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Food as a Biopower Means of Control: The Use of Food in Asylum Regimes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 January 2021

Tally Amir  and
Anda Barak-Bianco
Tally Amir
Affiliation:
Tel Aviv University, Israel; The College of Law and Business, Israel; The Human Rights Program, Harvard Law School; The Hadassah Brandeis Institute, Brandeis University; Yale University
Anda Barak-Bianco
Affiliation:
Sociology, University of Haifa, Israel; Institute of Immigration and Social Integration at Ruppin Academic Center, Israel
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Extract

States struggle to maintain a facade of sovereignty against the large-scale migration of immigrants and asylum seekers, who are trying to find their way into the receiving societies. Increased borders control, reinforced socio-legal boundaries and detention facilities are some of the constant efforts' states employ to quell the immigration of asylum seekers and control their presence. Disciplinary power often appears in a centralized form, such as borders and immigration systems, but also in decentralized, dispersed forms, ranging from medical practices, media and market influences, as well as many others, which were termed by Foucault as biopower. This force - which in its broad meaning describes deliberate attempts to interfere with the essential human existence and manage all spheres of life - is defined by Foucault as a ‘political power [that] had assigned itself the task of administering life’. Biopower is employed to manage, regulate and govern lives, produce obedience, and subordinate individuals and communities to disciplinary practices. The control over lives should be understood comprehensively, so that includes ‘a life of the city…political life, economic life…’ as well as ‘the management of … money … information, communication, water, sheep, grain …’. Accordingly, we argue that food is a form of biopower, an apparatus utilized to control and govern asylum-seekers. We posit that the state uses food to monitor the individuals' well-being, the community life, and affect the social existence. In this article, “food” refers to the role sustenance plays in providing nutrition and reinforcing socio-cultural values.

Type
Articles
Information
American Journal of Law & Medicine , Volume 45 , Issue 1 , March 2019 , pp. 57 - 79
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics and Boston University 2019

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References

††† We would like to thank Prof. Aeyal Gross, Prof. Yofi Tirosh, Prof. Rebeca Raijman, Adv. Oded Feller, the participants of the Food and the Law seminar at Tel Aviv University School of Law, and the participants of Mundi Lab Workshop, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology for their helpful comments on previous drafts. We would also like to thank the Students of the Harvard Immigration and Refugee Rights Clinic, Madeleine O'Neill, Danait Mengist and Brianna Rennix, who, during their clinical internship in Israel, assisted with parts of this project, and to the staff and volunteers of the Hotline for Refugees and Migrants for their assistance in gathering information for this project. Finally, we wish to extend our gratitude to Dr. Keren Yalin-Mor for her meticulous editing

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23 This facility was closed in March 2018 when the law regulating the operation of the residency center expired. See Prevention of Infiltration Law (Crimes and Jurisdiction), 5714-1954 (as amended).

24 See generally Tally Kritzman-Amir & Rivka Weill, Strategic Ambiguity: The Supreme Court Decisions on Undocumented Migrants in Israel, U. of Pa. J. of Int'l. L. (Forthcoming 2019).

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49 Id. at 203–07.

50 See Foucault, supra note 7, at 135-136.

51 Id. at 138.

52 Id. at 136-38.

53 Id. at 136.

54 Id. at 140.

55 Id. at 139-40.

56 Id. at 139.

57 Id.

58 Id. at 140.

59 Thomas Lemke, Biopolitics: An Advanced Introduction 36 (Eric F. Trump trans., 2011).

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75 D. is a pseudonym for an interviewee from Eritrea.

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77 See Sabar & Posner, supra note 40, at 198-213 (analyzing the motivations of asylum seekers in creating “culinary safe havens”).

78 Interview with M. from Sudan, in Central Bus Station, Tel Aviv, Israel (Feb. 25, 2013) (on file with author).

79 See Sabar & Posner, supra note 40 at 202-04 (describing the role of restaurants as a gathering places).

80 See id. at 207 (“[I]t was practically impossible to host at home, and the practice of such values had of necessity shifted to the public sphere, i.e. restaurants and bars, bringing primary bonding interactions to the trays used at the restaurants we studied.”).

81 See Bodomo & Ma, supra note 69, at 12-13 (discussing restaurants as places where immigrants come to gather knowledge and to solve community problems).

82 Interview with T. from Eritrea, in Tel Aviv, Israel (Feb. 14, 2013) (on file with author).

83 Foucault, supra note Error! Bookmark not defined., at 100. [KW: we may to add a hereinafter to both Foucault books to differentiate them]

84 The asylum policy of some countries, like Israel and Britain, focuses on control, with no proper system for the welfare of the asylum seekers. Sales, supra note 15, at 465-67 (describing Britain's asylum policy).

85 The practice of providing free meals was mentioned in all interviews, as A from Darfur explained: “People come and I let them to eat for free, I supply 2-3 free meals almost every day.” Interview with A. from Darfur, in Tel Aviv, Israel (Dec. 10, 2012) (on file with author).

86 Interview with J. from Darfur, in Tel Aviv, Israel (Jan. 16, 2013) (on file with author).

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90 Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish 272 (Alan Sheridan trans., Vintage Books 1st ed., 1979).

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96 See, e.g., Erin DeJesus, Restaurant Employees the Target of Immigration Raids in Mississippi, Eater (Feb. 24, 2017, 1:02 PM), https://www.eater.com/2017/2/24/14725696/mississippi-immigration-raids [https://perma.cc/YJU8-FFQG]; Aric Jenkins, How the Restaurant Industry is Fighting President Trump on Immigration, Fortune (Apr. 10, 2017), http://fortune.com/2017/04/10/restaurant-industry-donald-trump-immigration [https://perma.cc/B73L-DW9Q]; Mark Roper, ICE Officers Arrest 11 Central Pa. Restaurant Workers in Immigration Raid, Fox 43 (May 11, 2018, 7:03 PM), https://fox43.com/2018/05/11/ice-officers-arrest-11-central-pa-restaurant-workers-in-immigration-raid [https://perma.cc/65BA-EAT6]; Robert Samuels, A Beloved Restaurant Owner Was Deported. His Indiana Town Got Over It, Chi Trib. (Mar. 12, 2018, 9:50 AM), http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/immigration/ct-indiana-deportation-20180311-story.html [https://perma.cc/2NK6-A83X].

97 See Ben Hartman, African Refugee-Owned Businesses Raided in TA, Jerusalem Post (Apr. 23, 2019, 8:81 PM), https://www.jpost.com/National-News/African-asylum-seeker-owned-businesses-raided-in-TA-313061 [https://perma.cc/F3ZP-GVWA].

98 See, e.g., Barak-Bianco & Raijman, supra note 88, at 7-9; Daniel Rosenbaum, לאוכל אקונומיקה שפכו פקחים משפיל" :”זרי במסעדת” [Inspectors Poured Bleach into Food in a Foreign Restaurant: “Humiliating”], Walla! (May 13, 2013, 1:50 PM) (Isr.), https://news.walla.co.il/item/2641870 [https://perma.cc/M4WE-ZE7H]; Nic Schlagman, Senseless Acts of Violence, Jerusalem Post, (May 24, 2012, 5:16 PM), https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/Senseless-acts-of-violence [https://perma.cc/XQD8-ZFWT]; Dana Weiler-Polak, “הגירה פקחי של אלימות במקרי עלייה :"'שלך הסיוט אני' - לי אמר הוא [“He Told Me, ‘I'm Your Nightmare.’” An Increase in Cases of Violence By Immigration Inspectors], Walla! (Oct. 21, 2015, 7:52 AM) (Isr.), https://news.walla.co.il/item/2899243 [https://perma.cc/DEZ2-UDTW].

99 See Ilan Lior, Israeli Inspector Pours Bleach Over Food in Tel Aviv Restaurant Run By African Migrants, Ha'aretz (May 14, 2013, 1:18 AM), https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-cops-crack-down-on-illegal-migrant-stalls-1.5242719 [https://perma.cc/52XM-PNSC] (citing poor sanitary conditions and safety reasons for shutting down businesses); Hagai Matar, ת“א: 15 זועמים העסקים בעלי ,נסגרו פליטים בבעלות ברים [Tel-Aviv: 15 Refugee-Owned Bars Closed, Business Owners are Furious], NRG (Jan. 31, 2012, 11:41 AM) (Isr.), http://www.nrg.co.il/online/54/ART2/330/901.html [https://perma.cc/X4L2-PAGQ].

100 Ilan Lior, תייריע ת“א דגנ םיקסעה לש ישקבמ טלקמה: ”שי ךל 10 תוקד תאצל” [Tel-Aviv Municipality Against Businesses of Asylum Seekers: “You Have Ten Minutes to Get Out”], Ha'aretz (Jan. 27, 2012, 9:46 AM) (Isr.), http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/1.1627263 [https://perma.cc/F9EN-YRQQ].

101 See, e.g., Liz Robbins, Owner was Target, But Restaurant Workers are Swept up in Immigration Raids, N.Y. Times (Nov. 11, 2016), https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/12/nyregion/immigration-workplace-raids-buffalo.html.

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105 Id.

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108 For example, in a detention camp for asylum seekers in Australia, “[m]any parents raised concerns about the ban on taking food out of the dining room. This complicates feeding toddlers and young children who may not eat at prescribed meal times, but get hungry for substantial meals (as opposed to the snack packs provided) at other times.” Austl. Human Rights Comm'n, Immigration Detention in Leonora 9 (2011), https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/human_rights/immigration/idc2011_leonora.pdf.

109 See Foucault, supra note 7, at 135-38.

110 See id. at 139-40.

111 C.f. id. at 136 (discussing the power states have to “take life or let live”).

112 European Migration Network, The Organisation of Reception Facilities for Asylum Seekers in Different Member States 17 (2014), http://emn.ie/files/p_20140207073231EMN%20Organisation%20of%20Reception%20Facilities%20Synthesis%20Report.pdf.

113 Maya Kovaliyov-Livi et al., Managing the Despair: Follow-Up Report: Asylum Seekers in Holot Facility April-September 2014 15 (2014), http://hotline.org.il/wp-content/uploads/managing-the-despair-ENG-5.11.14.pdf.

114 European Migration Network, supra note 112, at 17.

115 Id. at 17.

116 See Hungary: Asylum Seekers Denied Food, Human Rights Watch (Aug. 22, 2018, 4:55 PM), https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/22/hungary-asylum-seekers-denied-food# [https://perma.cc/S8E3-TTKU].

117 M.R. v. Hungary, App. No. 37859/18, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2018); see id.

118 Camila Domonoske, Hungary Intentionally Denying Food To Asylum-Seekers, Watchdog Groups Say, NPR (Aug. 22, 2018, 2:12 PM), https://www.npr.org/2018/08/22/640849555/hungary-intentionally-denying-food-to-asylum-seekers-watchdog-groups-say [https://perma.cc/PHN6-X3W4].

119 See Mesgena, Hadas Y. & Ramati, Oran, Where Time Stands Still: Holot Detention Facility and the Israeli Anti-Infiltration Law, 7 Hagira 67, 76-78 (2017)Google Scholar, https://www.ruppin.ac.il/ינוכמ-רקחמ/ןוכמה-הריגהל-בולישו-יתרבח/בתכ-תע-הריגה/Documents/Hagira_7_new/06 hadas Yaron and oren Ramati.pdf.

120 See Dagmar R. Myslinska, Living Conditions in Immigration Detention Centers, Nolo, https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/living-conditions-immigration-detention-centers.html [https://perma.cc/87MY-WZK8].

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123 Id.

124 Id.

125 Office of Inspector Gen., Dep't Homeland Sec., Concerns About ICE Detainee Treatment and Care at Detention Facilities 8 (2017), https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2017-12/OIG-18-32-Dec17.pdf.

126 Kovaliyov-Livi et al., supra note 113, at 9.

127 Sam Kuttner & Signal Rozen, Hotline for Refugees & Migrants, Immigration Detention in Israel: Yearly Monitoring Report 24-25 (2015), https://hotline.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%97-%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99-2015-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98.pdf.

128 Id.; Sigal Rozen, Rwanda or Saharonim: Monitoring Report – Asylum Seekers at the Holot Facility 27-28 (2015), http://hotline.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Rwanda-or-Saharonim-EN-web.pdf.

129 See Preliminary Response of Respondents, HCJ 4581/15 Ismail v. Commander of the Prison Service (2015) (Isr.).; Letter from Oded Feller, Attorney, The Ass'n for Civil Rights in Isr., to Dina Zilber, Vice Attorney Gen., and to Daniel Salomon, Legal Adviser, The Population & Migration Authority (Nov. 15, 2013), http://www.acri.org.il/he/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/histanenut2-151113.pdf;

130 Hotline for Refugees and Migrants, supra note 127.

131 Yehoshua Breiner, Lack of bread and cooking in electric kettles: In prison, food is a weapon, Ha'aretz (Sept. 9, 2018), https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/law/.premium-1.6464551.

132 See id.

133 Id.

134 Kovaliyov-Livi, Rozen & Milikovsky, supra note 113, at 27-28.

135 Keelin Barry, Nasc: Irish Immigration Support Ctr., What's Food Got To Do With It: Food Experiences of Asylum Seekers in Direct Provision 20 (2014), http://nascireland.org/sites/default/files/WhatsFoodFINAL.pdf.

136 Id. at 11, 24.

137 Rozen, supra note 128, at 29.

138 Id. at 27.

139 See Kovaliyov-Livi, Rozen & Milikovsky, supra note 113, at 15.

140 Id. at 14.

141 See id.

142 Id.

143 Anat Guthmann, Hotline for Refugees and Migrants, Immigration Detention in Israel: Annual Monitoring Report 2017 24-25 (Larry Derfner, ed., Elizabeth Tsurkov, trans.) (2018).

144 Id. at 41.

145 Ibrahim Hooper, Federal Court Orders Washington Prison to Feed ‘Starving’ Muslim Inmates Within Hours of CAIR Filing Suit, CAIR (June 11, 2018), https://www.cair.com/federal_court_orders_washington_prison_to_feed_starving_muslim_inmates_within_hours_of_cair_filing_suit [https://perma.cc/4ZVD-UKLP].

146 Diana Orces, As Ramadan Ends, Religious Rights Abuses Emerge at Immigrant Detention Center, Immigration Impact (June 14, 2018), http://immigrationimpact.com/2018/06/14/ramadan-abuses-detention-center/ [https://perma.cc/2528-EADL].

147 Australian Government – Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Fact sheet - Immigration Detention, https://www.border.gov.au/Busi/Comp/Immigration-detention (last visited July 22, 2016) [https://perma.cc/9BYM-S5QK].

148 Australian Human Rights Comm'n, Immigration Detention Report 44 (2008), https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/human_rights/immigration/idc2008.pdf [https://perma.cc/W6WK-PK3Y] [hereinafter Australian Immigration Detention Report].

149 John Masanauskas, Detainees encouraged to cook their own food in bid for better health, Herald Sun (Nov. 19, 2014, 5:00 AM), http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/detainees-encouraged-to-cook-their-own-food-in-bid-for-better-health/story-fni0fee2-1227128806939?nk=568b6ac962ad45a4392b8de35e0b00df [https://perma.cc/P79E-WEGL].

150 Reception and Integration Agency (RIA), House Rules & Procedures 10 (2015), http://www.ria.gov.ie/en/RIA/House%20Rules%20Revised%202015%20English.pdf/Files/House%20Rules%20Revised%202015%20English.pdf.

151 Barry, supra note 135, at 37.

152 Id. at 43.

153 H. Claire Brown, ICE detainees are supposed to eat nutritious food three times a day – they don't, New Food Econ. (Aug. 23, 2018), https://newfoodeconomy.org/immigrations-customs-enforcement-icedetainees-food/[https://perma.cc/R7C9-U5DA].

154 HJC 8425/13 Gebreselaissie v. Knesset (2014) (Isr.).

155 European Migration Network, supra note 112 at 40-44.

156 Id. at 17, 41.

157 Id. at 17-18.

158 HJC 8425/13 Gebreselaissie v. Knesset (2014) (Isr.).

159 Guthmann, supra note 143, at 31.

160 See Prevention of Infiltration Law (Crimes and Jurisdiction) (Amendment No. 4 and Temporary Order), 5774-2013, §§ 32F, 32K (Isr.).

161 Guthmann, supra note 143, at 32, 35.

162 Affidavit C/3 submitted with Principal Arguments by Petitioners in HCJ 8425/13 Anonymous v. The Knesset (Mar. 30, 2014).

163 Id.

164 Letter from the State Attorney's Office to Adv. Oded Feller, ACRI (Mar. 26, 2014) (on file with authors).

165 Guthmann, supra note 143, at 25.

166 Kovaliyov-Livi, Rozen & Milikovsky, supra note 113, at 14.

167 Barry, supra note 135, at 44-45.

168 Australian Immigration Detention Report, supra note 148, at 43-44.

169 See Sigal Rozen, Hotline for Refugees and Migrants, Immigration Detention in Israel: Annual Monitoring Report 2016 30 (Merav Zonenshtein & Sigal Rozen, trans.) (2017).

170 Id.

171 Hilo Glazer, Next to Holot Rose a Compound that Tries to Bring Back Taste, Ha'aretz Weekend 25, 29 (Dec. 18, 2015) (in Hebrew).

172 Id. at 27.

173 Almog Ben Zikri, Ramat Negev Council Instructed to Demolish the Commercial Compound Next to Holot Detention Center, Ha'aretz (Dec. 27, 2015), https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/.premium-1.2807710.

174 See id.

175 See id.

176 Id.

177 Notice by South District Attorney Office (Civil Law) (Mar. 6, 2016) (on file with authors).

178 Id.

179 See Almog Ben Zikri & Ilan Lior, Asylum Seekers Operating Stands Outside Holot Were Arrested and Jailed in Saharonim, Ha'aretz (Mar. 6, 2016), https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/.premium-1.2874343 [https://perma.cc/5SRX-6VPT].

180 Foucault, supra note 7, at 95.

181 Michael Isaac Stein, Hunger Strikes at ICE Detention Centers Spread as Parole, Bond Are Denied, Nat'l Pub. Radio (Apr. 19, 2019, 8:43 AM), https://www.npr.org/2019/04/19/713910647/hunger-strikes-at-ice-detention-centers-spread-as-parole-bond-is-denied [https://perma.cc/MCA4-EZ3B].

182 Thomas Wilson, Japanese immigration detainees launch hunger strike over death, Reuters (Apr. 17, 2018, 2:32 AM), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-detention-death/japanese-immigration-detainees-launch-hunger-strike-over-death-idUSKBN1HO0NL [https://perma.cc/2KV3-TQCU].

183 Gene Johnson, Lawsuit: Detained immigrant beaten for role in hunger strike, Fox News (Feb. 23, 2018), https://www.foxnews.com/us/lawsuit-detained-immigrant-beaten-for-role-in-hunger-strike [https://perma.cc/T5EM-YRQG]; Liz Jones, Detainees on hunger strike claim guards hit them, KUOW (Feb. 12, 2018, 6:06 PM), http://kuow.org/post/detainees-hunger-strike-claim-guards-hit-them [https://perma.cc/6GUP-2AGD]; R. Robin McDonald, ACLU Sues Over Hunger Strikes at U.S. Immigration Detention Centers, Daily Reporter (May 25, 2017, 7:05 PM), https://www.law.com/dailyreportonline/almID/1202787547753/ACLU-Sues-Over-Hunger-Strikes-at-US-Immigration-Detention-Centers/?slreturn=20180521122903 [https://perma.cc/DPT5-4R8T]; R. Robin McDonald, Judge Issues Force-Feed Order for Detainee on Hunger Strike, Daily Reporter (May 18, 2017, 2:40 PM) https://www.law.com/dailyreportonline/almID/1202786610268/ [https://perma.cc/M7WKA2XZ].

184 David Child, Why are women held at Yarl's Wood on hunger strike?, Al Jazeera News (Mar. 1, 2018), https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/women-detained-yarl-wood-hunger-strike-180228195926024.html [https://perma.cc/CBX9-VX4F].

185 Ilan Lior, Hundreds of Asylum Seekers Go on Hunger Strike as Israel Begins Jailing Those Refusing Deportation, Ha'aretz (Feb. 21, 2018, 3:59 AM), https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-jails-first-asylum-seekers-for-refusing-deportation-1.5841382 [https://perma.cc/29GB-NKMQ].

186 Jeremy Redmon, Judge: ICE may force-feed Ukrainian detainee in Georgia, AJC (May 19, 2017), https://www.ajc.com/news/breaking-news/judge-ice-may-force-feed-ukrainian-detainee-georgia/7AWZuziX4EDrZSon1ntSEK/ [https://perma.cc/TAP2-MJZJ].

187 Robin Urevich, Conditions Worsen for ICE Detainees Following Hunger Strike, Capital & Main (Aug. 8, 2017), https://capitalandmain.com/conditions-worsen-for-ice-detainees-following-hunger-strike-0810 [https://perma.cc/C57J-3JDW].

188 Shai Parnes, One Saturday in Holot, Shai Parnes (May 22, 2016), http://shai.parn.es/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%97%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA/ [https://perma.cc/N9YZ-B9J3].

189 Jeremy Sharon, Activists Hold Seder for African Asylum-Seekers at Holot Facility, Jerusalem Post (Apr. 17, 2016, 4:34 AM), https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Activists-hold-Seder-for-African-asylum-seekers-at-Holot-facility-451436 [https://perma.cc/N3Y9-D43T].

190 See Margaret Calder, Support for Refugees and Asylum Seekers 21 (2015) (setting out details for resources available to asylum seekers in and around Adelaide, Australia), https://www.ruralaustraliansforrefugees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Refugee-support.pdf.

191 Cf. Bogdana Koljević, Biopower and Government Techniques, in 9-10 Western Balkans Security Observer, Russia and West: Biometry, Security and Human Rights 71 (2008) (illustrating how biopower operates within governments), https://www.ceeol.com/search/viewpdf?id=262377 [https://perma.cc/M373-ZXH4].

192 Erin DeJesus, Restaurant Employees the Target of Immigration Raids in Mississippi, Eater (Feb. 24, 2017, 1:02 PM), https://www.eater.com/2017/2/24/14725696/mississippi-immigration-raids [https://perma.cc/Q7GG-9GDC].

193 See Liesen, Laurette & Walsh, Mary, The competing meaning of “biopolitics” in political science: Biological and postmodern approached to politics, 31 Pol. & Life Sci. 2, 2 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (describing the term “biopolitics” as “denot[ing] how social and political power is used to structure and control human life”); see also Fassin, Didier, Policing Borders, Producing Boundaries. The Governmentality of Immigration in Dark Times, 40 Ann. Rev. Anthropology 213, 214 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (describing “biopolitics” as a politics of “borders and boundaries, temporality and spatiality, states and bureaucracies, detention and deportation, asylum and humanitarianism,” to illustrate how governments regulate and control immigrant populations).

194 Cf. Bailey, Richard, Up Against the Wall: Bare Life and Resistance in Australian Immigration Detention, 20 Law & Critique 113 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (illustrating how biopower operated in detention camps, sparking resistance and political action by the detainees, rather than control and depoliticization of them).

195 Fassin, supra note 193, at 214-18 (illustrating the increasing constraints on the mobility of men and women, due to policing of physical borders and the creation of racialized boundaries).

196 Green, supra note 24. As