer, T. (1986) Role of central noradrenaline neurons in the contextual control of latent inhibition in taste aversion learning. Behavioural Brain Research 21:109–18. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, J. H. & Foote, S. L. (1986) Noradrenergic and serotoninergic innervation of cortical, thalamic, and tectal visual structures in old and new world monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology 243:117–38. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuechterlein, K. H. & Green, M. F. (1991) Neuropsychological vulnerability or episode factors in schizophrenia? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:37–38. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oades, R. D. (1982) Attention and schizophrenia: Neurobiological bases. Pitman. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Oades, R. D. (1991) Bases for irrelevant information processing in schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:38–39. [ADP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohman, A., Nordby, H. & d'Elia, G. (1986) Orienting and schizophrenia: Stimulus significance attention and distraction in a signalled reaction time task. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95:326–34. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oke, A. F. & Adams, R. N. (1987) Elevated thalamic dopamine: Possible link to sensory dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13:589–604. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ornitz, E. M. (1970) Vestibular dysfunction in schizophrenia and childhood autism. Comprehensive Psychiatry 11:159–73. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, E., Pickering, A. & Hemsley, D. R. (submitted) Cognitive inhibition and positive symptomatology. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Peters, S. L., Gray, J. A. & Joseph, M. H. (1992) Nicotine blocks latent inhibition in rats: Evidence for increased functional activity of dopamine in the mesolimbic system. Journal of Psychopharmacology 6:110. [MHJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillipson, O. T. & Harris, J. P. (1985) Perceptual changes in schizophrenia: A questionnaire survey. Psychological Medicine 15:859–66. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I. & Boies, S. (1971) Components of attention. Psychological Review 78:391–408. [DWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M. I., Early, T. S., Reiman, E., Pardo, P. J. & Dhawan, M. (1988) Asymmetries in hemispheric control of attention in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 45:814–21. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Previc, F. H. (1990a) Functional specialization in the lower and upper visual fields in humans: Its ecological origins and neurophysiological implications. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:519–42. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Previc, F. H. (1990r) Visual processing in three-dimensional space: Perceptions and misperceptions [Response to commentary]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:559–66. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Previc, F. H. (1991) A general theory concerning the prenatal origins of cerebral lateralization in humans. Psychological Review 98:299–334. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pycock, C. J., Donaldson, I. M. & Marsden, C. D. (1975) Circling behaviour produced by unilateral lesions in the region of the locus coeruleus in rats. Brain Research 97:317–29. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rief, W. (1991) Visual perceptual organisation in schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 30:359–66. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robbins, T. W., Everitt, B. J., Fray, P. J., Gaskin, M., Carli, M. & de la Riva, C. (1982) The roles of central catecholamines in attention and learning. In: Behavioural models and the analysis of drug action, ed. Spiegelstein, M. M. & Levy, A.. Elsevier. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, G., Shore, D. L. & Chapin, K. (1988) Attention deficit in schizophrenia and schizotypy: Marker versus symptom variables. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 97:41–47. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, R. T., Orr, W. B., Holland, P. C. & Berger, T. (1984) Hippocampectomy disrupts acquisition and retention of learned conditional responding. Behavioural Neuroscience 98:211–23. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudy, J. W. & Sutherland, R. J. (1989) The hippocampal formation is necessary for rats to learn and remember configural discriminations. Behavioural Brain Research 34:97–109. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rund, B. R. (1986) Verbal hallucinations and information processing. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:531–32. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmajuk, N. A. (1987) Animal models of schizophrenia: The hippocampally lesioncd animal. Schizophrenia Bulletin 12:317–27. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmajuk, N. A. & DiCarlo, J. J. (1991) A hippocampal theory of schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:47–49. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, C. (1930) Die Psychologie der Schizophrenen. G. Thieme. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Schwartz Place, E. J. & Gilmore, G. C. (1980) Perceptual organization in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 89:409–18. [rDRH, FHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, P. D. (1973) The psychological investigation and treatment of auditory hallucinations. British Journal of Medical Psychology 46:293–96. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, S. M., Glenberg, A. & Bjork, R. A. (1978) Environmental context and human memory. Memory and Cognition 6:342–53. [ADP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smothergill, D. W. & Kraut, A. G. (1989) Developmental studies of alertness and encoding effects of stimulus repetition. In: Advances in child development and behavior, vol. 22, ed. Reese, H. W.. Academic Press. [DWS]Google Scholar
Solomon, P. R., Crider, A., Winkelman, J. W., Turi, A., Kamer, R. M. & Kaplan, L. J. (1981) Disrupted latent inhibition in the rat with chronic amphetamine or haloperidol-induced supersensitivity: Relationship to schizophrenic attention disorder. Biological Psychiatry 16:519–37. [MHJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Spohn, H. E., Coyne, L. & Spray, J. (1988) The effect of neuroleptics and tardive dyskinesia on smooth-pursuit eye movements in chronic schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 45:833–40. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, L. & Wise, C. D. (1971) Possible etiology of schizophrenia: Progressive damage to the noradrenergic reward system by 6-hydroxydopamine. Science 171:1032–36. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, J. R. & Gold, J. M. (1991) What is schizophrenia? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:50–51. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svensson, T. H. (1987) Peripheral, autonomic regulation of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in the brain: Putative implications for psychiatry and psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology 92:1–7. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tandon, R. & Greden, J. F. (1989) Cholinergic hyperactivity and negative schizophrenic symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry 46:745–53. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsaltas, E., Preston, G. C., Rawlins, J. N. P., Winocur, G. & Gray, J. A. (1984) Dorsal bundle lesions do not affect latent inhibition of conditioned suppression. Psychopharmacology 84:549–55. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, D. M. & Williamson, P. A. (1984) Asymmetric neural control systems in human self-regulation. Psychological Review 91:185–215. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Dongen, P. A. M. (1981) The human locus coeruleus in neurology and psychiatry. Progress in Neurobiology 17:97–139. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Kammen, D. P. & Kelley, M. (1991) Dopamine and norepinephrine activity in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 4:173–91. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Kammen, D. P., Peters, J., Yao, J., Van Kammen, W. B., Neylan, T., Shaw, D. & Linnoila, M. (1990) Norepinephrine in acute exacerbations of chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 47:161–68. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Neerven, J., Pompeiano, O., Collewijn, H. & Van Der Steen, J. (1990) Injections of β-noradrenergic substances in the flocculus of rabbits affect adaptation of the VOR gain. Experimental Brain Research 79:249–60. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, A. R. (1976) Priming in STM: An information processing mechanism for self-generated or retrieval gene rated-depression of performance. In: Habituation: Perspectives from child development, animal behavior and neuropsychology, ed. Tighe, T. J. & Leighton, R. N.. Lawrence Erlbaum. [rDRH]Google Scholar
Warburton, E. C., Feldon, J., Weiner, I., Gray, J. A. & Joseph, M. H. (1991) Antagonism of amphetamine disruption of latent inhibition by haloperidol, and by the 5HT-3 antagonist, ondansetron. Journal of Psychopharmacology 6:110. [MHJ]Google Scholar
Weckowicz, T. E., Sommer, R. & Hall, R. (1958) Distance constancy in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Mental Science 104:1174–82. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiner, I. (1991) The accumbens-substantia nigra pathway, mismatch and amphetamine. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:54–55. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiner, I., Lubow, R. E. & Feldon, J. (1988) Disruption of latent inhibition by acute administration of low doses of amphetamine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 30:871–78. [rDRH, MHJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiner, I., Shofel, A. & Feldon, J. (1990) Disruption of latent inhibition by low dose of amphetamine is antagonised by haloperidol and apomorphine. Journal of Psychopharmacology 4:255. [MHJ]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1982) Comparative aspects of studies of amnesia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 298:97–109. [rDRH]Google ScholarPubMed
Wells, D. S. (1987) Global and local processing in schizophrenia. Dissertation Abstracts International 49:1405–B. [FHP]Google Scholar
Wells, D. S. & Leventhal, D. (1984) Perceptual grouping in schizophrenia: Replication of Place and Gilmore. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 93:231–34. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, J. O. & Caldwell, W. E. (1967) Perception of the vertical as a function of affective stimuli and extraneous stimulation in schizophrenic and normal subjects. Genetic Psychology Monographs 75:209–34. [FHP]Google ScholarPubMed
Wertheim, A. H., Van Gelder, P., Lautin, A., Peselow, E. & Cohen, N. (1985) High thresholds for movement perception in schizophrenia may indicate abnormal extraneous noise levels of central vestibular activity. Biological Psychiatry 20:1197–1210. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilbur, R., Kulik, F. A. & Kulik, A. V. (1988) Noradrenergic effects in tardive dyskinesia, akathisia and pseudoparkinsonism via the limbic system and basal ganglia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 12:849–64. [FHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winocur, G., Rawlins, J. N. P. & Gray, J. A. (1987) The hippocampus and conditioning to contextual cues. Behavioral Neuroscience 101:617–25. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wykes, T., Sturt, E. & Katz, R. (1990) The prediction of rehabilitative success after three years: The use of social, symptom and cognitive variables. British Journal of Psychiatry 157:865–70. [rDRH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, A. M. J., Gray, J. A. & Joseph, M. H. (1991) Dopamine function in selective attention and conditioning: A microdialysis study using latent inhibition. Journal of Psychopharmacology 6:112. [MHJ]Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M. (1969) Hallucinations, reported sensations and images. In: Sensory deprivation: Fifteen years of research, ed. Zubek, J. P.. Appleton-Century Crofts. [rDRH]Google Scholar