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Mythological childhood: a male preserve? An interpretation of classical Athenian iconography in its socio-historical context1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2013

Lesley Beaumont
Lesley Beaumont
Affiliation:
British School at Athens
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Abstract

The birth and childhood of the Greek male gods and heroes are themes well documented in classical Athenian art and myth. By contrast, contemporary Athenian iconography and mythology are remarkably empty of references to the birth and infancy of the female heroes and female gods, or alternatively present the newborn goddesses as adult women. This article seeks to shed light on the apparently missing childhood phase of the goddesses and heroines, by examining the evidence of fifth-century Athenian iconography in its socio-historical context. Consequently, in the case of the goddesses, it is proposed that the female child figure represented a state of being incompatible with the nature and manifestation of divinity. It is further suggested that the mythological heroines enter classical Athenian art and myth only once they have attained puberty, because it is at this point that their potential for relations with the male gains significance. And just as was the case with their mortal female counterparts, it is this capacity for interaction with the male sex that makes them of interest to society.

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Articles
Information
Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 90 , November 1995 , pp. 339 - 361
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1995

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References

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27 Athens, 3rd Ephoreia A8922: LIMC iv, Eunoe 1, pl. 26. Louvre 980.020: LIMC iii, Danae 70; iv, Erechtheus 30, pl. 633.

28 British Museum E372: ARV 1218.1: Add. 349. Louvre CA 681: LIMC iv, Erechtheus 35, pl. 634. Athens, Nat. Mus. (Acrop) 396: ARV 1 628.1. Athens, Nat. Mus. (Acrop) 433: ARV 1 216.10. On the iconography of the birth and childhood of Erichthonios see further LIMC iv, Erechtheus; Arafat (n. 7), 51–8, 188; Brulé, P., La Fille d'Athènes (Paris, 1987), ch. 1Google Scholar; Schefold, , Gött. 48–57Google Scholar; Loeb, , Geb. 165–81, 334–44Google Scholar; Brommer, , VGH 262Google Scholar; Metzger, H., ‘Athéna soulevant de terre le nouveau-né’, in Ducrey, P. (ed.), Mélanges d'histoire ancienne et d'archéologie offerts à Paul Collart (Lausanne, 1976), 295–303Google Scholar; Bérard, C., Anodoi (Rome, 1974), 34–8Google Scholar; Aebli (n. 7); Cook (n. 7), 181–8.

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31 Munich, Kleinkunst 2426: ARV 189.76, 1632: Para. 341: Add. 189.

32 Boston 66.206: ARV 291.18; Para. 356; Add. 210. Athens, 3rd Ephoreia A5300 (inv. 0.18): LIMC iv, Herakles 1672. Paris, Cab. Méd. 811: ARV 829.45; Add. 294. Ferrara 26436 (T961): ARV 889.161; Para. 428; Add. 302. Munich 2646: ARV 437.128, 1653; Para. 375; Add. 239. Bologna 271: ARV 590.7; Add. 264. Boston, Herrmann: LIMC iv, Herakles 1670. New York 06.1021.165: ARV 1651. Schwerin KG708: ARV 862.30, 1672: Para. 425: Add. 298.

33 Louvre G229: ARV 289.3, 254.4, 1642; Add. 210. Padula T xliii: ARV 1642.5 bis; Add. 210. Basle, Cahn HC 479: LIMC iv, Herakles 1675, pl. 558. Oxford 1890.26 (v322): ARV 627.1; Add. 271. Munich 6026 (WAF 2398): ARV 1446.3. On the iconography of Hyllos see further LIMC v, Hyllos I; Brommer, F., Herakles, ii (1984), 133–4Google Scholar: Beazley, J. D., ‘Herakles torna a casa’, Apollo (Salerno) 1 (1961), 21–6.Google Scholar

34 British Museum E494: ARV 1079.3, 1682; Add. 326. Vienna IV 1144: ARV 1188; Add. 341. Taranto 52399: ARV 1337.4; Add. 366. Hermitage 43f: ARV 1346.1; Add. 368. Hermitage II. 1867/68.964 (33a): ARV 1408.1; Add. 374. New York 12.231.2: ARV 319.6: Para. 358; Add. 214.

35 New York 37.11.23: ARV 131. 7; Para. 477; Add. 362. Tübingen S/10 1610: LIMC i, Alope 1, pl. 432. Louvre G457: ARV 1254.80, 1562; Para. 469; Add. 355.

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38 Basle BS 432: Para. 472; Add. 177.

39 There also exist many more red-figure scenes in which the identification of a boy figure as Ganymede seems likely but cannot be proven. On the iconography of the boy Ganymede, and for lists of vases on which he is represented, see Arafat (n. 7), 66–76, 189–91; LLMC iv, Ganymedes; Kempter, G., Ganymed: Studien zur Typologie, Ikonographie und Ikonologie (Ph.D.; Würzburg, 1980)Google Scholar; Kaempf-Dimitriadou, S., Die Liebe der Götter in der attischen Kunst des 5. Jh. v. Chr. (AK 11, Beiheft; 1979)Google Scholar; Schefold, , Gött. 211–18Google Scholar; Mayo, P. C., Amor spiritualis et cornalis: Aspects of the Myth of Ganymede in Art (Ph.D.; New York, 1967)Google Scholar; Sichtermann, H., ‘Zeus und Ganymed in Früklassischer Zeit’, AK 2 (1959), 10–15.Google Scholar

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41 Boston 13.200: ARV 247.1; Para. 350; Add. 202. Hermitage 1549 (St 1357, B642): ARV 228. 30, 1637; Para. 347, 510; Add. 199. Hermitage 1602 (St 1723, B637): ARV 360.1, 1648; Para. 364, 512; Add. 222. Malibu, Getty, Bareiss 350: LIMC iii, Danae 45. Syracuse 23910: LIMC iii, Danae 55. Princeton, Clairmont: ARV 924.35; Add. 305. Tübingen S/10 1561 (E109): ARV 736.120; Add. 283. Athens, Agora P29612: LIMC iii, Danae 57. Providence, Rhode Island 25.084: ARV 697.18; Add. 280. Toledo 69.369: LIMC i, Akrisios 5, pl. 343. New York 17.230.37: ARV 498.1, 1656; Para. 381; Add. 251. Boston 03.792: ARV 1076.13; Para. 449; Add. 326. Ferrara 818 (T503 VT): ARV 231.79, 1637; Para. 347; Add. 200. Oxford 1917.62: ARV 1018.75, 1678: Add. 315. Knossos, Strat. Mus.: ARV 1019.85. Bonn 1216.53: ARV 1181.20; Add. 340. Private collection: LIMC iii, Danae 46. On the iconography of the infant Perseus see further LLMC i, Akrisios; iii, Danae; Oakley, J., ‘Danae and Perseus on Seriphos’, AJA 86 (1982), 111–15, pls 12–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schefold, , Urk. 97–100Google Scholar; Brommer, , VGH 272–3Google Scholar; Schauenburg, K., Perseus in der Kunst des Altertums (Bonn, 1960), 7–12Google Scholar; Clairmont, C., ‘Danae and Perseus in Seriphos’, AJA 57 (1953), 92–4Google Scholar; Howe, T. H., ‘Illustrations to Aischylos' tetralogy on the Perseus theme’, AJA 57 (1953), 269–75, pl. 76CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Luschey, H., ‘Danae auf Seriphos’, BA Besch. 24–6 (1949–1951), 26–8Google Scholar; Cook (n. 7), 455–9; Woodward, J. M., Perseus (1937), 3–23, 60–2, 66, 76Google Scholar; Engelmann, R., ‘Danae und Verwandtes’, ÖJh 12 (1909), 165–71.Google Scholar

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44 British Museum E382: ARV 632; Add. 272. Berlin 3974: LIMC i, Agamemnon 13, pl. 192. Salonika 34. 263: ARV 1473.1. Athens, Kerameikos 2712: ARV 1313.6, 1690, 1708; Add. 362. On the iconography of the Orestes–Telephos story see further Keuls, E. C., ‘Clytemnestra and Telephus in Greek vase painting’, in Descoeudres, J.-P., Εὐμουσία: Studies … Cambitoglou (Sydney, 1990), 87–94Google Scholar; LIMC i, Agamemnon II. c; Brommer, , VGH 471–2Google Scholar; Bauchhenss-Thüriedl, C., Der Mythos von Telephos in der antiken Bildkunst (Würzburg, 1971)Google Scholar; Webster, T. B. L., Monuments Illustrating Tragedy and Satyr Play (BICS suppl. 20; 1967), 145, 164–5Google Scholar; Beazley, J. D. and Caskey, L. D., Attic Vase Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, iii (1963), 54–7Google Scholar; Metzger, H., ‘Apollon Lycien et Télèphe’, in Mélanges Picard, ii (RA 30; 1949), 746–51Google Scholar; Séchan, L., Etudes sur la Tragédie grecque (1926), 120–7, 503–18.Google Scholar

45 Hermitage W755 (B1845, St 1650): ARV 605.64; Para. 513; Add. 267. Boston 03.798: ARV 1011.16; Para. 440; Add. 314. Syracuse 18421: ARV 1075.7; Para. 449; Add. 326. Berlin, Charlottenburg F2395 (Fig. 8): LIMC i, Amphiaraos 27, pl. 559. On the iconography of Alkmaion and the departure of Amphiaraos see further LIMC i, Alkmaion; Amphiaraos; Brommer, , VGH 476–7Google Scholar; Delcourt, M., Oreste et Alcméon (1959), 31–91.Google Scholar

46 Krakow 1225: ARV 1121.17; Add. 331. Rome, Villa Giulia: ARV 1343 (a). Possibly also British Museum E246: CVA British Museum 6, pl. 100.2. On the iconography of the Lykourgos–Dryas theme see Schefold, , Held. 186–8Google Scholar; Brommer, , VGH 503–4Google Scholar; Trendall, A. D. and Webster, T. B. L., Illustrations of Greek Drama (London, 1971), iii. 1, 13–16Google Scholar; Beazley, J. D., Greek Vases in Poland (1928), 44–6Google Scholar; Séchan (n. 44), 63–79.

47 Munich 26381 and 9191: ARV 456.1, 1654; Add. 243. Louvre G147: ARV 472.211, 1654; Para. 378; Add. 246. Basel, Cahn 599: Sparkes, B. A., in Boulter, C. (ed.), Greek Art: Archaic into Classical (1985), 31–3 and pl. 36.Google Scholar Rome, Villa Giulia 3579: ARV 514.3. On the iconography of the Itys story see Schefold, Held. 42–3; Sparkes, 29–33 and pls 34–6; Brommer, , VGH 269–70.Google Scholar

48 Paris, Cab. Méd. 372: ARV 987.4; Para. 437; Add. 311.

49 Boston 01.8097: ARV 785.2; Para. 418; Add. 289. Possibly also Reggio Calabria 12939a-b: ARV 619.11 bis; Add. 270.

50 British Museum D5 (white-ground): ARV 763.2, 772: Add. 286.

51 On the iconography of the birth of Athena, and for lists of representations, see Arafat (n. 7), 32–9; LIMC ii, Athena I, 985–90; Schefold, , Gött. 19–23Google Scholar; Held, 12–20; Brommer, , GV 10Google Scholar; Loeb, , Geb. 14–27Google Scholar; Aebli (n. 7), 83–8. For the ancient literary sources concerning the birth of Athena see LIMC ii, p. 985.

52 On the iconography of the birth of Aphrodite, and for lists of representations, see Arafat (n. 7), 30–2; LIMC ii, Aphrodite; Schefold, , Gött. 75–85Google Scholar; Brommer, , GV 1–2Google Scholar; Loeb, , Geb. 60–105Google Scholar; Bérard (n. 28), 153–60; Aebli (n. 7), 130–33; Devereux, G., ‘La naissance d'Aphrodite’, in Pouillon, J. and Maranda, P. (eds), Echanges et communications; mélanges offerts à Claude Lévi-Strauss, ii (Paris, 1970), 1229–48Google Scholar; Simon, E., Der Geburt der Aphrodite (Berlin, 1959).CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the ancient literary sources concerning the birth of Aphrodite see LIMC ii, pp. 2 and 113.

53 On the iconography of the infant Artemis see LIMC ii, Artemis.

54 Palagia (n. 24), 36–9. Strabo (xiv. 1. 20) also records at Ephesos a statue group by Skopas which depicted a standing Leto holding a sceptre and accompanied by Ortygia, who carried Leto's children.

55 Berlin F1837: ABV 509, no. 121, 703; Para. 248; Add. 127. Beazley further compares this piece to the scene on an unpublished red-figure skyphos fragment by the Lewis Painter in Reggio Calabria (ARV 973.3 bis).

56 Mommsen, H., CVA Berlin 5, 58.Google Scholar

57 Brauron Museum 531: LIMC ii, Artemis 1263.

58 Paris, Seillière (Fig. 13): ARV 604.51, 1661; Add. 267.

59 ARV 604.51.

60 On the iconography of the death of the Niobids see LIMC ii, Artemis, section IX. 3. 1; Schefold, , Gött. 159–70Google Scholar: Cook, R. M., Niobe and her Children: An Inaugural lecture (1964).Google Scholar

61 Louvre G341: ARV 601.22; Para. 395; Add. 266.

62 A. D. Trendall in LIMC ii, Arkas; Schefold (n. 60); Cook (n. 60).

63 On the iconography of Arkas see LIMC ii, Arkas.

64 For lists of the Attic red-figure representations see Loeb, , Geb. 185–92, 345–52Google Scholar: Brommer, , VGH 514–15Google Scholar: Metzger, , Repr. 28, 277–86Google Scholar: Beazley, J. D., Etruscan Vase-painting (1947), 39–42Google Scholar, with addenda to his list in Caskey and Beazley (n. 44), 70–3: Chapoutier, F., ‘Léda devant l'oeuf de Nemesis’, BCH 66–7 (1942–1943), 1–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar: Kekulé, R., ‘Die Geburt der Helena aus dem Ei’, SB Berl. 22 (1908), 691–703.Google Scholar

65 Berlin F2430 (Fig. 11): LIMC iii, Enorches 1, pl. 562.

66 For baby girls on choes with regular topknot hairstyle see e.g. Athens, Nat. Mus. 1739 (Fig. 14) and 14532: Van Hoorn, G., Choes and Anthesteria (Leiden, 1951), figs. 278–9.Google Scholar

67 See LIMC iii, Enorches.

68 Caskey and Beazley (n. 44), 72. See also LIMC iv, Hélène 3. Note that Helen emerging from the egg, often as a small but fully developed woman, is a subject found in 4th-cent. south Italian red-figure: see LIMC iv, Hélène. We, however, are concerned with Attic iconography.

69 Berlin 2317: ARV 972.1.

70 Smith, H. R. W., Der Lewismaler (1939), 10–11.Google Scholar

71 Kiel University B538: LIMC v, Iphigeneia 1, pl. 466 and drawing on p. 708.

72 Palermo N1 1886: ARV 446.226; Add. 241.

73 On the iconography of Iphigeneia see further LIMC v, Iphigeneia: Kahil, L., in Kahil, L. and Linant de Bellefonds, P., Religion, mythologie, iconographie (1991), 183–96.Google Scholar

74 On the equation between death and marriage see Seaford, R., ‘The tragic wedding’, JHS 107 (1987), 106–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar: Jenkins, I., ‘Is there life after marriage? A study of the abduction motif in vase-paintings of the Athenian wedding ceremony’, BICS 30 (1983), 137–45Google Scholar: Foley, H. P., Arethusa, 15 (1982), 168–73Google Scholar: Redfield, J., ‘Notes on the Greek wedding’, Arethusa, 15 (1982), 188–91Google Scholar: Brelich, A., Paides et parthenoi (Rome, 1969), 242–9.Google Scholar

75 The death of Polyxena appears on a fragmentary cup by Makron, Louvre G153: ARV 460.14; Add. 244. Also on a Megarian bowl, Athens, Nat. Mus. 14624: Hausmann, U., Hellenistische Reliefbecher (1959), 36 no. 25, pls 35–7.Google Scholar

76 On the iconography of Pandora see LIMC i, Anesidora: LIMC vii, Pandora.

77 British Museum D4 (Fig. 15): ARV 869.55; Para. 426; Add. 299.

78 Works and Days, 60–85; Theogony, 571–89.

79 See e.g. Athens, Nat. Mus. 1739 and 14532 (references in n. 66).

80 On the krateriskoi see Sourvinou-Inwood, C., Studies in Girls' Transitions (Athens, 1988)Google Scholar; Kahil, L., ‘Autour de l'Artémis attique’, AK 8 (1965), 20–33Google Scholar; ead., ‘Rites et Mystère’, AK 20 (1977), 86–98; ead., ‘Le cratérisque d'Artémis et le Brauronion de l'Acropole’, Hesp. 50 (1981), 252–63.

81 Stele of Xanthippos: London, British Museum 628 (Fig. 16). Clairmont, C., Classical Attic Tombstones (1993), i. 630.Google Scholar Stele of Mynnia: Malibu, J. Paul Getty Museum 71.AA.121; Clairmont, ii. 718.

82 Bologna 268 (Fig. 6): ARV 598.1; Para. 394; Add. 265. Ferrara T936: ARV 601.18, 1661; Para. 395; Add. 266.

83 Vienna 3710: ARV 380.171, 1649; Para. 366; Add. 277.

84 JHS 101 (1981), 221–2. I am grateful here for the generous help and stimulating comments of Susan Woodford, received via a personal communication of 15 Dec. 1994.

85 See e.g. Tht. 197 e; Rep. 441 a–b; Gorg. 464 d and 502 e; Soph. 234 b–c; Euthd. 299 d; Phlb. 14 d.

86 Sec e.g. EE i. 1215 b 23–4; ii. 1219 b 5a.

87 Golden, M., Ant. Cl. 54 (1985), 91–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See further, on the social status of and attitudes towards children, id., Children and Childhood in Classical Athens (Baltimore and London, 1990), esp. 1–12.

88 On the representation of slaves as diminutive adult figures see Kästner, U., ‘Bezeichnungen für Sklaven’, in Welskopf, E. C. (ed.), Soziale Typenbegriffe im alten Griechenland und ihr Fortleben in den Sprachen der Welt, iii (Berlin, 1981), 307Google Scholar; Himmelmann, N., Archäologisches zum Problem der griechischen Sklaverei (Weisbaden, 1971).Google Scholar

89 See e.g. Rep, iv. 431 c.

90 See e.g. EE i. 1214 b 30; vii. 1238 a 33; NE vii. 1154 b 10; Pol. vii. 1323 a 33; Probl. xxx. 14. 957 a 43.

91 See e.g. Ep. viii. 355 c; Rep. iv. 431 c.

92 On the status of, and attitudes towards, women in 5th-cent. Athens see Schmitt-Pantel, P. (ed.), A History of Women (1992)Google Scholar; Cohen, D., G&R 36 (1989), 3–15Google Scholar; Hunter, V. J., Echos du monde classique, 33 (1989), 39–48Google Scholar; Just, R., Women in Athenian law and Life (1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cantarella, E., Pandora's Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity, trans. Fant, M. B. (1987)Google Scholar; Peradotto, J. P. and Sullivan, J. P. (eds.), Women in the Ancient World (1984)Google Scholar; Gould, J., JHS 100 (1980), 38–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pomeroy, S. B., Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity (1975)Google Scholar; Gomme, A. W., CP 20 (1925), 1–25.Google Scholar

93 See e.g. N. Loraux, in Schmitt-Pantel (n. 92), 11–44: Pomeroy (n. 92), 1–16.

94 Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo, 123–5; Hesiod, , Theogony, 492–3Google Scholar; Sophokles, , Ichneutae, 271–2.Google Scholar