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Legal Principles in WTO Disputes. By Andrew D. Mitchell. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2008. Pp. iii, 308. Index. $119, £64.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 March 2017
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References
1 All WTO Agreements cited here are available at the WTO’s Web site, http://www.wto.org.
2 See, e.g., Appellate Body Report, European Communities—Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WT/DS27/AB/R, paras. 160–61 (adopted Sept. 25, 1997).
3 See Hilf, Meinhard, Power, Rules and Principles—Which Orientation for WTO/GATT Law? 4 J. Int’l Econ. L. 111, 116–21 Google Scholar.
4 Id. at 111–30.
5 See id. at 111–21; see also Cameron, James & Gray, Kevin, Principles of International Law in the WTO Dispute Settlement Body, 50 Int’l & Comp. L.Q. 248 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
6 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, May 23, 1969, 1155 UNTS 331.
7 See Dworkin, Ronald, Taking Rights Seriously (1977) (quoted at pp. 24–28)Google Scholar; see also H. L. A., Hart, The Concept of Law (1961) (quoted at p. 120)Google Scholar. Mitchell points out that it may be “unhelpful” to express principles “in general or abstract terms, because all laws have a core of settled meaning an uncertain penumbra” (p. 7).
8 See, e.g., Jennings, Robert, What Is International Law and How Do We Tell It When We See It? 37 Schweizerisches Jahrbuch Fur Internationales Recht (1981)Google Scholar; Kolb, Robert, Principles as Sources of International Law, 53 Neth. Int’l L. Rev. (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pauwelyn, Joost, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law: How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of International Law (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
9 See, e.g., Trachtman, Joel, The Domain of WTO Dispute Resolution, 40 Harv. Int’l L. J. 33 (1999)Google Scholar; Kennedy, David, Theses About International Legal Discourse 1980 Germ. Y.B. Int’l L. 353 (1980)Google Scholar.
10 See, e.g., Brownlie, Ian, The Rule of Law in International Affairs 16 (1998)Google Scholar.
11 In this context, it is unsurprising that that no firmly established rule of precedent exists for WTO tribunals and that these tribunals exercise no advisory powers.
12 See, e.g., Palmeter, David & Mavroidis, Petros C., The WTO Legal System: Sources of Law, 92 AJIL 413 (1998)Google Scholar.
13 See, e.g., Lennard, Michael, Navigating by the Stars: Interpreting the WTO Agreements, 5 J. Int’l Econ. L. (2002) (quoted at pp. 17, 21–22)Google Scholar.
14 DSU Article 7 distinguishes standard and “other than-standard terms of reference” for establishing a panel; the latter are drawn up by the chairman of the Dispute Settlement Body in consultation with the parties to the dispute and must be circulated to all members.
15 Citing Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicar. v. Hond.), Jurisdiction & Admissibility, 1988 ICJ REP. 69, para. 94 (Dec. 20).
16 See, e.g., GATT, Art. X:3(a); Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Art. 23; Agreement on Import Licensing, Art. 1(3); Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Arts. 41, 42; General Agreement on Trade in Services, Art. XIX:2.
17 See Appellate Body Report, Brazil—Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R, paras. 229–34 (adopted Dec. 17, 2007) (reported by Kevin Gray at 102 AJIL 610 (2008)).
18 See, e.g., Arbitral Award, Chile—Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products-Arbitration Under Article 21.3(c) of the DSU, WT/DS207/13 (circulated Mar. 17, 2003) (quoted at p. 56).