Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T23:23:12.329Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Advances in the Preconcentration of Dissolved Ions in Water Samples

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

D. E. Leyden*
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, University of Denver Denver, Colorado 80208
Get access

Abstract

X-ray fluorescence is well established as an analytical method for the determination of multi-element systems. It is a technique which provides high accuracy and precision. However, it has serious limitations in the lower limit of detection for elemental analysis in environmental samples. In order to overcome this limitation some method of preconcentration or enrichment of the trace elements in water samples must be provided. In recent years many techniques have been developed for this purpose. Some of these techniques involve simple chemical or physical manipulations of the sample. In all cases, the technique should be rapid, simple, and not contaminate the sample. Because it is more convenient to use solid samples for X-ray fluorescence analysis, the ideal method of preconcentration results in a solid sample.

Type
X-Ray Fluorescence
Copyright
Copyright © International Centre for Diffraction Data 1976

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Beitz, L. and Rönieke, G., Proceedings of the Third International Clean Air Congress, Düsseldorf, 1973, p. C32.Google Scholar
2. Luke, C. L., Anal, Chim. Acta, 41, 237 (1968).Google Scholar
3. Collin, R. L., Anal. Chem., 33, 605 (1961).Google Scholar
4. Van Nickerk, J. N., DeWet, J. F. and Wybenga, F. T. Anal. Chem., 33, 213 (1961).Google Scholar
5. Kashuba, A. T. and Hine, C. R., Anal. Chem., 43, 1758 (1971).Google Scholar
6. Blount, C. W., Leyden, D. E., Thomas, T. L. and Guill, S., Anal. Chem., 45, 1045 (1973).Google Scholar
7. Law, S. L. and Campbell, W. J., in “Advances in X-Ray Analysis,” Vol. 17, Grant, C. L., Barrett, C. S., Newkirk, J. B. and Ruud, C. O., eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1974, p. 279.Google Scholar
8. Leyden, D. E., Patterson, T. A. and Alberts, J. J., Anal. Chem., 47, 733 (1975).Google Scholar
9. Alberts, J. J., Leyden, D. E., and Patterson, T. A., Marine Chem., 4., 51 (1976).Google Scholar
10. Helfferich, F., “Ion Exchange,” McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1962, p. 47.Google Scholar
11. Leyden, D. E., in “Advances in X-Ray Analysis,” Vol. 17, Grant, C. L., Barrett, C. S., Newkirk, J. B. and Ruud, C. O., eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1974, p. 293.Google Scholar
12. Leyden, D. E. and Channell, R. E., Anal. Chem., 44, 607 (1972).Google Scholar
13. Dingman, J., Siggia, S., Barton, C. and Hiscock, K. B., Anal. Chem. 44, 1351 (1972).Google Scholar
14. Campbell, W. J., Spano, E. F. and Green, T. E., Anal. Chem., 38, 987 (1966).Google Scholar
15. Carlton, T. C., EPA Symposium on X-Ray Analysis of Environmental Samples, Chapel Hill, N.C., January 1975.Google Scholar
16. Braun, T. and Farag, A. B., Talanta, 22, 699 (1975).Google Scholar
17. Vanderbought, B., Verbeeck, J. and Van Grieken, R., Bull, des Soc. Chim. Belgium, in press.Google Scholar
18. Going, J. E., Wesenberger, G., and Andrejat, G., Anal, Chim. Acta, 81, 349 (1976).Google Scholar
19. Leyden, D. E., Luttrell, G. H, and Patterson, T. A., “Silica Gel with Immobilized Chelating Groups as an Analytical Sampling Tool,” Anal. Lett., 8, 5156 (1975).Google Scholar
20. Leyden, D. E., Nonidez, W. K., and Carr, P. W., “Determination of PPB Phosphate in Natural Waters Using X-Ray Fluorescence,” Anal. Chem., 47, 1449-1452 (1975).Google Scholar
21. Leyden, D. E. and Luttrell, G. H., “Preconcentration of Trace Metals Using Chelating Groups Immobilized Via Silylation,” Anal. Chem., 47, 1612-1617 (1975).Google Scholar
22. Leyden, D. E., Luttrell, G. H., Nonidez, W. K., and Werho, D. B., “Preconcentration of Certain Anions Using Reagents Immobilized Via Silylation,” Anal. Chem., 48, 6770 (1970).Google Scholar
23. Leyden, D. E., Luttrell, G. H., Sloan, A. E., and DeAngelis, N. J., “Characterization and Application of Silylated Substrates for the Preconcentration of Cations,” Anal. Chim. Acta, 84, 97108 (1976).Google Scholar