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How the Great Lakes Became "High Seas," and their Status Viewed from the Standpoint of International Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2017

Harry E. Hunt
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Extract

The convention which met in 1787 to frame the Constitution of the United States, embraced two earnest and determined bodies of men. One favored a strong central government; the other opposed any great increase of power over that granted by the Articles of Confederation. With what jealousy the states guarded their rights and with what reluctance they made surrenders to the federal government is common knowledge. The Constitution, as adopted, was a compromise between the factions, and that part relative to admiralty and maritime jurisdiction was the second great compromise between conflicting depositories of power.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 4 , Issue 2 , April 1910 , pp. 285 - 313
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1910

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References

1 3 Blackstone 68, 69, 106; 4 Blackstone 268; 2 Bacon’s Abridgment 735; Comyn’s Digest.

2 Hildreth’s History of U. S., vol. II, p. 198.

3 Art. IX, July 9, 1778.

4 Hildreth’s History of U. S., vol. III., p. 404. 1780.

5 1 Kent’s Com. 377.

6 Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dall. 419, 475. 1793.

7 United States v. Bevans, 3 Wheat. 336. 1818.

8 United States v. Wiltoerger, 5 Wheat. 76, 94. 1820.

9 2 Story’s Life of Story, 402.

10 The Thomas Jefferson, 10 Wheat. 428, 429. 1825; Peyrouco v. Howard, 7 Pet. 324. 1833.

11 Steamboat Orleans v. Phosbus, 11 Pet. 175, 183. 1837.

12 United States v. Coombs, 12 Pet. 72, 76. 1838.

13 Waring v. Clarke, 5 How. 441. 1847.

14 New Jersey Steam Navigation Company v. Merchants Bank, 6 How. 344. 1848.

15 Genesee Chief v. Fitzhugh, 53 U. S. 443, 12 How. 1851.

16 People v. Tyler, 7 Michigan 161, 282.

17 Fritz v. Bull, 12 How. 466.

18 Jackson v. Magnolia, 20 How. 296. 1857.

19 Allen v. Newberry, 21 How. 244. 1858.

20 Hine v. Trevor, 4 Wall. 555, 563. 1866.

21 The Belfast v. Boon, 7 Wall. 624. 1868.

22 Eagle v. Fraser, 8 Wall. 15. 1869.

23 The Daniel Ball, 10 Wall. 557, 563. 1870; EX Parte Garnet, 141 U. S. 1. 1890.

24 Ex Parte Boyer, 109 U. S. 629. 1883.

25 Ex Parte Phenix Insurance Company, 118 U. S. 630. 1886.

26 Act of September 4th, 1890, R. S., sec. 5346.

27 Illinois Central Railroad Company v. People of the State of Illinois, 146 U. S. 387. 1892.

28 United States v. Bodgers, 150 U. S. 249. 1893.

29 Perry v. Haines, 191 U. S. 17. 1903.

30 Moore: International Law Dig., vol. 1, pp. 678, 679.

31 Kent’s Commentaries, vol. 1, p. 29, 8th ed.

32 Sir Travers Twiss: Law of Nations, p. 290. 1884. See Moore: International Law Dig., vol. 1, p. 699; Herbert Walcott Brown: International Law, p. 8. 1896; Gallaudet: International Law, pp. 118, 121. 1886; Lawrence: Modern International Law, pp. 44, 46; Lawrence: Principles of International Law, p. 205. 1895; John Westlake: International Law, pp. 160, 175. 1904; Woolsey: International Law, sees. 54, 55, pp. 79, 81; L. Oppenheim: International Law, p. 306. 1905; W. E. Hall: International Law, 5th ed., pp. 59, 140.

33 Lake Front Case, 146 U. S. 387.

34 Jay’s Treaty, November 19th, 1794. Webster-Ashburton Treaty, August 9th, 1842. Treaty of Washington, May 8th, 1871.

35 Henry Clay, Secretary of State, to Mr. Gallatin, Minister to England, June 19, 1826.

36 The Apollon, 9 Wheat. 362, 369. 1824.

37 Moore: International Law Dig., vol. 2, p. 364.

38 Mr. Justice Brown, U. S. v. Rodgers, p. 283.

39 June 17, "An act to aid vessels wrecked or disabled in the waters coterminous to the United States and the Dominion of Canada."

40 See Supplement to this Journal, 2:303.

41 L. Oppenheira: International Law, vol. 1, p. 311.

42 Letter by Mr. Uhl, Acting Secretary of State to Messrs. Laughlin, Ewell and Houpt, May 23, 1894.

43 Kent’s Commentaries, vol. 1, p. 485, 8th ed.

44 Griggs, Atty. Gen., Sept. 20, 1898, 22 Op. 214; Moore: International Law Dig., vol. V., p. 161.

45 Treaty signed at Washington, April 11, 1908, Supplement to this Journal, 2:322.

46 Geo. B. Davis: Outlines of International Law, p. 42. 1887; Geo. B. Davis: Elements of International Law, p. 60. 1903; Sir Travers Twiss: Law of Nations, p. 300. 1884; L. Oppenheim: International Law, vol. 1, p. 333. 1905.

47 Sir Sheraton Baker: First Steps in International Law, p. 80. 1899; Maxey: International Law, p. 228. 1906. See also any work on international law.

48 Woolsey: International Law, p. 81; Schooner Exchange v. McFadden, 7 Cranch 116, 144. 1812; Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 194. 1824; Mason v. Int. Tr. Co., 197 Mass. 349; Taylor: International Law, p. 312, sec. 269. 1901.

49 International Law, vol. 1, p. 318.

50 Cases cited in U. S. Sup. Ct. Dig. L. Ed. New, vol. 5, pp. 5397-5401. See Editorial, this Journal, 2:845, referring to the Cutting Case.

51 Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of State, to Mr. Everett, Aug. 7, 1844.

52 Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of State, to Mr. Everett, Sept. 25, 1844. Moore: International Law Dig., vol. II., p. 225 et seq. Also pp. 855 to 859.

53 Moore: International Law Dig., vol. II., p. 263.

54 Bishop on Criminal Law, vol. 1, p. 467, sec. 552.

55 Wilson and Tucker: International Law, p. 131. 1901.

56 Moore: International Law Dig., vol. II., p. 354.

57 Wheat.: International Law, 6th ed., p. 158.

58 Wildenhus’ Case, 120 U. S. 1, 18. 1886.

59 Hall: International Law, p. 201, 3rd ed. 1890; Taylor agrees with Hall-Taylor: International Law, p. 308, see. 263. 1901.

60 Moore: International Law Dig., vol. I., p. 701.

61 W. E. Hall: International Law, pp. 167, 170. 1880; Halleck: Elements of International Law, p. 95; Thos. E. Holland: Studies of International Law, p. 156. 1898; Thos. A. Walker, Manual of International Law, 1895.

62 See any work on international law.

63 Cases cited New U. S. Dig. L. Ed., vol. 2, pp. 1573-1588.

64 Alexander Hamilton, 10th Par. No. 80, "The Federalist." Thompson and Homans, Ed. 1831. Also No. 11.

65 James Brown Scott, this Journal, vol. 2, No. 1, p. 3, and see also vol. 2, No. 2, p. 444.