¹ Nicoladoni-Dollfuß, Eva, “Wo bin ich zu Hause? Wo ist meine Heimat?” Die Presse, 04 21–22, 1979Google Scholar. Few reliable source materials are available for a study of Dollfuß's life. Aside from a small number of tracts dealing with agricultural problems, the chancellor wrote very little. Much of what has been written about him in various biographies or other accounts dealing with his early life must be used with care. The biographies written shortly after his death (Maurer, Hans, Kanzler Dollfuß, 2nd ed. [Graz, 1934]Google Scholar; Messner, Johannes, Dollfuss [Innsbruck, 1935]Google Scholar; Bleibtreu, A. R., Der Heldenkanzler. Ein Lied von der Scholle [Vienna, 1934]Google Scholar; von Hildebrand, Dietrich, Engelbert Dollfuß. Ein katholischer Staatsmann [Salzburg, 1934]Google Scholar; and Gregory, J. D., Dollfuss and His Times [London, 1935]Google Scholar) are hagiographies seeking to enshrine him as the prophet of the new age. Equally laudatory is Rambaud, Louis's Le Grand petit Chancelier Dollfuss 1892–1934 (Lyon, 1948)Google Scholar. More reliable is a work influenced to a considerable extent by interviews with many people who knew Dollfuß personally in which some of the unproven stories in the above works are repeated, Brook-Shepherd, Gordon's Dollfuss (London, 1961)Google Scholar; except for the omission of all photographs appearing in that volume, another edition was published as Prelude to Infamy: The Story of Chancellor Dollfuss of Austria (New York, 1961)Google Scholar. More reliable still is the study of Dollfuß's life before he became chancellor by Miller, James William, “Engelbert Dollfuss and Austrian Agriculture: An Authoritarian Democrat and His Policies” (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1985)Google Scholar, a German translation of which was published as Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann. Eine Analyse bäuerlicher Führungsbegriffe und österreichischer Agrarpolitik 1918–1934 (Vienna, 1989)Google Scholar. By far the most reliable study of Dollfuß's early life is Jagschitz, Gerhard, “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers Dr. Engelbert Dollfuss. Ein Beitrag zur geistig-politischen Situation der sogenannten ‘Kriegsgeneration’ des 1. Weltkriegs” (D.Phil, diss., University of Vienna, 1967).Google Scholar

² The information is based on my own observations during my visit on Apr. 20, 1979, and on Gregory, , Dollfuss and His Times, 34–38Google Scholar; Miller, , -Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 20–21Google Scholar; Weber, Edmund, ed., Dollfuß an Oesterreich. Eines Mannes Wort und Ziel, authorized edition with fourteen photos (Vienna, 1935), 3Google Scholar; and Hantsch, Hugo, ed., “Engelbert Dollfuss (1892–1934)” in Gestalter der Geschicke Österreichs (Innsbruck, 1962), 611–12.Google Scholar

³ My account of Dollfuß's birth and early life has been based largely on Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 7–19Google Scholar; and Dollfuß, Eva, Mein Vater. Hitlers erstes Opfer (Vienna, 1994), 3–16Google Scholar. The date of 1607 appears in an excerpt from a speech by Dollfuß at Neusiedl am See on May 21, 1934, as reprinted in Tautscher, Anton, compiler, So sprach der Kanzler. Dollfuß' Vermächtnis (Vienna, 1933), 141.Google Scholar

⁴ Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 19–21Google Scholar; Dollfuß, , Mein Vater, 14Google Scholar; Brook-Shepherd, , Dollfuss, 3–6Google Scholar; Gregory, , Dollfuss and His Times, 39–41Google Scholar. For examples of the perhaps not exactly accurate hagiographical accounts of his early years, see especially Messner, , Dollfuss, 2–3Google Scholar, and Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 10–12.Google Scholar

⁵ On Hollabrunn, see Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 21–23Google Scholar; Dollfuß, , Mein Vater, 14–15Google Scholar; and Brook-Shepherd, , Dollfuss, 10–11Google Scholar. For Dollfuß's grades in the elementary school at Kirnberg, see Schul-Chronik Kirnberg an der Mank, passim. A spot check of overall grades, however, shows that “1” or “2” does not denote the degree of perfection that it might in a school with really tough grading standards. Quite a few “1s” and “2s” appear in the Chronik. I also noted some “4s” and “5s” and a fairly good sprinkling of “3s.” All in all, Dollfuß was a good student but by no means the only one with such grades. It is difficult to agree with Bleibtreu when he writes: “The child has finished elementary school and radiantly brings home the lovely testimonial: ‘He was the best in the whole class—and also the best behaved,’ the teacher said” (Bleibtreu, , Der Heldenkanzler, 17Google Scholar). Some of this information also derives from notes on an interview with Mayor Karl Hess of Texing, who was also principal of the Texing elementary school, and MrSalzer, Anton at Texing, both on 04 20, 1979.Google Scholar

⁶ Nicoladoni-Dollfuß, Eva, “Engelbert Dollfuß—Agrarpolitiker und Staatsmann,” in Engelbert Dollfuß. Politiker, Mensch, CV'er (Vienna, 1984), 5.Google Scholar

⁷ Interview with Hess, and Salzer, at Texing on 04 20, 1979Google Scholar; Miller, , Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 21–23Google Scholar; Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 23–25Google Scholar; Strobl, Ludwig, “Kanzler Dollfuß als Agrarier,” Agrarische Rundschau 2, no. 1 (Summer, 1934): 58.Google Scholar

⁸ Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 25.Google Scholar

⁹ Brook-Shepherd, , Dollfuss, 9–10.Google Scholar

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¹¹ Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 31–32, 35.Google Scholar

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¹³ Bleibtreu, , Der Heldenkanzler, 18–21Google Scholar; Messner, , Dollfuss, 3–4Google Scholar; Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 13–14Google Scholar; Gregory, , Dollfuss and His Times, 46–48Google Scholar; Brook-Shepherd, , Dollfuss, 12–13Google Scholar. See also Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 56–59.Google Scholar

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¹⁶ Popp, , CV in Österreich, 123.Google Scholar

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¹⁹ See especially ibid., 88–112. Jagschitz's account of Dollfuß's role in the war—based on many primary sources in the archives, private letters, and conversations with Dollfuß's friends—is the only one worthy of serious consideration. The most detailed and best of the accounts published shortly after Dollfuß's death is Gregory, , Dollfuss and His Times, 57–87Google Scholar. See also Dollfuß, , Mein Vater, 28–41Google Scholar. For a good account of the fighting on the Italian front during the last year of the war, see Hanks, Ronald W., Il tramento di un'istituzione. L'armata austro-ungarica in Italia (1918) (Milan, 1994).Google Scholar

²⁰ Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 118Google Scholar. See also Wandruszka, Adam, “Die Erbschaft von Krieg und Nachkrieg,” in Österreich 1927 bis 1938, Protokoll des Symposiums in Wien 23 bis 28 Oktober 1972 (Vienna, 1973), 23.Google Scholar

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²² On Dollfuß's virtues, see Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 112–21Google Scholar. On his admiration of Francis Joseph, see Winter, Ernst Karl, Christentum und Zivilisation (Vienna, 1936), 372–75Google Scholar. On his loyalty to the young republic, see Nicoladoni-Dollfuß, , “Engelbert Dollfuß— Agrarpolitiker und Staatsmann,” 6.Google Scholar

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²⁴ Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 185–87Google Scholar. “It has often been pointed out that Othmar Spann's ideas were important for my father, and this was certainly so”; Dollfuß, , Mein Vater, 47.Google Scholar

²⁵ Haag, John, “Othmar Spann and the Quest for a ‘True State,’” Austrian History Yearbook 12–13, pt. 1 (1976–1977): 236, 238–39 (quote)Google Scholar. For a solid, detailed study of Spann's life and ideas, see especially Haag, 's “Othmar Spann and the Politics of ‘Totality’: Corporatism in Theory and Practice” (Ph.D. diss., Rice University, 1969).Google Scholar

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²⁹ Diamant, , Austrian Catholics, 236.Google Scholar

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³¹ Haag, , “Othmar Spann and the Quest for a ‘True State,’” 237Google Scholar. See also Diamant, , Austrian Catholics, 236Google Scholar; and Miller, , Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 29–30.Google Scholar

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³⁵ Haag, , “Othmar Spann and the Quest for a ‘True State,’” 236.Google Scholar

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³⁹ Suvich, to Preziosi, Gabriele, Rome, 04 16, 1934Google Scholar, I documenti diplomatici italiani, 7th ser., vol. 15 (Rome, 1990), doc. no. 104, p. 125Google Scholar. On Spann's resentment, see Miller, , Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 32.Google Scholar

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⁴⁵ Diamant, , Austrian Catholics, 23–25.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Miller, , “Engelbert Dollfuss and Austrian Agriculture,” 27–30Google Scholar; idem, Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 27–28; Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 84–85, 136–40, 146–49.Google Scholar

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⁴⁹ Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 190.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ As related in Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 24–25Google Scholar. Similar accounts can also be found in Rambaud, , Le Grand petit Chancelier Dollfuss, 49–50Google Scholar; Brook-Shepherd, , Dollfuss, 34Google Scholar; and Gregory, , Dollfuss and His Times, 100–101Google Scholar. See also Dollfuß, , Mein Vater, 46–47.Google Scholar

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⁵⁵ Dollfuß, , “Begriff der Genossenschaft,” 1–2.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Ibid., 2–3.

⁵⁷ Ibid., 5.

⁵⁸ Ibid., 6.

⁵⁹ Ibid., 8. Here and in preceding sentence Dollfuß is quoting Otto von Gierke.

⁶⁰ Ibid., 13–14.

⁶¹ Miller, , “Engelbert Dollfuss and Austrian Agriculture,” 14Google Scholar; translated into German in Miller, , Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 36.Google Scholar

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⁶³ Their oldest child, a girl, died at an early age.

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¹⁰⁸ For Dollfuß's awareness of the difficulties raised by these factors, see especially Dollfuß, Engelbert, “Sozialversicherung in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft,” Die Landwirtschaft, Jahrgang 1927, no. 11 (11 1927): 407–8Google Scholar. For the objections of the Social Democrats, see Bauer, Otto's speech in the Nationalrat on 03 3, 1927Google Scholar, as printed in Zum Wort gemeldet. Otto Bauer (Vienna, 1968), 167–72.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ For a discussion of the long and convoluted struggle to get the health insurance bill for agricultural workers passed, see Miller, , “Bauerndemokratie in Practice,” 410–11Google Scholar; idem, Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 78–81Google Scholar; and Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 27–29Google Scholar. For the provisions of the law, see “Das Landarbeiterversicherungsgesetz,” Die Landwirtschaft, Jahrgang 1929, no. 1 (01 1929): 3–4Google Scholar; and Mertha, Rudolf and Dollfuß, Engelbert, Die Sozialversicherung in der Landwirtschaft Österreichs. Nach dem Stande von Ende März 1929 (Vienna, 1929)Google Scholar. See also the following pamphlets authored or coauthored by Engelbert Dollfuß, published in Vienna in 1929 by Agrarverlag under the title Die Altersfürsorgerente in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft Österreichs. The individual subtitles of the pamphlets are as follows: Eine Anleitung für Wien, Niederösterreich und Burgenland; Eine Anleitung für Oberösterreich (with W. Hans); Eine Anleitung für Steiermark (with K. Weinzierl); Eine Anleitung für Kärnten (with S. Stotter); and Eine Anleitung für Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg (with F. Koch).

¹¹⁰ Kraus, , Bauern, 47–48Google Scholar; Otruba, , ‘“Bauer’ und ‘Arbeiter,’” 57Google Scholar; “Gegen die Verschleppung der Zolltarifnovelle. Eine Entschließung der Vollversammlung der n.-ö. Landes-Landwirtschaftskammer,” Die Landwirtschaft, Jahrgang 1927, no. 7 (07 1927): 247–48Google Scholar; Hofrat, Dr. Winter, “Die derzeitige zollpolitische Lage der österreichischen Landwirtschaft,” Die Landwirtschaft, Jahrgang 1927, no. 8 (08 1927): 287–89.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ Strobl, , “Kanzler Dollfuß als Agrarier,” 61–65Google Scholar; “In Gedenken an Bundeskanzler Dr. Engelbert Dollfuß,” 188–90Google Scholar; Eder, Julius, Kanzler Dollfuß. Seine österreichische Sendung (Vienna, 1933), 10–11.Google Scholar

¹¹² For accusations against Zwetzbacher, see Winkler, Franz, Die Diktatur in Oesterreich (Zürich, 1935), 16Google Scholar. On Dollfuß's reputation as an expert, see Kluge, , Bauern, Agrarkrise und Volksernährung, 372–73Google Scholar (on Reither, 's appointment, 371)Google Scholar; Strobl, , “Kanzler Dollfuß als Agrarier,” 64–65Google Scholar; Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 29–30Google Scholar; and Brook-Shepherd, , Dollfuss, 41–12.Google Scholar

¹¹³ Bauer, Otto, Sozialdemokratische Agrarpolitik. Erläuterung des Agrarprogrammes der deutschösterreichischen Sozialdemokratie (Vienna, 1926)Google Scholar; interview with Chancellor Bruno Kreisky at Kreisky's home at Armbrustergasse, 1 in Vienna on 07 9, 1986Google Scholar. Kreisky also told the same story to Dollfuß's daughter; see Nicoladoni-Dollfuß, , “Engelbert Dollfuß—Agrarpolitiker und Staatsmann,” 8Google Scholar, and Dollfuß, , Mein Vater, 61–62.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ For Dollfuß, 's appointment on 07 22Google Scholar, see Minister for Trade and Commerce Schuster to Chancellor Schober, , Vienna, , 08 8, 1930Google Scholar, Allgemeines Verwalrungsarchiv (Vienna), BK Inneres. Präsidium, carton 58, no. 8097, Pr./1930; Neue Freie Presse, 10 2, 1930 (morning edition), 6Google Scholar; and Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 30.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 31Google Scholar; Brook-Shepherd, , Dollfuss, 43–44Google Scholar; Gregory, , Dollfuss and His Times, 139.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ Gulick, Charles A., Austria from Habsburg to Hitler, 2 vols. (New York, 1948), 2:901–3Google Scholar; Staudinger, Anton, “Bemühungen Carl Vaugoins um Supremetie der christlichsozialen Partei in Österreich (1930–1933)” (D.Phil, diss., University of Vienna, 1969), 27Google Scholar; Andics, Helmut, 50 Jahre unseres Lebens. Österreichs Schicksal seit 1918 (Vienna, 1968), 189.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ For a lengthy discussion in the council of ministers about the advisability of appointing Strafella, see the minutes of the ministerial council no. 649 dated Vienna, 09 24, 1930Google Scholar, as printed in Vom Justizpalast zum Heldenplatz. Studien und Dokumentationen, ed. Jedlicka, Ludwig and Neck, Rudolf (Vienna, 1975), 296–302Google Scholar (on Banhans, , 296–97).Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Neue Freie Presse, 09 29, 1930 (evening edition), 2Google Scholar; ibid, Oct. 2, 1930 (morning edition), 6; ibid., Oct. 15, 1930 (evening edition), 6; ibid., Oct. 22, 1930 (evening edition), 1; Nachlaß, Schumy, pt. 3: “Heimwehr” (unpublished manuscript in the library of the Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Vienna), 67–68.Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ Renner's speech in the Nationalrat in response to Chancellor Ender's announcement of his government's program on Dec. 5, 1930, as printed in Fischer, Heinz, ed., Karl Renner. Porträt einer Evolution (Vienna, 1970), 351–52Google Scholar. See also Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Nationalrates, 3rd session of the 4th legislative period (1930–1932), 1:19–20.Google Scholar

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¹²¹ Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 30–34Google Scholar; Rambaud, , Le Grand petit Chancelier Dollfuss, 61–62Google Scholar; Brook-Shepherd, , Dollfuss, 44–45Google Scholar; Tauschitz, Stefan's speech in the Nationalrat on 02 20, 1931Google Scholar, Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Nationalrates, 20th session of the 4th legislative period (1930–1932), 1:641.Google Scholar

¹²² For improvements in railway management, see Verwaltungsarchiv, Allgemeines (Vienna), Ministerratsprotokoll no. 699, 06 5, 1931, carton 139, para. 13Google Scholar; also reprinted in Vom Justizpalast zum Heldenplatz, ed. Jedlicka and Neck, 311–14Google Scholar. For Social Democratic consternation, see, among other things, Knosp, Joseph's speech in the Nationalrat on 02 18, 1931Google Scholar, Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Nationalrates, 18th session of the 4th legislative period (1930–1932), 1:565–68Google Scholar; Bauer, Otto's speech in the Nationalrat on 02 10, 1931Google Scholar, ibid., 13th session of the 4th legislative period, 291Google Scholar; and Ellenbogen, Wilhelm's speech in the Nationalrat on 05 5, 1931Google Scholar, ibid., 27th session of the 4th legislative period, 772–81.Google Scholar

¹²³ He was replaced by Edgar Penzig, an industrialist, the director of the Bad Vöslau yarn factory; Verwaltungsarchiv, Allgemeines (Vienna), Ministerratsprotokoll no. 679, 03 18, 1931, carton 139, para. 1, p. 2Google Scholar. For Dollfuß's appointment to his new post, see Chancellor Ender, to the president of the Bundesrat, 03 18, 1931Google Scholar, Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Bundesrates, 160th session on 03 31, 1931, of the 4th legislative period, p. 1689.Google Scholar

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¹²⁵ For Dollfuß's activities and speeches at European conferences, see especially Weber, Edmund, “Der Agrarpolitiker Dr. Dollfuß und der europäische Wirtschaftsraum,” Agrarische Rundschau 2, no. 2 (Summer 1935): 110–26.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Kraus, , “Der Österreichische Bauernbund,” 152Google Scholar. For the two problems facing Dollruß, see Kluge, , Bauern, Agrarkrise und Volksernährung, 357–58Google Scholar. On limiting the free-market economy, see Miller, , Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 91Google Scholar; and Stepan, Rainer, “Dollfuß, die Parlamentsausschaltung 1933 und das Jahr 1934,” Christliche Demokratie 2, no. I (02 1984)Google Scholar: Konflikt und Versöhnung, 121.Google Scholar

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