Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T07:28:30.683Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A review of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2011

S. B. Shivachandra ,
K. N. Viswas  and
A. A. Kumar
S. B. Shivachandra*
Affiliation:
Clinical Bacteriology Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteshwar-263138, Nainital (District), Uttarakhand, India
K. N. Viswas
Affiliation:
Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttarpradesh, India
A. A. Kumar
Affiliation:
Former Principal Scientist & Principal Investigator, All India Network Project on Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (AINPHS), Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttarpradesh, India
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS), an acute, fatal and septicemic disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by Pasteurella multocida, is important in tropical regions of the world, especially in African and Asian countries. The prevalence of disease has been well documented with predominant isolation of P. multocida serotypes B:2 and E:2. Conventional methods of identification such as serotyping, biotyping, antibiogram determination and pathogenicity as well as molecular methods (P. multocida-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a serogroup B-specific PCR assay, multiplex capsular typing system and loop-mediated isothermal amplification techniques) and characterization (restriction endonuclease analysis, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, repetitive extragenic palidromic PCR and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR analysis) are applied in parallel for rapid epidemiological investigations of HS outbreaks. Although several vaccine formulations including alum precipitated, oil adjuvant and multiple emulsion vaccines are commercially available, the quest for suitable broadly protective HS vaccines with long-lasting immunity is on the upsurge. Concurrently, attempts are being made to unravel the mysteries of the pathogen and its virulence factors, pathogenesis and determinants of protective immunity as well as diversity among strains of P. multocida. This review highlights the advances in these various aspects of HS.

Keywords

hemorrhagic septicemiaPasteurella multocidavaccinescontrol
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , June 2011 , pp. 67 - 82
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, B, Bulach, D, Chung, J, Doughty, S, Hunt, M, Rajakumar, K, Serrano, M, Zanden, A, Zhang, Y and Ruffolo, C (1999). Candidate vaccine antigens and genes in Pasteurella multocida. Journal of Biotechnology 73: 83–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Hasani, K, Boyce, J, McCarl, VP, Bottomley, S, Wilkie, I and Adler, B (2007). Identification of novel immunogens in Pasteurella multocida. Microbial Cell Factories 6: 3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ataei, S, Burchmore, R, Christopher, HJ, Finucane, A, Parton, R and Coote, JG (2009). Identification of immunogenic proteins associated with protection against haemorrhagic septicaemia after vaccination of calves with a live-attenuated aroA derivative of Pasteurella multocida B:2. Research in Veterinary Science 87: 207–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atashpaz, S, Shayegh, J and Hejazi, MS (2009). Rapid virulence typing of Pasteurella multocida by multiplex PCR. Research in Veterinary Science 87: 355–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aucouturier, J, Dupuis, L and Ganne, V (2001). Adjuvants designed for veterinary and human vaccines. Vaccine 19: 2666–2672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bain, RVS (1954). Vaccination against haemorrhagic septicaemia of bovines. Nature 173: 584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bain, RVS (1956). Studies on haemorrhagic septicaemia of cattle VI. Experiments with oil adjuvant vaccine. British Veterinary Journal 112: 115–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldrey, FSH (1907). Haemorrhagic septicaemia and its relation to preventive vaccination. Journal of Tropical Science 2: 287–289.Google Scholar
Benkirane, A and De Alwis, MCL (2002). Haemorrhagic septicaemia, its significance, prevention and control in Asia. Veterinary Medicine Czechoslovakia 47: 234–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biswas, A, Shivachandra, SB, Saxena, MK, Kumar, AA, Singh, VP and Srivastava, SK (2004). Molecular variability among strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from an outbreak of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in India. Veterinary Research Communications 28: 287–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosch, M, Garrido, ME, Perez de Rozas, AM, Badiola, I, Barbe, J and Llagostera, M (2004). Pasteurella multocida contains multiple immunogenic haemin- and haemoglobin-binding proteins. Veterinary Microbiology 99: 103–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyce, JD and Adler, B (2000). The capsule is a virulence determinant in the pathogenesis of Pasteurella multocida M1404 (B:2). Infection and Immunity 68: 3463–3468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyce, JD and Adler, B (2001). Acapsular Pasteurella multocida B:2 can stimulate protective immunity against pasteurellosis. Infection and Immunity 69: 1943–1946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyce, JD, Chung, JY and Adler, B (2000). Pasteurella multocida capsule: composition, function and genetics. Journal of Biotechnology 83: 153–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brickell, SK, Thomas, LM, Long, KA, Panaccio, M and Widders, PK (1998). Development of a PCR test based on a gene region associated with the pathogenicity of Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2, the causal agent of haemorrhagic septicaemia in Asia. Veterinary Microbiology 59: 295–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capitini, CM, Herrero, IA, Patel, R, Ishitani, MB and Boyce, TG (2002). Wound infection with Neisseria weaveri and a novel subspecies of Pasteurella multocida in a child who sustained a tiger bite. Clinical Infectious Diseases 34: 74–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, GR (1955). Studies on Pasteurella multocida: a haemagglutination test for the identification of serological types. American Journal of Veterinary Research 16: 481–484.Google ScholarPubMed
Carter, GR (1967). Pasteurellosis: Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella hemolytica. Advances in Veterinary Science Comparative Medicine 11: 321.Google ScholarPubMed
Carter, GR and Chengappa, MM (1980). Hyaluronidase production by type B Pasteurella multocida from cases of hemorrhagic septicemia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 11: 94–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, GR and Chengappa, MM (1981). Recommendation for a Standard System of Designating Serotype of Pasteurella multocida. American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Allen press, Lawrence, USA, pp. 37–42.Google Scholar
Carter, GR and De Alwis, MCL (1989). Haemorrhagic septicaemia. In: Adlam, C and Rutter, JM (eds) Pasteurella and Pasteurellosis. London, UK: Academic Press, pp. 131–160.Google Scholar
Chalsus-Dancla, E, Lesage-Descauses, MC, Leroy-Setrin, S, Martel, JL and Lafont, JP (1995). Tetracycline resistance determinants, Tet B and Tet M, detected in Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from bovine herds. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 36: 815–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandrasekharan, S and Yeap, PC (1982). Pasteurella multocida in pigs: the serotypes and assessment of their virulence in mice. British Veterinary Journal 134: 332–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandrasekaran, S, Kennett, L, Yeap, PC, Muniandy, N, Rani, B and Mukkur, TK (1994a). Relationship between active protection in vaccinated buffaloes against haemorrhagic septicaemia and passive mouse protection test or serum antibody titres. Veterinary Microbiology 41: 303–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandrasekaran, S, Kennett, L, Yeap, PC, Muniandy, N, Rani, B and Mukkur, TK (1994b). Characterization of immune response and duration of protection in buffaloes immunized with haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccines. Veterinary Microbiology 41: 213–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, C and Chae, C (2001). Enhanced detection of toxigenic Pasteurella multocida directly from nasal swabs using nested polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary Journal 162: 255–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi-Kim, K, Maheswaran, SK, Felice, LJ and Molitor, TW (1991). Relationship between the iron regulated outer membrane proteins and the outer membrane proteins of in vivo grown Pasteurella multocida. Veterinary Microbiology 28: 75–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chorherr, S (1974). Heat inactivation of Pasteurella with retention of immunizing properties. Munchen, p. 70 (as cited by Verma and Jaiswal, 1998).Google Scholar
Christensen, H and Bisgaard, M (2010). Molecular classification and its impact on diagnostics and understanding the phylogeny and epidemiology of selected members of Pasteurellaceae of veterinary importance. Berlin Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 123: 20–30.Google ScholarPubMed
Confer, AW (1993). Immunogens of Pasteurella. Veterinary Microbiology 37: 353–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dagleish, MP, Hodgson, JC, Ataei, S, Finucane, A, Finlayson, J, Sales, J, Parton, R and Coote, JG (2007). Safety and protective efficacy of intramuscular vaccination with a live aroA derivative of Pasteurella multocida B:2 against experimental hemorrhagic septicemia in calves. Infection and Immunity 75: 5837–5844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, RL (2004). Genetic diversity among Pasteurella multocida strains of avian, bovine, ovine and porcine origin from England and Wales by comparative sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Microbiology 150: 4199–4210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Alwis, MC, Wijewardana, TG, Gomis, AI and Vipulasiri, AA (1990). Persistence of the carrier status in haemorrhagic septicaemia (Pasteurella multocida serotype 6:B infection) in buffaloes. Tropical Animal Health and Production 22: 185–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Alwis, MCL (1999). Haemorrhagic septicaemia. ACIAR Monograph No. 57. Canberra, Australia: Austrtalian Centre for International Agricultural Research.Google Scholar
Dey, S, Singh, VP, Kumar, AA, Sharma, B, Srivastava, SK and Singh, N (2007). Comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene of Pasteurella multocida serogroup-B isolates from different animal species. Research in Veterinary Science 83: 1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhanda, MR, Das, MD, Lal, JM and Seth, RN (1958). Immunological studies on Pasteurella septica I. Trials on adjuvant vaccine. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 156: 273–283.Google Scholar
Doughty, SW, Ruffalo, CG and Adler, B (2000). The type 4 fimbrial subunit gene of Pasteurella multocida. Veterinary Microbiology 72: 79–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dutta, J, Rathore, BS, Mullick, SG, Singh, R and Sharma, GC (1990). Epidemiological studies on occurrence of haemorrhagic septicaemia in India. Indian Veterinary Journal 67: 893–899.Google Scholar
Dziva, F, Christensen, H, Olsen, JE and Mohan, K (2001). Random amplification of polymorphic DNA and phenotypic typing of Zimbabwean isolates of Pasteurella multocida. Veterinary Microbiology 82: 361–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dziva, F, Muhairwa, AP, Bisgaard, M and Christensen, H (2008). Diagnostic and typing options for investigating diseases associated with Pasteurella multocida. Veterinary Microbiology 128: 1–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekundayo, SO, Odugbo, MO, Olabode, AO and Okewole, PA (2008). Phenotypic variability among strains of P. multocida isolated from avian, bovine, caprine, leporine and ovine origin. African Journal of Biotechnology 7: 1347–1350.Google Scholar
Ewers, C, Lubke-Becker, A, Bethe, A, Kiebling, S, Filter, M and Wieler, LH (2006). Virulence genotype of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from different hosts with various disease status. Veterinary Microbiology 114: 304–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FAO, Rome (2005). Production Yearbook-2005. FAO, Statistics Division.Google Scholar
FAO, Rome-WHO-OIE (1994). Animal Health Yearbook 1994.Google Scholar
Fegan, N, Blackall, PJ and Pahoff, JL (1995). Phenotypic characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolates from Australian poultry. Veterinary Microbiology 47: 281–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, TE, Kennedy, MJ and Lowery, DE (2000). Identification of Pasteurella multocida virulence genes in a septicemic mouse model using signature-tagged mutagenesis. Microbial Pathogenesis 29: 25–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gautam, R, Kumar, AA, Singh, VP, Singh, VP, Dutta, TK and Shivachandra, SB (2004). Specific identification of Pasteurella multocida serogroup-A isolates by PCR assay. Research in Veterinary Science 76: 179–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunawardana, GA, Townsend, KM and Frost, AJ (2000). Molecular characterization of avian Pasteurella multocida isolates from Australia and Vietnam by REP-PCR and PFGE. Veterinary Microbiology 72: 97–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harmon, BG, Glisson, JR, Latimer, KS, Steffens, WL and Nunnally, JC (1991). Resistance of Pasteurella multocida A:3,4 to phagocytosis by turkey macrophages and heterophils. American Journal of Veterinary Research 52: 1507–1511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harper, M, Boyce, JD and Adler, B (2006). Pasteurella multocida pathogenesis: 125 years after Pasteur. FEMS Microbiology Letters 265: 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatfaludi, T, Al-Hasani, K, Boyce, JD and Adler, B (2010). Outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella multocida. Veterinary Microbiology 144: 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heddleston, KL, Gallagher, JE and Rebers, PA (1972). Fowl cholera: gel diffusion precipitation test for serotyping Pasteurella multocida from avian species. Avian Diseases 16: 925–936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsh, DC, Martin, LD and Rhodes, KR (1981). Conjugal transfer of R-plasmid in Pasteurella multocida. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 20: 415–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, JG, Krieg, NR, Sneath, PHA, Staley, JT and Williams, ST (1994). Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. 9th edn. p. 196. Published by Springer, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Horadagoda, NU, Hodgson, JC, Moon, GM, Wijewardana, TG and Eckersall, PD (2002). Development of a clinical syndrome resembling haemorrhagic septicaemia in the buffalo following intravenous inoculation of Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 endotoxin and the role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Research in Veterinary Science 72: 194–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, SP, Felice, LJ, Sivanandan, V and Maheswaran, SK (1986). Siderophore production by Pasteurella multocida. Infection and Immunity 54: 804–810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, ML, Adler, B and Townsend, KM (2000). The molecular biology of Pasteurella multocida. Veterinary Microbiology 72: 3–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iyer, SV, Gopalkrishnan, S and Ramani, K (1955). Studies on haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccines: the effects of adjuvants upon the immunizing value of formalin killed P. boviseptica organisms. Indian Veterinary Journal 31: 379–382.Google Scholar
Iyer, SV and Rao, DVR (1959). Studies on Haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccines. Indian Veterinary Journal 36: 415–426.Google Scholar
Jablonska, AK and Opacka, BB (2007). Analysis of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from cattle with haemorrhagic septicaemia by the use of PFGE. Bulletin Veterinary Institute of Pulawy 51: 515–517.Google Scholar
Johnson, RB, Dawkins, HJ and Spencer, TL (1991). Electrophoretic profiles of Pasteurella multocida isolates from animals with hemorrhagic septicemia. American Journal of Veterinary Research 52: 1644–1648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khera, SS (1979). The incidence and distribution of epizootic diseases in India: haemorrhagic septicaemia. Bulletin Office International des Epizooties 91: 331–347.Google Scholar
Kucera, CJ, Wong, JCS and Eis, RL (1981). Development of chemically altered Pasteurella multocida vaccine strain. American Journal of Veterinary Research 42: 1389–1394.Google Scholar
Kudela, P, Koller, VJ and Lubitz, W (2010). Bacterial ghosts (BGs)-advanced antigen and drug delivery system. Vaccine 28: 5760–5767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhnert, P and Christensen, H (2008). Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kumar, AA, Shivachandra, SB, Biswas, A, Singh, VP, Singh, VP and Srivastava, SK (2004). Prevalent serotypes of Pasteurella multocida isolated from different animal and avian species in India. Veterinary Research Communications 28: 657–667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, P, Singh, VP, Agrawal, RK and Singh, S (2009). Identification of Pasteurella multocida isolates of ruminant origin using polymerase chain reaction and their antibiogram study. Tropical Animal Health Production 41: 573–578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, CW, Wilkie, IW, Townsend, KM and Frost, AJ (2000). The demonstration of Pasteurella multocida in the alimentary tract of chickens after experimental infection. Veterinary Microbiology 72: 47–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehmann, KB and Neumann, R (1899). Lehmann's Medizin. Handatlanten, X. Atlas mit Grundriss der Bakteriologie and Lehrbuch der Speziellen Bakteriologieschen Diagnostik. 3rd edn.Munich: JF. Lehmann.Google Scholar
Luo, Y, Zeng, Q, Glisson, JR, Jackwood, MW, Cheng, IH and Wang, C (1999). Sequence analysis of Pasteurella multocida major outer membrane protein (OmpH) and application of synthetic peptides in vaccination of chickens against homologous strain challenge. Vaccine 17: 821–831.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchart, J, Dropmann, G, Lechleitner, S, Schlapp, T, Wanner, G, Szostak, MP and Lubitz, W (2003). Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica-ghosts: new vaccine candidates. Vaccine 21: 3988–3997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maslog, FS (1998). Immunity provided by haemorrhagic septicaemia-subunit vaccine in ruminants. Developmental Biology Standards 92: 301–307.Google ScholarPubMed
May, BJ, Zhang, Q, Li, LL, Paustian, ML, Whittam, TS and Kapur, V (2001). Complete genomic sequence of Pasteurella multocida, Pm70. Proceedings of National Academy of Science USA 98: 3460–3465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR, Jiaswal, TN and Gupta, BK (1979). Studies on haemorrhagic septicaemia and multiple emulsion vaccines. Indian Veterinary Journal 3: 449–454.Google Scholar
Mullen, LM, Nair, SP, Ward, JM, Rycroft, AN, Williams, RJ, Robertson, G, Mordan, NJ and Henderson, B (2008). Novel adhesin from Pasteurella multocida that binds to the integrin-binding fibronectin FnIII9-10 repeats. Infection and Immunity 76: 1093–1104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myint, A and Carter, GR (1989). Prevention of haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffaloes with a live vaccine. Veterinary Record 124: 508–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myint, A, Jones, TO and Nyunt, HH (2005). Safety, efficacy and cross-protectivity of a live intranasal aerosol haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine. Veterinary Record 156: 41–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagy, LK and Pen, CW (1976). Protection of cattle against experimental haemorrhagic septcaemia by the capsular antigens of Pasteurella multocida type B and E. Research in Veterinary Science 20: 90–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Namioka, S and Murata, M (1961). Serological studies on Pasteurella multocida: a simplified method of capsular typing of the organism. Cornell Veterinarian 51: 498–507.Google Scholar
Nikhiporova, NM (1958). Pasteurellosis of domestic animals. Bulletin African Institute of Epizootiology 50: 176.Google Scholar
Notomi, T, Okayama, H, Masubuchi, H, Yonekawa, T, Watanabe, K, Amino, N and Hase, T (2000). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Research 28: e63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
OIE (2009). Haemorrhagic septicaemia, Chapter 2.4.12. Terrestrial Manual. pp. 739–750. Office International Des Epizooties (OIE), Paris, France.Google Scholar
Osman, OA, Abdul, RS, Makeen, S, Dinvitiri, RA, Monaz, MA and Youswf, RR (1990). The simultaneous inoculation of cattle with rinderpest and haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccines. Australian Veterinary Medicine Journal 23: 57–63.Google Scholar
Pasteur, L (1880). De l'attenuation du virus du cholera des poules. CR Academy of Science 91: 673–680.Google Scholar
Pati, US, Srivastava, SK, Roy, SC and More, T (1996). Immunogenicity of outer membrane protein of Pasteurella multocida in buffalo calves. Veterinary Microbiology 52: 301–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paustian, ML, May, BJ and Kapur, V (2001). Pasteurella multocida gene expression in response to iron limitation. Infection and Immunity 69: 4109–4115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, BD, Randolph, TF, McDermott, JJ, Sones, KR and Thornton, PK (2002). Animal diseases and their impact on poor. In: Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute, pp. 49–59.Google Scholar
Prado, ME, Dabo, SM and Confer, AW (2005). Immunogenicity of iron-regulated outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella multocida A:3 in cattle: molecular characterization of the immunodominant heme acquisition system receptor (HasR) protein. Veterinary Microbiology 105: 269–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramdani, and Adler, B (1991). Opsonic monoclonal antibodies against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of Pasteurella multocida and the role of LPS in immunity. Veterinary Microbiology 26: 335–347.Google ScholarPubMed
Ramdani, , Dawkins, HJ, Johnson, RB, Spencer, TL and Adler, B (1990). Pasteurella multocida infections in mice with reference to haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffalo. Immunology and Cell Biology 68: 57–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rau, G and Govil, JL (1950). An improved haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine. Indian Veterinary Journal 27: 105.Google Scholar
Rimler, RB (1990). Comparisons of Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharides by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine relationship between group B and E hemorrhagic septicemia strains and serologically related group A strains. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28: 654–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rimler, RB (2000). Restriction endonuclease analysis using HhaI and HpaII to discriminate among serogroup-B Pasteurella multocida associated with haemorrhagic septicaemia. Journal of Medical Microbiology 49: 81–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rimler, RB and Rhoades, KR (1994). Hyaluronidase and chondroitinase activity of Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 involved in hemorrhagic septicaemia. Veterinary Record 134: 67–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruffalo, GC, Tennet, JM, Michalski, WP and Adler, B (1997). Identification, purification and characterization of type-4 fimbriae of Pasteurella multocida. Infection and Immunity 65: 339–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SanMillan, A, Escudero, JA, Gutierrez, B, Hidalgo, L, Garcia, N, Llagostera, M, Dominguez, L and Gonzalez-Zorn, B (2009). Multi-resistance in Pasteurella multocida is mediated by coexistence of small plasmids. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53: 3399–3404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savelkoul, PH, Aarts, HJ, Haas, J, Dijkshoorn, L, Duim, B, Otsen, M, Rademaker, LW, Schouls, L and Lenstra, JA (1999). Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis: the state of an art. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37: 3083–3091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sawada, T, Rimler, RB and Rhoades, KR (1985). Hemorrhagic septicemia: naturally acquired antibodies against Pasteurella multocida types B and E in calves in the United States. American Journal of Veterinary Research 46: 1247–1250.Google Scholar
Saxena, MK, Kumar, AA, Chaudhuri, P, Shivachandra, SB, Singh, VP, Singh, VP and Sharma, B (2005). Ribotyping of Indian isolates of Pasteurella multocida based on 16S and 23S rRNA genes. Veterinary Research Communications 29: 527–535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, NH, Jacobs, AA, Shah, NH and de Graaf, FK (2001). Safety and efficacy of an oil-adjuvant vaccine against haemorrhagic septicaemia in buffalo calves: cross-protection between the serotypes B:2,5 and E:2,5. Veterinary Record 149: 583–587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shivachandra, SB, Kumar, AA, Gautam, R, Singh, VP, Chaudhuri, P and Srivastava, SK (2004a). PCR assay for rapid detection of Pasteurella multocida serogroup-A in morbid tissue materials from experimentally induced Fowl cholera in chicks. Veterinary Journal 168: 349–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shivachandra, SB, Kumar, AA, Biswas, A, Ramakrishnan, MA, Singh, VP and Srivastava, SK (2004b). Antibiotic sensitivity patterns among Indian strains of Avian Pasteurella multocida. Tropical Animal Health and Production 36: 743–750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shivachandra, SB, Kumar, AA, Amaranath, J, Joseph, S, Srivastava, SK and Chaudhuri, P (2005). Cloning and characterization of tbpA gene encoding Transferrin binding protein (TbpA) from Pasteurella multocida B:2 (strain P52). Veterinary Research Communications 29: 537–542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shivachandra, SB, Kumar, AA, Gautam, R, Singh, VP, Saxena, MK and Srivastava, SK (2006a). Identification of Avian strains of Pasteurella multocida in India by Conventional and PCR Assays. Veterinary Journal 172: 561–564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shivachandra, SB, Kumar, AA, Gautam, R, Joseph, S, Saxena, MK, Chaudhuri, P and Srivastava, SK (2006b). Characterization of Avian strains of Pasteurella multocida by restriction endonuclease and amplified fragment length polymorphism. Research in Veterinary Science 81: 8–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shivachandra, SB, Kumar, AA, Saxena, MK, Singh, VP and Srivastava, SK (2006c). Biochemical characterization of Avian strains of Pasteurella multocida in India. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 76: 429–432.Google Scholar
Shivachandra, SB, Kumar, AA, Gautam, R, Joseph, S, Saxena, MK, Chaudhuri, P, Srivastava, SK and Singh, N (2006d). Detection of Pasteurella multocida in experimentally infected embryonated chicken eggs by PCR assay. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 44: 321–324.Google ScholarPubMed
Shivachandra, SB, Kumar, AA and Chaudhuri, P (2007). Differentiation of Avian Pasteurella multocida strains by single primer PCR. Veterinary Research Communications 31: 941–949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shivachandra, SB, Kumar, AA and Chaudhuri, P (2008). Molecular characterization of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida serogroup-A based on amplification of repetitive regions by PCR. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 31: 47–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siju, J, Kumar, AA, Shivachandra, SB, Chaudhuri, P, Srivastava, SK and Singh, VP (2007). Cloning and characterization of Type 4 fimbrial gene (ptfA) of Pasteurella multocida Serogroup B:2 (Strain P52). Veterinary Research Communications 31: 397–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silver, RP, Leming, B, Garon, CF and Hgerpe, CH (1979). R-plasmids in Pasteurella multocida. Plasmid 2: 493–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spratt, BG (1999). Multilocus sequence typing: molecular typing of bacterial pathogens in an era of rapid DNA sequencing and the internet. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2: 312–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srivastava, NC, Harbola, PC and Khera, SS (1975). Preliminary observations on combined vaccination against haemorrhagic septicaemia and black quarter. Indian Veterinary Journal 53: 168–172.Google Scholar
Srivastava, SK (1998). Immunogenicity of Pasteurella multocida grown in iron restricted medium. Journal of Applied Animal Research 136: 137–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steenbergen, SM, Lichtensteiger, CA, Caughlan, R, Garfinkle, J, Fuller, TE and Vimr, ER (2005). Sialic acid metabolism and systemic pasteurellosis. Infection and Immunity 73: 1284–1294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, AB (1975). R-factors plasmids conferring resistance of antibacterial agents. Science Progress 62: 89.Google ScholarPubMed
St Michael, F, Vinogradov, E, Li, J and Cox, AD (2005). Structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Pasteurella multocida genome strain Pm70 and identification of the putative lipopolysaccharide glycosyltransferases. Glycobiology 15: 323–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Subaaharan, S, Blackall, LL and Blackall, PJ (2010). Development of a multi-locus sequence typing scheme for avian isolates of Pasteurella multocida. Veterinary Microbiology 141: 354–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, D, Wang, J, Wu, R, Wang, C, He, X, Zheng, J and Yang, H (2010). Development of a novel LAMP diagnostic method for visible detection of swine Pasteurella multocida. Veterinary Research Communications 34: 649–657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomer, P, Chaturvedi, GC, Minakshi, , Malik, P and Monga, DP (2002). Comparative analysis of the outer membrane protein profiles of isolates of the Pasteurella multocida (B:2) associated with haemorrhagic septicaemia. Veterinary Research Communications 26: 513–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Townsend, KM, Dawkins, HJS and Papadimitriou, JM (1997a). Analysis of haemorrhagic septicaemia causing isolates of Pasteurella multocida by ribotyping and field alternation gel electrophoresis (FAGE). Veterinary Microbiology 57: 383–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Townsend, KM, Dawkins, HJS and Papadimitriou, JM (1997b). REP-PCR analysis of Pasteurella multocida isolates that cause haemorrhagic septicaemia. Research in Veterinary Science 63: 151–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Townsend, KM, Frost, AJ, Lee, CW, Papadimitrious, JM and Dawkins, HJ (1998). Development of PCR assays for species and type specific identification of Pasteurella multocida isolates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36: 1096–1100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Townsend, KM, Boyce, JD, Chung, JY, Frost, AJ and Adler, B (2001). Genetic organization of Pasteurella multocida cap loci and development of a multiplex capsular PCR typing system. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39: 924–929.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veken, JW, Oudega, B, Luirink, J and de Graaf, FK (1994). Binding of bovine transferrin by Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2,5, a strain which causes haemorrhagic septicaemia in buffalo and cattle. FEMS Microbiology Letters 115: 253–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veken, JW, Shah, NH, Klaasen, P, Oudega, B and De Graaf, FK (1996). Binding of host iron-binding proteins and expression of iron-regulated membrane proteins by different serotypes of Pasteurella multocida causing haemorrhagic septicaemia. Microbial Pathogenesis 21: 59–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verma, R and Jaiswal, TN (1997). Protection, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in calves immunized with multiple emulsion haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine. Vaccine 15: 1254–1260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verma, R and Jaiswal, TN (1998). Haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccines. Vaccines 16: 1184–1190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Versalovic, J, Koeuth, T and Lupski, JR (1991). Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application of fingerprinting of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Research 19: 6823–6831.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vos, PR, Heger, M, Blecker, M, Reijans, T, Lee, VD, Hornes, A, Frigters, J, Peleman, PJ, Kulper, M and Zabeau, M (1995). AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Research 23: 4407–4414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wei, BD and Carter, GR (1978). Live streptomycin dependent Pasteurella multocida vaccine for the prevention of haemorrhagic septicaemia. American Journal of Veterinary Research 15: 1534–1537.Google Scholar
Wheeler, R (2009). Outer membrane proteomics of Pasteurella multocida isolates to identify putative host-specificity determinants. Bioscience Horizons 2: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, MA, Rimler, RB and Hoffman, LJ (1992). Comparison of DNA fingerprints and somatic serotypes of serogroup B and E Pasteurella multocida isolates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 30: 1518–1524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, JR, Shien, JH, Shieh, HK, Chen, CF and Chang, PC (2007). Protective immunity conferred by recombinant Pasteurella multocida lipoprotein E (PlpE). Vaccine 25: 4140–4148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed