Alexander, R. D. (1987) The biology of moral systems. Aldine de Gruyter. [GMB]Google Scholar

Animal Behavior Society/Association for the Study of Animal Behavior (1986) Guidelines for the use of animals in research. Animal Behaviour 34: 315–18. [arMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, S. & Harwood, J. (1985) Time budgets and topography: How energy reserves and terrain determine the breeding behaviour of grey seals. Animal Behaviour 33: 1343–48. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Appleby, M. C., & Lawrence, A. B. (1987) Food restriction as a cause of stereotyped behaviour in tethered gilts. Animal Production 45: 103–10. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Archer, J. (1979a) Animals under stress. Edward Arnold. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1979b) Behavioural aspects of fear. In: Fear in animals and man, ed. Sluckin, W.. Van Nostrand. [JA]Google Scholar

(1988) The behavioral biology of aggression. Cambridge University Press. [JA]Google Scholar

Arluke, A. (1987) Reasons for sociological study of animal research: The experimenter as guinea pig. Bulletin of Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 6(2):8–9. [AA]Google Scholar

(1988) Sacrificial symbolism in animal experimentation: Object or pet? Anthrozoos 2: 98–117. [AA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(in press a) Living with contradiction: Response to comments. Anthrozoos. [AA]Google Scholar

(in press b) Moral elevation in medical research. In: Advances in medical sociology, ed. G. Albrecht. JAI Press. [AA]Google Scholar

Attfield, R. (1983) The ethics of environmental concern. Blackwell. [aPS]Google Scholar

Azrin, N. H. (1961) Timeout from positive reinforcement. Science 133: 382–83. [JST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Azrin, N. H., Hutchinson, R. R. & McLaughlin, R. (1965) The opportunity for aggression as an operant reinforcer during aversive stimulation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 8: 171–80. [FT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bailey, K. J., Stephens, D. B., Ingram, D. L. & Sharman, D. F. (1983) The use of a preference test in studies of behavioural responses of pigs to vibration and noise. Applied Animal Ethology 11: 197–203. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldwin, B. A. (1979) Operant studies on the behaviour of pigs and sheep in relation to the physical environment. Journal of Animal Science 49: 1125–34. [RD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldwin, B. A., & Start, I. B. (1985) Illumination preferences of pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14: 233–43. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldwin, B. A., & Stephens, D. B. (1973) The effects of conditione d behaviour and environmental factors on plasma corticosteroid levels in pigs. Physiology and Behavior 10: 267–74. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldwin, J. D., & Baldwin, J. I. (1976) Effects of food ecology on social play: A laboratory simulation. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 40: 1–14. [FW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Banks, E. M. (1982) Behavioral research to answer questions about animal welfare. Journal of Animal Science 54(2):434–46. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barash, D. P. (1982) Sociobiology and behaviour, 2d ed.Hodder and Stoughton. [EAS]Google Scholar

Barnard, C. J. (1980) Flock feeding and time budgets in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus L.). Animal Behaviour 28: 295–309. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnett, J. L., Winfield, C. G., Cronin, G. M., Hemsworth, P. H. & Dewar, A. M. (1985) The effect of individual and group housing on behavioural and physiological responses related to the welfare of pregnant pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14: 149–61. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bateson, P. (1986) When to experiment on animals. New Scientist, 20 Feb:30–32. [aMSD, AEM]Google Scholar

Baxter, M. (1983) Housing and welfare from first principles. In: Farm animal welfare and housing, ed. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M. R. & MacCormack, J. A. C.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Baxter, M. & Robertson, M. H. (submitted) Pre-natal nesting behaviour of domestic sows. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Bedau, H. A. (1967) Egalitarianism and the idea of equality. In: Nomos IX: Equality, ed. Pennock, J. R., & Chapman, J. W.. Atherton Press. [aPS]Google Scholar

Beilharz, R. G., & Zeeb, K. (1981) Applied ethology and animal welfare. Applied Animal Ethology 7: 3–10. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belovasky, G. R. (1981) Optimal activity times and habitat choice of moose. Oecologia 48: 22–30. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benn, S. (1967) Egalitarianism and equal consideration of interests. In: Nomos IX: Equality, ed. Pennock, J. R. & Chapman, J. W.. Atherton Press. [JS]Google Scholar

Black, A. J., & Hughes, B. O. (1974) Patterns of comfort behaviour and activity in domestic fowls: A comparison between cages and pens. British Veterinary Journal 130: 23–33. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blackman, D. (1977) Conditioned suppression and the effects of classical conditioning on operant behavior. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. R.. Prentice-Hall. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Bogdan, R. & Taylor, S. (1989) Relationships with severely disabled people: The social construction of humanness. Social Problems 36: 135–48. [AA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bond, M. R. (1979) Pain: Its nature, analysis, and treatment. Churchill Livingstone. [FM]Google Scholar

Booth, D. A., Lovett, D. & McSherry, G. M. (1972) Postingestive modulation of the sweetness preference gradient in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 78: 485–512. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bowd, A. D. (1980) Ethical reservations abou t psychological research with animals. Psychological Record 30: 201–10. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breland, K. & Breland, M. (1961) The misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist 16: 681–84. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Broom, D. M. (1983) Sterotypes as animal welfare indicators. In: Indicators relevant to farm animal welfare, ed. Smidt, D.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1986a) Indicators of poor welfare. British Veterinary Journal 142: 524–26. [aMSD, DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1986b) Stereotypies and responsiveness as welfare indicators in stall-housed sows. Animal Production 42: 438–39. [MM, FW]Google Scholar

(1987) Applications of neurobiological studies to farm animal welfare. In: Biology of stress in farm animals: An integrated approach, ed. Wiepkema, P. R. & van Adrichem, P. W. M.. Martinus Nijhoff. [MM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1988a) Les concepts de stress et de bien-être. Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire 164: 715–22. [DMB]Google Scholar

(1988b) The scientific assessment of animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20: 5–19. [DMB, TW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, K. I. (1981) Scientific basis for assessing the well-being of animals in modern production. Poultry Science 60: 1630. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Brown, P. L., & Jenkins, H. M. (1968) Autoshaping of the pigeon’s key-peck. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11: 1–8. [RD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bubier, N. (in preparation) Behavioural priorities in laying hens. Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Oxford University. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Burghardt, G. M. (1985) Animal awareness: Current perceptions and historical perspective. American Psychologist 40: 905–19. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

(1988) Anecdotes and critical anthropomorphism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 248–49. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burghardt, G. M., & Herzog, H. A. (1980) Beyond conspecifics: Is Brer Rabbit our brother? Bio Science 198: 763–68. [aMSD, GMB]Google Scholar

Byrne, R. W., & Whiten, A. (in press) Computation and mindreading in primate tactical deception. In: The emergence of mind-reading, ed. A. Whiten. Basil Blackwell. [RWB]Google Scholar

Cabanac, M. (1979) Sensory pleasure. Quarterly Review of Biology 54: 1–29. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

(1985) Influence of food and water deprivation on the behavior of the white rat foraging in a hostile environment. Physiology and Behavior 35: 701–9. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cabanac, M. & Johnson, K. G. (1983) Analysis of a conflict between palatability and cold exposure in rats. Physiology and Behavior 31: 249–53. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cade, W. H. (1981) Alternative mating strategies: Genetic differences in crickets. Science 21.2:563–64. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caraco, T., Martindale, S. & Whitman, T. S. (1980) An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive foraging. Animal Behaviour 28: 820–30. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carder, B. & Berkowitz, K. (1970) Rats’ preference for earned in comparison with free food. Science 167: 1273–74. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cassell, E. J. (1982) The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 306: 639–45. [CRC, ANR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1985) The healers art. MIT Press. [CRC]Google Scholar

(1989) What is suffering? In: Science and animals: Addressing contemporary issues, ed. Guttman, H. N., Mench, J. A. & Simmonds, R. C.. Scientists Center for Animal Welfare. [ANR]Google Scholar

Catania, A. C. (1984) Learning, 2d ed.Prentice-Hall. [JST]Google Scholar

Chamove, A. S., Anderson, J. R., Morgan-Jones, S. C. & Jones, S. P. (1982) Deep woodchip litter: Hygiene, feeding, and behavioral enhancement in eight primate species. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems 3: 308–18. [RWB]Google Scholar

Chapman, C. R., Casey, K. L., Dubner, R., Foley, R., Gracely, K. M. & Reading, A. E. (1985) Pain measurement: An overview. Pain 22: 1–32. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chomsky, N. (1980) Rules and representations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3: 1–61. [SW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Churchland, P. S. (1986) Neurophilosophy: Toward a unified theory of mind-brain. MIT Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Clark, S. (1977) The moral status of animals. Clarendon Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(in press) The reality of shared emotions. In: Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior: Comparative perspectives, ed. Bekoff, M. & Jamieson, D.. Westview Press. [DJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohen, C. (1986) The case for the use of animals in biomedical research. New England Journal of Medicine 315: 865–70. [aMSD, aPS, MAN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Collier, G. H., Hirsch, E. & Hamlin, P. (1972) The ecological determinant s of reinforcement in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 9: 705–16. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collier, G. H., Johnson, D. F., Hill, W. L. & Kaufman, L. W. (1986) The economics of the Law of Effect. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 46: 113–36. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Conner, R. L., Vernikos-Danellis, J. & Levine, SS. (1971) Stress, fighting and neuroendocrine function. Nature 234: 564–66. [FT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Craig, J. V., & Adams, A. W. (1984) Behavior and well-being of hens (Gallus domesticus) in alternative housing environments. World’s Poultry Science Journal 40: 221–40. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Craig, W. (1918) Appetites and aversions as constituents of instincts. Biological Bulletin 34: 91–107. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1928) Why do animals fight? International Journal of Ethics 31: 264–78. [JA]Google Scholar

Crisp, R. (in press) Evolution and psychological unity. In: Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior: Comparative perspectives, ed. M. Bekoff & D. Jamieson. Westvie w Press. [DJ]Google Scholar

Cunningham, D. L., van Tienhoev, A. & de Goeijen, F. (1987) Dominance rank and cage density effects on performance traits, feeding activity, and plasma corticosterone levels of laying hens (Gallus domesticus). Applies Animal Behavior Science 17.139–53. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curtis, S. E. (1983) Perception of thermal comfort by farm animals. In: Farm animal welfare and housing, ed. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M. R. & MacCormack, J. A. C.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1987) Animal well-being and animal care. In: Farm Animal Behavior, ed. E. O. Price. Saunders. [TW]Google Scholar

Dantzer, R. (1986) Behavioural, physiological, and functional aspects of sterotyped behaviour: A review and reinterpretation. Journal of Animal Science 62: 1776–86. [aMSD, RD, TW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dantzer, R. & Baldwin, B. A. (1974) Changes in heart rat e during suppression of operant responding in pigs. Physiology and Behavior 12: 385–89. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dantzer, R. & Mormede, P. (1983a) Dearousal properties of stereotyped behaviour: Evidence from pituitary-adrenal correlates in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 10: 233–44. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Dantzer, R., Mormede, P. & Henry, J. P. (1983) Physiological assessment of adaptation in farm animals. In: Farm Animal Housing and Welfare, ed. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M. R. & MacCormack, J. A. C.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Darwin, C. (1871) The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. Modern Library. [BER]Google Scholar

(1872) The expression of emotions in man and animals. Greenwood Press. [BER]Google Scholar

Dawkins, M. S. (1977) Do hens suffer in battery cages? Environmental preference and welfare. Animal Behaviour 25: 1034–46. [MM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1980) Animal suffering: The science of animal welfare. Chapman & Hall. [arMSD, aPS, MM, BER, SFS, TW]Google Scholar

(1981) Priorities in the cage size and flooring preference of domestic hens. British Poultry Science 22: 255–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1983a) Battery hens name their price: Consumer demand theory and th e measurement of ethological “needs.” Animal Behaviour 31: 1195–1205. [arMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1983b) The current status of preference tests in the assessment of animal welfare. In: Farm animal housing and welfare, ed. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M. R. & MacCormack, J. A. D.. Nijhoff Martinus. [rMSD]Google Scholar

(1986) Unravelling animal behaviour. Longmans. [rMSD]Google Scholar

(1987) Minding and mattering. In: Mindwaves, ed. Blakemore, G. & Greenfield, S.. Basil Blackwell, Oxford. [arMSD, AT]Google Scholar

(1987) Minding and mattering. In: Mindwaves, ed. Blakemore, C. & Greenfield, S.. Blackwells.Google Scholar

(1988) Behavioural deprivation: A central problem in animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20: 200–25. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1989) Time budgets in Red Junglefowl as a baselin e for the assessment of welfare in domestic fowl. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 24: 77–80. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(in preparation) Preference for litter in hens as measured by demand curves. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Dawkins, M. S., & Beardsley, T. (1986) Reinforcing properties of access to litter in hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15: 351–64. [aMSD, TW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dawkins, R. (1982) The extended phenotype. W. H. Freeman. [rMSD ]Google Scholar

de Waal, F. (1982) Chimpanzee politics. Jonathan Cape. [RWB]Google Scholar

Diamond, C. (1978) Eating meat and eating people. Philosophy 53: 465–79. [SFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, J. M., Karasov, W. H., Phan, D. & Carpenter, F. L. (1986) Digestive physiology is a determinant of foraging bout frequency in hummingbirds. Nature, London 320: 62–63. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dickinson, A. (1980) Contemporary animal learning theory. Cambridge University Press. [FM]Google Scholar

(1985) Actions and habits: The development of behavioural autonomy. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 308: 67–78. [SW]Google Scholar

Driscoll, J. W., & Bateson, P. (1988) Animals in behavioural research. Animal Behaviour 36: 1569–74. [AEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duclaux, R. J., Feisthauer, R. J. & Cabanac, M. (1973) Effets du repas sur l’agrement d’odeurs alimentaires et nonalimentaires chez 1’homme. Physiology and Behavior 10: 1029–33. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dunbar, R. I. M., & Dunbar, P. (1988) Maternal time budgets of gelada baboons. Animal Behaviour 36: 970–80. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duncan, I. J. H. (1970) Frustration in the fowl. In: Aspects of poultry behaviour, ed. Freeman, B. M. & Gordon, R. F.. British Poultry Sciences, Edinburgh. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1974) A scientific assessment of welfare. Proceedings of the British Society for Animal Production 3: 9–19. [aMSD, TW]Google Scholar

(1978) The interpretation of preference tests in animal behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour 4: 197–200. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1981) Animal rights-animal welfare: A scientist’s assessment. Poultry Science 60: 489–99. [TW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1987) The welfare of farm animals: An ethological approach. Science Progress (Oxford) 71: 317–26. [TW]Google Scholar

Duncan, I. J. H., & Hughes, B. O. (1972) Free and operan t feeding domestic fowls. Animal Behaviour 20: 775–77. [rMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1988) Can the welfare needs of poultry be measured? In: Science and the Poultry Industry, ed. Hardcastle, J.. Agricultural and Food Research Council, London. [arMSD]Google Scholar

Duncan, I. J. H., & Kite, V. G. (1987) Some investigations into motivation in the domestic fowl. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 18: 387–88. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duncan, I. J. H., Savory, C. J. & Wood-Gush, D. G. M. (1978) Observations on the reproductive behaviou r of domestic fowl in the wild. Applied Animal Ethology 4: 29–41. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dupré, J. (in press) The mental lives of non-human animals. In: Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior: Comparative perspectives, ed. M. Bekoff & D. Jamieson. Westview Press. [JD, DJ]Google Scholar

Edgeworth, F. Y. (1881) Mathematical psychics. Kegan Paul. [Y-KN]Google Scholar

Eisemann, C. H., Jorgensen, W. K., Merrit, D. J., Rice, M. J., Cribb, B. W., Webb, P. D. & Azlucki, M. P. (1984) Do insects feel pain? A biological view. Experientia 40: 164–67. [ANR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ekesbo, I. (1978) Intensive husbandry methods as a contribution to stress and disease of farm livestock. Proceedings of the First World Congress on Ethology as Applied to Zootechny, 1: 93–97. [AFF]Google Scholar

Elliot, J. M. (1982) The effects of temperature and ration size on the growth and energetic s of salmonids in captivity. Comparative Biochemistry and Phsyiology 73B: 81–91. [FM]Google Scholar

Ewbank, R. (1985) Behavioural responses to stress in farm animals. In: Animal Stress, ed. Moberg, G. P.. American Physiological Society. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Ewert, J.-P. (1987) Neuroethology of releasing mechanisms: Prey catching in toads. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10: 337–405. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farm, Animal Welfare Council (1986) Egg production systems: An assessment. Tolworth, England. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Faure, J.-M. (1986) Operant determination of the cage and feeder size preference of the laying hen. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15: 325–36. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Findley, J. D. (1959) Behaviour output under chained-fixed ratio requirements in a 24-hour experimental space. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behaviour 2: 258. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Fiorito, G. (1986) Is there pain in invertebrates? Behavioral Processes 12: 383–86. [ANR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fox, M. A. (1987) Animal experimentation: A philosopher’s changing views. Between the Species 3: 55–60, 75, 80, 82. [MAF]Google Scholar

(1986) The case for animal experimentation: An evolutionary and ethical perspective. University of California Press, Berkeley. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Fox, M. W. (1986) Laboratory animal husbandry. State University of New York Press, Albany. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Francis, L. & Norman, R. (1978) Some animals are more equal than others. Philosophy 53: 507–37. [SFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frankena, W. (1962) The concept of social justice. In: Social Justice, ed. Brandt, R.. Prentice-Hall. [aPS]Google Scholar

Fraser, A. F. (1984) The behaviour of suffering in animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 13: 1–5. [AFF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1985) Background to anomalous behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 13: 199–203. [AFF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1988a) Animal suffering: The appraisal and control of depression and distress in livestock. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20: 127–33. [AFF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1988b) Behavioural needs of livestock. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 19: 368–76. [AFF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1989) Animal welfare practice: Primary factors and objectives. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 22: 159–76. [AFF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fraser, A. F., & Broom, D. M. (1990) Farm animal behaviour and welfare. Bailliere Tindall. [DMB]Google Scholar

Fraser, A. F., & Quine, J. P. (1989) Veterinary examination of suffering as a behaviour-linked condition. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 23: 353–64. [AFF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frenk, H., Cannon, J. T., Lewis, J. W. & Liebeskind, J. C. (1986) Neural and neurochemical mechanisms of pain inhibition. In: The psychology of pain, 2d ed., ed. Sternbach, R. A.. Raven Press. [CRC]Google Scholar

Frey, R. G. (1980) Interests and rights: The case against animals. Clarendon Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Gallup, G. G. (1970) Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Science 167: 86–87. [RWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1982) Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates. American Journal of Primatology 2: 237–48. [EAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gallup, G. G., & Suarez, S. D. (1980) On the use of animals in psychological research. Psychological Record 30: 212–18. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1985) Alternatives to the use of animals in psychological research. American Psychologist 40: 1104–11. [aMSD, JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, T. E., ed. (1985) The detection and relief of pain in animals. British Veterinary Association, Animal Welfare Foundation, London. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Godin, J-G. J., & Smith, S. A. (1988) A fitness cost of foraging in the guppy. Nature (London) 333: 69–71. [AEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gould, S. J., & Lewontin, R. C. (1978) The spandrels of San Marcos and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 205: 581–98. [DM, rMSD]Google Scholar

Gray, J. A. (1977) Drug effects on fear and frustration. In: Handbook of psychopharmacology, vol. 8, ed. Iversen, L., Iversen, S. & Snyder, S.. Plenum Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1982a) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford University. [CRC, ANR]Google Scholar

(1982b) Precis of Gray’s “The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5: 469–534. [ANR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1988) The psychology of fear and stress. Cambridge University Press. [FT]Google Scholar

Griffin, D. R. (1981) The question of animal awareness. Rockefeller University Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1984) Animal thinking. Harvard University Press. [MM]Google Scholar

Griffiths, R. R., Brady, J. V. & Snell, J. D. (1978) Progressive-ratio performance maintained by drug infusions: Comparisons of cocaine, diethylpropion, chlorphentermine, and fenfluramine. Psychopharmacology 56: 5–13. [RD, JST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Griffiths, R. R., Bradford, L. D. & Brady, J. V. (1979) Progressive ratio and fixed ratio schedules of cocaine-maintained responding in baboons. Psychopharmacology 65: 125–36. [JST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Halliday, T. (1983) Motivation. In: Animal behaviour, vol. 3, Causes and effects, ed. Halliday, T. R. & Slater, P. J. B.. Blackwell Scientific Publications. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Halliday, T. R., & Sweatman, H. P. A. (1976) To breathe or not to breathe; the newt’s problem. Animal Behaviour 24: 551–61. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hare, R. M. (1963) Freedom and reason. Oxford University Press. [arPS, SFS]Google Scholar

(1981) Moral thinking: Its levels, method, and point. Clarendon Press. [aPS]Google Scholar

Harre, R., ed. (1986) The social construction of emotion. Basil Blackwell. [SW]Google Scholar

Harrison, P. (1989) Theodicy and animal pain. Philosophy 64: 79–92. [FT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hayes, K. J., & Hayes, C. (1952) Imitation in a home-raised chimpanzee. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 45: 40–59. [RWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hearst, E. & Franklin, S. R. (1977) Positive and negative relations between a signal and food: Approach-withdrawa l behaviour to the signal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behaviour Processes 3: 37–52. [RD]Google Scholar

Heaton, M. B., Galleher, E. L., Baker, R. T., Otero, J. M. & Alvarez, I. M. (1981) Operant escape learning in decerebrate duck embryos. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 95: 199–204. [SW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hediger, H. (1964) Wild animals in captivity. Dover Publications. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Heidegger, M. (1967) Being and time, trans. Macquarrie, J. & Robinson, E.. Basil Blackwell. [MAF]Google Scholar

Heiligenberg, W. (1965) A quantitative analysis of digging movements and their relationship to aggressive behaviour in cichlids. Animal Behaviour 13: 163–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heiligenberg, W. & Kramer, U. (1972) Aggressiveness as a function of external stimulation. Journal of Comparative Physiology 77:332 -40. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hemsworth, P. H., Barnett, J. L. & Hansen, C. (1986) The influence of handling by humans on behaviour, reproduction, and corticosteroids of male and female pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15: 303–14. [MM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1987) The influence of inconsistent handling by humans on the behaviour, growth, and corticosteroids of young pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17: 245–52. [MM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henry, J. P. (1982) The relation of social to biological processes in disease. Social Science and Medicine 16: 369–80. [FT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Herbers, J. M. (1981) Time resources and laziness in animals. Oecologia 49: 252–62. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Herrnstein, R. J., Loveland, D. H. & Cable, C. (1976) Natural concepts in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2: 285–302. [rMSD]Google Scholar

Hill, J. A. (1983) Indicators of stress in poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal 39: 24–32. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hill, W. L., Rovee-Collier, C, Collier, G. & Wasserloos, L. (1986) Time budgets in growing chicks. Physiology and Behavior 37: 353–60. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hinde, R. A. (1967) The nature of aggression. New Society (London) 9: 302–04. [JA]Google Scholar

Hodos, W. (1982) Some perspectives on the evolution of intelligence and the brain. In: Animal mind-human mind, ed. Griffin, D. R.. Springer-Verlag. [MM]Google Scholar

Hogan, J. A., Kleist, S. & Hutchings, C. S. L. (1970) Display and food as reinforcers in the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 70: 351–57. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hogan, J. A., & Roper, T. J. (1978) A comparison of the properties of different reinforcers. Advances in the Study of Behavior 8: 156–255. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Holz, W. C., & Azrin, N. H. (1961) Discriminative properties of punishment. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 4: 225–32. [JST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Horridge, G. A. (1962) Learning of leg position by the ventral nerve cord in headless insects. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 157: 33–52. [SW]Google Scholar

Houston, A. I. (1987) The control of foraging decisions. In: Quantitative analyses of behavior, vol. 6, Foraging, ed. Commons, M. L., Kacelnik, A. & Shettleworth, S. J.. Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Houston, A. J., & McNamara, J. M. (1982). A sequential approach to risk taking. Animal Behaviour 30: 1260–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1985) The choice of prey types that minimizes the probability of starvation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17: 135–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1988) A framework for the functional analysis of behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 117–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1989) The value of food: Effects of open and closed economies. Animal Behaviour 37: 546–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoyle, F. (1957) The black cloud. Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Hughes, B. O. (1976) Preference decisions of domestic hens for wire or litter floors. Applied Animal Ethology 2: 155–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1980) The assessment of behavioural needs. In: The laying hen and its environment, ed. Moss, R.. Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hughes, B. O., & Black, A. J. (1973) The preference of domestic hens for Quantitative analyses of behavior, vol. 6, Foraging, ed. Commons, M. L., Kacelnik, A., & Shettleworth, S. J.. Lawrence Erlbaum. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Houston, A. I., & McFarland, D. J. (1980) Behavioural resilience and its relation to demand functions. In: Limits to action, ed. Staddon, J. E. R.. Academic Press. [DMcF]Google Scholar

Houston, A. I., & McNamara, J. M. (1982) A sequential approach to risk taking. Animal Behaviour 30: 1260–61. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1985) The choice of prey types that minimizes the probability of starvation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17: 135–41. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1988) A framework for the functional analysis of behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 117–63. [arMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1989) The value of food: Effects of open and closed economies. Animal Behaviour 37: 546–62. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hughes, B. O. (1975a) The concept of an optimum stocking density and its selection for egg production. In: Economic factors affecting egg production, ed. Freeman, B. M. & Boorman, K. N.. British Poultry Science Ltd. [BOH]Google Scholar

(1975b) Spatial preference in the domestic hen. British Veterinary Journal 131: 560–64. [BOH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1976) Preference decisions of domestic hens for wire or litter floors. Applied Animal Ethology 2: 155–65. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hughes, B. O., Duncan, I. J. H. & Brown, M. F. (1989) The performance of nest-building by domestic hens: Is it more important than the construction of a nest? Animal Behaviour 37: 210–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

different types of battery cage floor. British Poultry Science 14: 615–19.Google Scholar

Humphrey, N. (1983) Consciousness regained. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Huntingford, F. (1984) Some ethical issues raised by studies of predation and aggression. Animal Behaviour 32: 210–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hursh, S. R. (1984) Behavioral economics. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 42: 435–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Inglis, I. R., & Ferguson, N. J. K. (1986) Starlings search for food rather than eat freely available, identical food. Animal Behaviour 34: 614–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Irps, H. (1983) Result s of research project into flooring preferences of cattle. In: Farm animal housing and welfare, ed. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M. R. & MacCormack, J. A. C.. Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar

Johnson, K. G., & Cabanac, M. (1982a) Homeostatic competition between food intake and temperature regulation in rats. Physiology and Behavior 28: 675–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

(1982b) Homeostatic competition in rats fed at varying distances from a thermoneutral refuge. Physiology and Behavior 29: 715–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1980) The assessment of behavioural needs. In: The laying hen and its environment, ed. Moss, R.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD, FT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hughes, B. O., & Black, A. J. (1973) The preference of domestic hens for different types of battery cage floor. British Poultry Science 14: 615–19. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hughes, B. O., & Duncan, I. J. H. (1988) The notion of ethological “need,” models of motivation, and animal welfare. Animal Behaviour 36: 1696–1707. [TW, FW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hughes, B. O., Duncan, I. J. H. & Brown, M. F. (1989) The performance of nest-building by domestic hens: Is it more important than the construction of a nest? Animal Behaviour 37: 210–14. [aMSD, TW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Humphrey, N. (1983) Consciousness regained. Oxford University Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Huntingford, F. (1984) Some ethical issues raised by studies of predation and aggression. Animal Behaviour 32: 210–15. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huntingford, F. A. (1976) The relationship between inter- and intra-specific aggression. Animal Behaviour 24: 485–97. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1984) Some ethical issues raised by studies of predation and aggression. Animal Behaviour 32: 210–15. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hursh, S. R. (1984) Behavioral economics. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 42: 435–52. [arMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Inglis, I. R., & Ferguson, N. J. K. (1986) Starlings search for food rather than eat freely available, identical food. Animal Behaviour 34: 614–17. [arMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Irps, H. (1983) Results of research project into flooring preferences of cattle. In: Farm animal housing and welfare, ed. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M. R. & MacCormack, J. A. C.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Johnson, K. G., & Cabanac, M. (1982a) Homeostatic competition between food intake and temperatur e regulation in rats. Physiology and Behavior 28: 675–79. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1982b) Homeostatic competition in rats fed at varying distances from a thermoneutral refuge. Physiology and Behavior 29: 715–20. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kagel, J. H., Green, L. & Caraco, T. (1986) When foragers discount th e future: Constraints or adaptation? Animal Behaviour 34: 271–83. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kant, I. (1959) Foundations of the metaphysics of morals, trans. Beck, L.. Bobbs-Merrill. [SFS]Google Scholar

Kaplan, J. R. (1986) Psychological stress and behavior in nonhuman primates. In: Comparative primate biology, vol. 2A, Behavior, conservation, and ecology, ed. Mitchell, G. & Erwin, J.. Alan Liss. [JAM]Google Scholar

Katz, P. L. (1974) A long-term approach to foraging optimization. American Naturalist 108: 758–82. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keeton, W. T., & Gould, J. L. (1986) Biological science. Norton. [BER]Google Scholar

Kelleher, R. T., & Morse, W. H. (1968) Schedules using noxious stimuli, III: Responding maintaine d with response-produced electric shocks. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11: 819–38. [JST, rMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kilgour, R. (1976) The contributions of psychology to a knowledge of farm animal welfare. Applied Animal Ethology 2: 197–205. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1985) The definition, current knowledge, and implementation of welfare for farm animals: A personal view. Advances in animal welfare science, ed. Fox, M. W. & Mickley, L. D.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Kitchell, R. L., & Erickson, H. H. (1983) Animal pain: Perception and alienation. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitcher, P. (1987) Why not the best? In: The latest on the best, ed. Dupre, J.. MIT Press. [DM]Google Scholar

Lagadic, H. & Faure, J. M. (1987) Preferences of domestic hens for cage size and floor types as measured by operant conditioning. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 19: 147–55. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1988) Conditionnement operant et utilization de 1’espace chez la poule pondeuse en cage. Behavioural Processes 16: 43–56. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lea, S. E. G. (1978) The psychology and economics of demand. Psychological Bulletin 85: 441–66. [aMSD, JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1979) Alternatives to the use of painful stimuli in physiological psychology and th e study of animal behaviour. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals Abstracts 7: 20–21. [JA]Google Scholar

Lea, S. E. G., & Roper, T. J. (1977) Demand for food on fixed-ratio schedules as a function of concurrentl y available reinforcement. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 27: 371–80. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leach, T. M., Warrington, R. & Wotton, S. B. (1980) Use of a conditioned stimulus to study whether the initiation of electrical pre-slaughter stunning is painful. Meat Science 4: 203–08. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lester, N. P. (1984) The “feed-drink” decision. Behaviour 89: 200–19. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, M. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979) Social cognition and the acquisition of self Plenum Press. [EAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewontin, R. C. (1978) Adaptations. Scientific American 239: 156–69. [DM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Libet, B. (1985) Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8: 529–66. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Linzey, A. (1987) Christianity and the rights of animals. Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, London. [aPS]Google Scholar

Logue, A. W. (1988) Research on self control: an integrating framework. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 665–709. [aMSD, DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lorenz, K. (1950) The comparative method in studying innate behaviour patterns. Symposium of the Society for Experimental Biology 4: 221–68. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1973) Civilized man’s eight deadly sins. Methuen. [JA]Google Scholar

(1978) Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung. Springer. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1981) The foundations of ethology. Springer. [FT]Google Scholar

MacLean, P. D. (1973) A triune concept of the brain and behavior. In: The Hincks memorial lectures, ed. Boag, T. J. & Campbell, D.. University of Toronto Press. [CRC]Google Scholar

(1985) Brain evolution relating to family, play, and the separation call. Archives of General Psychiatry 42: 405–17. [CRC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mader, S. (1987) Biology. W. M. C. Brown. [BER]Google Scholar

Magurran, A. E. (1984) Gregariou s goldfish. New Scientist 9 Aug.:32–33. [AEM]Google Scholar

Magurran, A. E., & Pitcher, T. J. (1987) Provenance, shoal size, and the sociobiology of predator evasion behaviour in minnow shoals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 229: 439–65. [AEM]Google Scholar

Majerus, M. E., O’Donald, P. & Weir, J. (1982) Female mating preference is genetic. Nature (London) 300: 521–23. [aMSD ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mangel, M. & Clark, C. W. (1986) Towards a unified foraging theory. Ecology 67: 1127–38. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martin, G. (1975) Uber Verhaltensstorungen von Legehennen im Kafig: Ein Beitrag zur Klarang des Problemes tierschutzgerechter Huhnerhaltung. Angewandte Ornothologie 4: 145–76. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Martin, P. & Caro, T. (1985) On the functions of play and its role in behavioral development. Advances in the Study of Behavior 15: 59–103. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marwine, A. & Collier, G. (1979) The rat at the waterhole. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 93: 391–402. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mason, J. W. (1971) A reevaluation of the concept of “non-specificity” in stress theory. Journal of Psychiatric Research 8: 323–33. [FT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Matthews, L. R., & Ladewig, J. (1987) Stimulus requirements of housed pigs assessed by behavioural demand functions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17: 365–83. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Matthews, L. R., & Temple, W. (1979) Concurrent schedule assessment of food preferences in cows. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 32: 245–54. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maynard Smith, J. (1982) Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge University Press. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McArthur, P. D. (1986) Similarity of playback songs to self-song as a determinant of response strength in song sparrows. (Melospiza melodia). Animal Behaviour 34: 199–207. [EAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McBride, G. & Craig, J. V. (1985) Environmental design and its evaluation for intensively housed animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14: 211–24. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McBride, G., Parer, I. P. & Foenander, F. (1969) The social organisation and behaviour of domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour Monographs 2(3): 127–28. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McFarland, D. J. (1989) Problems of animal behaviour. Longman Scientific & Technical. [DMcF, FT, SW]Google Scholar

McFarland, D. J., & Houston, A. I. (1981) Quantitative ethology. Pitman. [arMSD, DMcF]Google Scholar

McNamara, J. M., & Houston, A. I. (1986) The common currency for behavioral decisions. The American Naturalist 127: 358–78. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mead, G. H. (1934) Mind, self, and society. University of Chicago Press. [EAS]Google Scholar

Melzack, R. & Wall, P. (1983) The challenge of pain. Penguin. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962) Phenomenology of perception, trans. Smith, C.. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [MAF]Google Scholar

Messenger, J. B. (1988) Why octupuses? Have we learned anything from studying their brains? Science Progress 72: 297–320. [AEM]Google ScholarPubMed

Metcalfe, N. B., & Furness, R. W. (1984) Changing priorities: The effects of premigratory fattening on the trade-off betwee n foraging and vigilance. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 15: 203–06. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Metz, J. H. M. (1985) The reaction of cows to a short-term deprivation of lying. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 13: 301–07. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Midgley, M. (1983) Animals and why they matter. Penguin Books. [aMSD, DD]Google Scholar

Milinski, M. & Heller, R. (1978) Influence of a predator on the optimal foraging behaviour of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Nature (London) 275: 642–44. [aMSD, AEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mill, J. S. (1970) The subjection of women. [First published 1869.] Reprinted in: Essays on sex equality, ed. Rossi, A.. University of Chicago Press. [aPS]Google Scholar

Millenson, J. R., & de Villiers, P. A. (1972) Motivational properties of conditioned anxiety. In: Reinforcement: Behavioral analyses, ed. Gilbert, R. M. & Millenson, J. R.. Academic Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Miller, N. E. (1956) Effects of drugs on motivation: The value of using a variety of measures. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 65: 318–33. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

(1985) The value of behavioral research on animals. American Psychologist 40: 423–40. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mitchell, R. W. (1987) A comparative-developmental approach to understanding imitation. In: Perspectives in ethology, vol. 7, Alternatives, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H.. Plenum Press. [RWB]Google Scholar

(in preparation) Recognizing one’s self in a mirror: A view from comparative-developmental psychology. [RWB]Google Scholar

Morgan, C. L. (1894) An introduction to comparative psychology. Walter Scott. [BER]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morris, D. (1956) The feather postures of birds and the problem of the origin of social signals. Behaviour 9: 75–113. [EAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morrison, W. D., & McMillan, I. (1985) Operant control of the thermal environment by chicks. Poultry Science 64: 91–94. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morse, W. H., & Kelleher, R. T. (1977) Determinants of reinforcement and punishment. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R.. Prentice-Hall. [JST]Google Scholar

Morton, D. B., & Griffiths, P. N. M. (1985) Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress, and discomfort in experimental animals and a hypothesis for assessment. Veterinary Record 116: 431–36. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mrosovsky, N. & Sherry, D. F. (1980) Animal anorexias. Science 207: 837–42. [SJS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Muller-Schwarze, D., Stagge, D. B. & Muller-Schwarze, C. (1982) Play behavior: Persistence, decrease, energetic compensation during food shortage in deer fawns. Science 215: 85–87. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nagel, T. (1974) What is it like to be a bat? [Reprinted 1981] In: The mind’s I, D. R. Hofstadter & D. C. Dennett. Basic Books. [aMSD, JD, FW]Google Scholar

Neuringer, A. J. (1969) Animals respond for food in the presence of free food. Science 166: 399–401. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ng, Y-K. (1975) Bentham or Bergson? Finite sensibility, utility functions, and social welfare functions. Review of Economic Studies (Oct.) 42: 545–69. [Y-KN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nicol, C. J. (1986) Non-exclusive spatial preference in the laying hen. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15: 337–50. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1987) Behavioural responses of laying hens following a period of spatial restriction. Animal Behaviour 35: 1709–19. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nishida, T. (1983) Alpha status and agonistic alliance in wild chimpanzees. Primates 24: 318–36. [RWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Novak, M. A., & Drewsen, K. H. (in press) Enriching the lives of captive primates: Issues and problems. In: Psychological well-being of captive primates, ed. E. Segal. Noyes. [JST]Google Scholar

Novak, M. A., & Suomi, S. J. (1988) Psychological well-being of primates in captivity. American Psychologist 43: 765–73. [MAN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nozick, R. (1983) Review of Tom Regan. The case for animal rights. New York Times Book Review, (Nov. 27). [ANR]Google Scholar

Oakley, D. (1979) Instrumental reversal learning and subsequent fixed ratio performance on simple and go/no-go schedules in neodecorticate rabbits. Physiological Psychology 7: 29–42. [SW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Overmier, J. B., Patterson, J. & Wielkiewicz, R. M. (1980) Environmental contingencies as sources of stress in animals. In: Coping and health, ed. Levine, S. & Ursin, H.. Plenum Press. [MM]Google Scholar

Paley, W. (1785) Principles of moral and political philosophy. Baldwin & Company. [aPS]Google Scholar

Panel report on the biological substrates of stress (1982) In: Stress and human health: Analysis and implications of research, ed. Elliott, G. R. & Eisdorfer, C.. Springer. [JST]Google Scholar

Paton, W. (1984) Man and mouse: Animals in medical research. Oxford University Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Peterson, E. A., Augenstein, J. S., Tanis, D. C. & Augenstein, D. G. (1981) Noise raises blood pressure without impairing auditory sensitivity. Science 211: 1450–52. [JST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ponteaux, V. A., Christison, G. I. & Stricklin, W. R. (1983) Perforated-floor preferences of weanling pigs. Applied Animal Ethology 11.19–23. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Premack, D. (1985) Gavagai: The future of the animal language controversy. MIT Press. [SW]Google ScholarPubMed

Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1: 515–26. [RWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Price, E. O. (1984) Behavioral aspects of animal domestication. Quarterly Review of Biology 59: 1–32. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rachlin, H. (1985) Pain and behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8: 43–83. [RH, AT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rachlin, H., Battalio, R.Kagel, J. & Green, L. (1981) Maximization theory in behavioral psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4: 371–417. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rapport, D. J., & Turner, J. E. (1977) Economic models in ecology. Science 195: 367–373. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rawlins, J. N. P., Feldon, J., Salmon, P., Gray, J. A. & Garrud, P. (1980) The effects of chlodiazepoxide HC1 administration upon punishment and conditioned suppression in the rat. Psychopharmacology 70: 317–22. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Redmond, D. E. Jr. (1979) New and old evidence for the involvement of a brain norepinephrine system in anxiety. In: Phenomenology and the treatment of anxiety, ed. Fann, W. G., Karacan, I., Pokorny, A. D. & Williams, R. L.. Spectrum. [CRC]Google Scholar

Redmond, D. E. Jr., Huanag, Y. H., Syder, D. R. & Maas, J. W., eds. (1976) Behavioral effects of stimulation of the nucleus locus coeruleus in the stump-tailed monkey (Macaca arctoides). Brain Research 116: 502–10. [CRC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Regan, T. (1983) The case for animal rights. University of California Press. [MAF, ANR]Google Scholar

(1984) The case for animal rights. University of California Press. [aMSD, BER]Google Scholar

(1985) The case for animal rights. In: In defence of animals, ed. Singer, P.. Basil Blackwell. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Renner, M. J., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1986) Object interactions in juvenile rats (Rattus Norvegicus): Effects of different experiential histories. Journal of Comparative Psychology 100:(3):229–36. [FW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Richards, A. A. (1976) Behavioural temperatur e regulation in the fowl. Journal of Physiology 258: 122–23. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Rogers, R. D., & Cooper, S. J. (1988) Endorphins, opiates, and behavioral processes. Wiley. [CRC ]Google Scholar

Rollin, B. E. (1981) Animal rights and human morality. Prometheus Books. [aMSD, BER]Google Scholar

(1989) The unheeded cry. Oxford University Press. [aPS, BER, ANR, SFS]Google Scholar

Romanes, G. J. (1882) Animal intelligence. Kegan, Paul, Trench. [GMB]Google Scholar

Roper, T. J. (1983) Learning as a biological phenomenon. In: Animal behaviour, vol. 3, Genes, development, and learning, ed. Halliday, T. R. & Slater, P. J. B.. Blackwell Scientific Publications. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1984) Response of thirsty rate to absence of water: Frustration, disinhibition, or compensation? Animal Behaviour 32: 1225–35. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rowan, A. N. (1988) Animal anxiety and animal suffering. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20: 1135–42. [ANR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rushen, J. P. (1985) Stereotypies, aggression, and the feeding schedules of tethered sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14: 137–47. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1986a) The validity of behavioural measures of aversion: A review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 16: 309–23. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1986b) Aversion of sheep for handling treatments: Paired choice studies. Applied Animal Behavior Science 16: 363–70. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Russell, W. M. S., & Burch, R. L. (1959) The principles of humane experimental technique. Methuen. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Rutter, S. M., & Duncan, I. J. H. (1989) Behavioural measures of aversion in domestic fowl. In: Third European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, ed. Faure, J. M.. French branch of World’s Poultry Science Association. [BOH]Google Scholar

Ryder, R. (1975) Victims of science. David-Poynter. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Exupery, Saint, de, Antoine (1943) The little prince, trans. Woods, K.. Reynal & Hitchcock. [EFS]Google Scholar

Salzen, E. A. (1979) Social attachment and a sense of security. In: Human ethology, ed. von Cranach, M., Foppa, K., Lepenies, W. & Ploog, D.. Cambridge University Press. [EAS]Google Scholar

(1981) Perception of emotion in faces. In: Perceiving and remembering faces, ed. Davies, G., Ellis, H. & Shepherd, J.. Academic Press. [EAS]Google Scholar

(1989) The construction of emotion from facial action. In: Handbook of research on face processing. North Holland. [EAS]Google Scholar

Sambraus, H. H. (1981) Abnormal behavior as an indication of immaterial suffering. International Journal of the Study of Animal Problems 2: 245–48. [AFF]Google Scholar

(1982) Ethologische Grundlagen einer tiergerechten Nutztierhaltung. Tierhaltung 13: 23–41. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Samuelson, P. A. (1947) Foundations of economic analysis. Harvard University Press. [DJ]Google Scholar

Sanford, J., Ewbank, R., Moloney, V., Taverner, W. D. & Uvarov, O. (1986) Guidelines for the recognition and assessment of pain in animals. Veterinary Record 117: 334–38. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Sapontzis, S. F. (1987) Morals, reason, and animals. Temple University Press. [MAF, BER, ANR, SFS]Google Scholar

Sartre, J.-P. (1956) Being and nothingness: An essay on phenomenological ontology, trans. Barnes, H.. Philosophical Library. [MAF]Google Scholar

Schiller, C. (1957) Instinctive behavior: International Universities Press. [BER]Google Scholar

Segal, E. F., ed. (1989) The housing, care, and psychological well-being of captive and laboratory primates. Noyes. [EFS]Google Scholar

Segal, M. (1978) Serotonic innervation of the locus coeruleus from the dorsal raphe. Journal of Physiology (Cambridge) 286: 401–15. [CRC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Seligman, M. E. P. (1975) Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. W. H. Freeman. [CRC]Google Scholar

Sen, A. K. (1973) Behavior and the concept of preference. Economica 40: 2411–59. [DJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sevenster, P. (1973) Incompatibility of response and reward. In: Constraints on learning: Limitations and predispositions, ed. Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J.. Academic Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Sharpe, R. (1988) The cruel deception: The use of animals in medical research. Thorson. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Shepherdson, D. (in press) Design for behaviour: Designing environment s to stimulate natural behaviour patterns in animals. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Zoo Design and Construction. [rMSD]Google Scholar

Sherry, D. F., Mrosovsky, N. & Hogan, J. A. (1980) Weight loss and anorexia during incubation in birds. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 94: 89–98. [DMcF, rMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shettleworth, S. (1973) Food reinforcement and the organisation of behaviour in golden hamsters. In: Constraints on learning: Limitations and predispositions, ed. Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J.. Academic Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Sibly, R. & McFarland, D. J. (1976) On the fitness of behaviour sequences. American Naturalist 110: 610–17. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sih, A. (1984) The behavioral response race between predator and prey. American Naturalist 123: 143–50. [AEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1986) Antipredator responses and the perception of danger by mosquito larvae. Ecology 67: 434–41. [AEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Singer, P. (1972) Famine, affluence, and morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1: 94–104. [rPS]Google Scholar

(1975) Animal liberation: A new ethics for our treatment of animals. New York Review of Books. [MAF, BER, ANR, rPS]Google Scholar

(1975) Animal liberation. Avon Books. [MAN, SFS]Google Scholar

(1976) Animal liberation. Jonathan Cape. [aMSD, JA]Google Scholar

(1979) Practical ethics. Cambridge University Press. [arPS]Google Scholar

(1980) Utilitarianism and vegetarianism. Philosophy and Public Affairs 9: 325–37. [rPS]Google Scholar

(1981) The expanding circle. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. [arPS, JD, EAS]Google Scholar

(1985) Ten years of animal liberation. New York Review of Books, January 17. [rPS]Google Scholar

(1987) Life’s uncertain voyage. In: Metaphysics and morality: Essays in honour of], J. C. Smart, ed. Pwettit, P., Sylvan, R. & Norman, J.. Basil Blackwell. [rPS]Google Scholar

(in press) Animal liberation: A new ethic for the treatment of animals, 2d ed. New York Review of Books. [rPS]Google Scholar

Singer, P. & Dawson, K. (1988) IVF technology and the argument from potential. Philosophy and Public Affairs 17: 87–104. [aPS]Google ScholarPubMed

Singer, P. & Kuhse, H. (1986) The ethics of embryo research. Law, Medicine, and Health Care 14: 133–38. [aPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Skinner, B. F. (1963) Behaviorism at fifty. Science 140: 951–58. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smidt, D., ed. (1983) Indicators relevant to farm animal welfare. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Staddon, J. E. R. (1980) Optimality analysis of operant behaviour and their relation to optimal foraging. In: Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior, ed. Staddon, J. E. R.. Academic Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Stellar, E. & Hill, J. H. (1952) The rat’s rate of drinking as a function of water deprivation. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology 45: 96–102. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stephens, D. W. (1981) The logic of risk-sensitive foraging. Animal Behaviour 29: 628–29. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stephens, D. W., & Krebs, J. R. (1986) Foraging theory. Princeton University Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Stone, E. A. (1975) Stress and catecholamines. In: Catecholamines and behavior, vol. 2, ed. Fridhoff, A. J.. Plenum Press. [CRC]Google Scholar

Strawson, P. F. (1959) Individuals: An essay in descriptive metaphysics. Methuen. [MAF]Google Scholar

Stricklin, W. R. (1983) Matrilinear social dominance and spatial relationships among Angus and Hereford cows. Journal of Animal Science 57: 1397–1405. [JAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Stricklin, W. R., & Mench, J. A. (1987) Social organization. In: Veterinary clinics of North America, vol. 3(2), Farm Animal Behavior, ed. E. O. Price. Saunders. [JAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sutherland, W. & Moss, D. (1985). The inactivity of animals: The influences of stochasticity and prey size. Behaviour 92: 1–8. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Syme, G. J., & Syme, L. A. (1979) Social structure in farm animals. Elsevier. [JAM]Google Scholar

Trannenbaum, J. & Rowan, A. N. (1985) Rethinking the morality of animal research. Hastings Center Report 15(5):32–43. [ANR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Taylor, P. W. (1986) Respect for life: A theory of environmental ethics. Princeton University Press. [MAF]Google Scholar

Teitelbaum, P. (1982) Disconnection and antagonistic interaction of movement subsystems in motivated behavior. In: Changing concepts of the nervous system, ed. Morrison, A. J. & Strick, P.. Academic Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Temple, W. & Foster, T. M. (1980) Applications of preference assessment in animal welfare. In: Behaviour in relation to production, management, and welfare of farm animals, ed. Wodzicka-Tomaszewska, M., Edey, T. N. & Lynch, J. J.. University of New England, Armidale. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Terrance, H. (1987) Thought without words. In: Mindwaves, ed. Blakemore, C. & Greenfield, S.. Basil Blackwell. [arMSD]Google Scholar

Thompson, T. I. (1964) Visual reinforcement in fighting cocks. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 7: 45–49. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Thorpe, W. H. (1965) The assessment of pain and distress in animals. In: Report of the Technical Committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive livestock systems, Brambell, F. W. R. (Chairman). HMSO [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1967) Discussion to Part II of Environmental control in poultry production, ed. Carter, T. C.. Oliver and Boyd. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Timberlake, W. (1984) A temporal limit on the effect of future food on current performance in an analogue of foraging and welfare. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 41: 117–24. [aMSD, DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Toates, F. (1986) Motivational systems. Cambridge University press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

(1987) The relevance of models of motivation and learning to animal welfare. In: Biology of stress in farm animals: An integrative approach, ed. Wiepkema, P. R. & Van Adrichem, P. W. M.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Toates, F. M. (1980) Animal behaviour: A systems approach. Wiley. [JA]Google Scholar

(1981) The control of ingestive behaviour by internal and external stimuli: A theoretical review. Appetite 2: 35–50. [FT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1986) Motivational systems. Cambridge University Press. [FT]Google Scholar

(1987) The relevance of models of motivation and learning to animal welfare. In: The biology of stress in farm animals: An integrative approach, ed. Wiepkema, P. R. & Van Adrichem, P. W. M.. Martinus Nijhoff. [FT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1988) Motivation and emotion from a biological perspective. In: Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation, ed. Hamilton, V., Bower, G. H. & Frijda, N. H.. Kluwer Academic. [FT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Toates, F. M., & j., Archer (1978) A comparative review of motivational systems using classical control theory. Animal Behaviour 26: 368–80. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tschantz, B. (1982) Verhalten, Bedarf, und Bedarfsdeckung bi Nuitztieren. In: Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artegemässen Tierhaltung 281: 114–28,98. Kuratorium fur Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Turkkan, J. S. (1989) Classical conditioning: The new hegemony. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12: 121–79. [JST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(in press) A new methodology for measuring blood pressure in awake baboons with use of behaviora l training techniques. Journal of Medical Primatology. [JST]Google Scholar

Turkkan, J. S., Ator, N. A., Brady, J. V. & Craven, K. A. (in press) Beyond chronic catheterization in laboratory primates. In: Psychological wellbeing of captive primates, ed. E. Segal. Noyes. [JST]Google Scholar

Turkkan, J. S., & Brady, J. V. (1984) Stress and coping. In: Personality and behavior disorders, 2d ed., ed. Endler, N. S. & Hunt, J. McVicker. Wiley. [JST]Google Scholar

Turkkan, J. S., Brady, J. V. & Harris, A. H. (1982) Animal studies of stressful interactions: A behavioral-physiological overview. In: Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects, ed. Goldgerger, L. & Breznitz, S.. Free Press. [JST]Google Scholar

Turkkan, J. S., Hienz, R. D. & Harris, A. H. (1984) Novel long-term cardiovascular effects of industrial noise. Physiology and Behavior 33: 21–26. [JST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Van Dongen, P. A. M. (1981) Th e central noradrenergic transmission and the locus coeruleus: A review of the data and their implications for neurotransniission and neuromodulation. Progress in Neurobiology 16: 117–43. [CRC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

van Putten, G. (1981) Restriction of induce d behavior. Applied Animal Ethology 7: 381–93. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1988) Farming beyond the ability for pigs to adapt. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20: 63–71. [AFF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

van Putten, G. & Dammers, J. (1976) A comparative study of the well-being of piglets reare d conventionally and in cages. Applied Animal Ethology 2: 339–56. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

van Rooijen, J. (1981) Are feelings adaptations? The basis of modern applied ethology. Applied Animal Ethology 7: 187–98. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1984) Impoverished environments and welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 12: 3–13. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

(1985) Ontogeny and preference in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14: 388–89. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vestergaard, K. (1980) The regulation of dustbathing and other behaviour patterns in the laying hen: A Lorenzian approach. In: The laying hen and its environment, ed. Moss, R.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar

von Hoist, D. (1986) Vegetative and somatic components of tree shrews’ behavior. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, Supplement:657–70. [FT]Google Scholar

Wabeck, C. J., & Merkley, J. W. (1974). Cage density effect on bone strength of broilers. Poultry Science 53: 1987.Google Scholar

Walker, S. (1983) Animal thought. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Walker, S. F. (1987) Animal learning. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [SW]Google Scholar

Wall, P. D. (1974) My foot hurts me: An analysis of a sentence. In: Essays on the nervous system: A festschrift for Professor J. Z. Young. Clarendon Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Warden, C. J. (1931) Animal motivation: Experimental studies on the albino rat. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Warden, C. J., Jenkins, T. N. & Warner, L. H. (1935) Comparative psychology: A comprehensive treatise, vol. 1. Ronald Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Webster, K. E. (1973) Thalamus and basal ganglia in reptiles and birds. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 33: 164–203. [rMSD]Google Scholar

Weis, J. M., Bailey, W. H., Goodman, P. A., Hoffman, J. J., Ambrose, M. J., Salman, S. & Charry, J. M. (1982) A model for neurochemical study of depression. In: Behavioral models and the analysis of drug action, ed. Spiegelstein, M. Y. & Levy, A.. Elsevier. [CRC]Google Scholar

Weiss, J. M., Pohorecky, L. A., Salman, S. & Gruenthal, M. (1976) Attenuation of gastric lesions by psychological aspects of aggressio n in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 90: 252–59. [FT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weld, K., Metz, B. & Erwin, J. (1989) Environmental enrichment for laboratory primates: Use of manipulable objects. Paper presented at the first annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, Alexandria, VA. [JST]Google Scholar

Wemelsfelder, F. (in press). Boredom and laboratory animal welfare. In: The experimental animal in hiomedical research, ed. B. E. Rollin. CMC-Press. [FW]Google Scholar

Wennrich, G. & Strauss, D. D. (1977) A contribution to the evidence of motivational accumulation in domestic hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Deutsches Tierarzl. Wschr. 84: 293–332. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Widowski, T. M., & Curtis, S. E. (1988) Effects of access to straw, cloth tassel, or both on prepartu m activity of sows. Proceedings of the sixth International Congress on Animal Hygiene, (Skara, Sweden) 2: 696–99. [TW]Google Scholar

(in press) Behavioral responses of periparturient sows and juvenile pigs, to prostaglandin F2a. Journal Animal Science. [TW]Google Scholar

Widowski, T. M., Curtis, S. E., Dziuk, P. J., Wagner, W. C. & Sherwood, O. D. (1988) Prolactin is a hormonal correlate of PGF2a-induced nestbuilding in sows. Journal of Animal Science 66 (Supplement 1):234. [TW]Google Scholar

Wiepkema, P. R. (1987) Behavioural aspects of stress. In: Biology of stress in farm animals: An integrative approach, ed. Wiepkema, P. R. & Van Adrichem, P. W. M.. Martinus Nijhoff. [FT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wiepkema, P. R., Broom, D. M., Duncan, I. J. H. & van Putten, G. (1983) Abnormal behavior in farm animals. Commission for the Europea n Community Report. [aMSD]Google Scholar

Wigglesworth, V. B. (1980) Do insects feel pain? Antenna 4: 8–9. [ANR]Google Scholar

Wise, R. A., & Bozarch, M. A. (1987) A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction. Psychological Review 94(4):469–92. [CRC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

WNET/Channel 113 (1974) The price of knowledge. Transcript, December 12. [rPS]Google Scholar

Wood-Gush, D. G. M. (1973) Animal welfare in modern agriculture. British Veterinary Journal 129: 167–73. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Woolverton, W. L., Ator, N. A., Beardsley, P. M. & Carroll, M. E. (1989) Effects of environmental conditions on the psychological well-being of primates: A review of the literature. Life Sciences 44: 901–17. [JST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zayan, R. & Duncan, I. J. H. (1987) Cognitive aspects of social behaviour in the domestic fowl. Elsevier. [aMSD]Google Scholar