Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T01:51:56.005Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Study of US State Policy Diffusion

What Hath Walker Wrought?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 December 2020

Christopher Z. Mooney
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Chicago

Summary

In 1969, political scientist Jack Walker published 'The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States' in the American Political Science Review. 'Walker 1969' has since become a cornerstone of political science, packed with ideas, conjectures, and suggestions that spawned multiple lines of research in multiple fields. In good Kuhnian fashion, Walker 1969 is important less for the answers it provides than for the questions it raises, inspiring generations of political scientists to use the political, institutional, and policy differences among the states to understand policymaking better. Walker 1969 is the rock on which the modern subfield of state politics scholarship was built, in addition to inspiring copious research into federalism, comparative politics, and international relations. This Element documents the deep and extensive impact of Walker 1969 on the study of policymaking in the US states. In the process, it organizes and analyzes that literature, demonstrating its progress and promise.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108956017
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 07 January 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, M. D., Pettus, C., and Haider-Markel, D. (2004). Making the National Local: Specifying the Conditions for National Government Influence on State Policy. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 4(3), 318–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, R., and Clark, J. (1981). State Policy Adoption and Innovation: Lobbying and Education. State and Local Government Review, 13(1), 1825.Google Scholar
Anderson, S. E., DeLeo, R. A., and Taylor, K. (2020). Policy Entrepreneurs, Legislators, and Agenda Setting: Information and Influence. Policy Studies Journal, 48(3), 587611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anzia, S. F., and Jackman, M.C. (2013). Legislative Organization and the Second Face of Power: Evidence from US State Legislatures. Journal of Politics, 75(1), 210–24.Google Scholar
Arel-Bundock, V., and Parinandi, S. (2018). Conditional Tax Competition in the American States. Journal of Public Policy, 38(2), 191220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arsneault, S. (2001). Values and Virtues: The Politics of Abstinence-Only Sex Education. American Review of Public Administration, 31(4), 436–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atchison, A. L. (2017). Negating the Gender Citation Advantage in Political Science. PS: Political Science and Politics, 50(2), 448–55.Google Scholar
Bachrach, P., and Baratz, M.S. (1962). The Two Faces of Power. American Political Science Review, 56(4), 947–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailyn, B., and Allison, R. (2018). The Essential Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Anti-Federalist Speeches and Writing, New York: Library of America.Google Scholar
Baker, G. E. (1966). The Reapportionment Revolution Representation: Political Power, and the Supreme Court, New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Balla, S. J. (2001). Interstate Professional Associations and the Diffusion of Policy Innovations. American Politics Research, 29(3), 221–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrilleaux, C., and Rainey, C. (2014). The Politics of Need: Examining Governors’ Decisions to Oppose ‘Obamacare’ Medicaid Expansion. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 14(4), 437–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barwick, C., and Dawkins, R. (2020). Public Perceptions of State Court Impartiality and Court Legitimacy in an Era of Partisan Politics. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 20(1), 5480.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, F. R. (2006). Commentaries: The American Political Science Review Citations Classics. American Political Science Review, 100(4), 672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumgartner, F. R., and Jones, B. D. (1993). Agendas and Instability in American Politics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Baybeck, B., Berry, W. D., and Siegel, D.A. (2011). A Strategic Theory of Policy Diffusion via Intergovernmental Competition. Journal of Politics, 73(1), 232–47.Google Scholar
Bennet, C. J. (1991). What is Policy Convergence and What Causes It? British Journal of Political Science, 21(2), 215–33.Google Scholar
Berry, F. S. (1994). Sizing Up State Policy Innovation Research. Policy Studies Journal, 22(3), 442–56.Google Scholar
Berry, F. S., and Berry, W. D. (1990). State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis. American Political Science Review, 84(2), 395415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, F. S., and Berry, W. D. (2007). Innovation and Diffusion Models in Policy Research. In Sabatier, P. A. and Weible, C. M., eds., Theories of the Policy Process, 2nd ed., Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 223–60.Google Scholar
Berry, F. S., and Berry, W. D. (2017). Innovation and Diffusion Models in Policy Research. In Sabatier, P. A. and Weible, C. M., eds., Theories of the Policy Process, 4th ed., Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 253–97.Google Scholar
Berry, W. D., and Baybeck, B. (2005). Using Geographic Information Systems to Study Interstate Competition. American Political Science Review, 99(4), 505–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, W. D., Fording, R. C., and Hansen, R. L. (2003). Reassessing the ‘Race to the Bottom’ in State Welfare Policy. Journal of Politics, 65(2), 327–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blau, P. M. (1977). Heterogeneity and Inequality: Towards a Primitive Theory of Social Structure, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Boehmke, F. J. (2009a). Approaches to Modeling the Adoption and Diffusion of Policies with Multiple Components. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 9(2), 229–52.Google Scholar
Boehmke, F. J. (2009b). Policy Emulation or Policy Convergence? Potential Ambiguities in the Dyadic Event History Approach to State Policy Emulation. Journal of Politics, 71(3), 1125–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boehmke, F. J., Brockway, M., Desmarais, B. A., et al. (2020). SPID: A New Database for Inferring Public Policy Innovativeness and Diffusion Networks. Policy Studies Journal, 48(2), 517–45.Google Scholar
Boehmke, F. J., and Pacheco, J. (2016). Policy Diffusion and Crafted Talk, Typescript. Department of Political Science, University of Iowa.Google Scholar
Boehmke, F. J., and Skinner, P. (2012). State Policy Innovativeness Revisited. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 12(3), 303–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boehmke, F. J., and Witmer, R. (2004). Disentangling Diffusion: The Effects of Social Learning and Economic Competition on State Policy Innovation and Expansion. Political Research Quarterly, 57(1), 3951.Google Scholar
Bouche, V., and Volden, C. (2011). Privatization and the Diffusion of Innovations. Journal of Politics, 73(2), 428–42.Google Scholar
Bourdeaux, C., and Chikoto, G. (2008). Legislative Influences on Performance Management Reform. Public Administration Review, 68(2), 253–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boushey, G. (2010). Policy Diffusion Dynamics in America, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boushey, G. (2012). Punctuated Equilibrium Theory and the Diffusion of Innovations. Policy Studies Journal, 40(1), 127–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boushey, G. (2016). Targeted for Diffusion? How the Use and Acceptance of Stereotypes Shape the Diffusion of Criminal Justice Policy Innovations in the American States. American Political Science Review, 110(1), 198214.Google Scholar
Boushey, G., and Luedtke, A. (2011). Immigrants across the U.S. Federal Laboratory: Explaining State-Level Innovation in Immigration Policy. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 11(4), 390414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Box-Steffensmeier, J. M., and Jones, B. S. (2004). Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Braman, E., and Nelson, T.E. (2007). Mechanisms of Motivated Reasoning? Analogical Perception in Discrimination Disputes. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 940–56.Google Scholar
Braun, D., and Gilardi, F. (2006). Taking “Galton’s Problem” Seriously: Towards a Theory of Policy Diffusion. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 18(3), 298322.Google Scholar
Bricker, C., and LaCombe, S. (2020). The Ties that Bind Us: The Influence of Perceived State Similarity on Policy Diffusion. Political Research Quarterly, Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Bromley-Trujillo, R., and Karch, A. (2020). Salience, Scientific Uncertainty, and the Agenda-Setting Power of Science. Policy Studies Journal, Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Brown, C. R., Stoutenborough, J. W., Bromley-Trujillo, R., and Kirkpatrick, K. J. (2019). The Use of Model Legislation to Draft Policy Beneficial to Corporate Interests: Rethinking the Influence of Special Interest Groups through a Study of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), presented at the Annual Meetings of the Midwest Political Science Association (Chicago, IL).Google Scholar
Bulman-Posen, J. (2014). Partisan Federalism. Harvard Law Review, 127(4), 1077–146.Google Scholar
Burstein, P. (2020). The Determinants of Public Policy: What Matters and How Much. Policy Studies Journal, 48(10), 87110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, R. S. (1987). Social Contagion and Innovation: Cohesion versus Structural Equivalence. American Journal of Sociology, 92(6), 1287–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, D. M., Volden, C., Dynes, A. M., and Shor, B. (2017). Ideology, Learning, and Policy Diffusion: Experimental Evidence. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1), 3749.Google Scholar
Butler, D. M., and Pereira, M.M. (2018). TRENDS: How Does Partisanship Influence Policy Diffusion? Political Research Quarterly, 71(4), 801–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldeira, G. A. (1985). The Transmission of Legal Precedent: A Study of State Supreme Courts. American Political Science Review, 79(1), 178–93.Google Scholar
Callaghan, T., Karch, A., and Kroeger, M. 2020. Model State Legislation and Interstate Tensions over the Affordable Care Act, Common Core, and the Second Amendment. Publius, 50(3), 518–39.Google Scholar
Canon, B. C., and Baum, L. (1981). Patterns of Adoption of Tort Law Innovations: An Application of Diffusion Theory to Judicial Doctrines. American Political Science Review, 75(4), 975–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carley, S., Nicholson-Crotty, S., and Miller, C.J. (2017). Adoption, Reinvention and Amendment of Renewable Portfolio Standards in the American States. Journal of Public Policy, 37(4), 431–58.Google Scholar
Carson, J. L., and Kleinerman, B. A. (2002). A Switch in Time Saves Nine: Institutions, Strategic Actors, and FDR’s Court-Packing Plan. Public Choice, 113(2), 301–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiuri, M. C., Ferri, G., and Majnoni, G. (2001). The Macroeconomic Impact of Bank Capital Requirements in Emerging Economies, World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 2605.Google Scholar
Clark, J. (1985). Policy Diffusion and Program Scope: Research Directions. Publius, 15(3), 6170.Google Scholar
Clark, J., and French, J. L. (1984). Innovation and Program Content in State Tax Policies. State and Local Government Review, 16(1), 1116.Google Scholar
Coates, M., and Pearson-Merkowitz, S. (2017). Policy Spillover and Gun Migration: The Interstate Dynamics of State Gun Control Policies. Social Science Quarterly, 98(2), 500–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collingwood, L., El-Khatib, S. O., and Gonzalez O’Brien, B. (2019). Sustained Organizational Influence: American Legislative Exchange Council and the Diffusion of Anti-Sanctuary Policy. Policy Studies Journal, 47(3), 735–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crabtree, C., and Nelson, M. J. (2019). Judging Judicial Review in the American States. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 19(3), 287311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crain, R. L. (1966). Fluoridation: The Diffusion of an Innovation among Cities. Social Forces, 44(4), 467–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, R. A. (1961). Who Governs? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, A. J. (1930). The Evolution of the Institution of Mothers’ Pensions in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 35(4), 573–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, R. E., and Robinson, J. A. (1963). Interparty Competition, Economic Variables, and Welfare Policy in the American States. Journal of Politics, 25(2), 265–89.Google Scholar
Desmarais, B. A., Harden, J. J., and Boehmke, F. J. (2015). Persistent Policy Pathways: Inferring Diffusion Networks in the American States. American Political Science Review, 109(2), 392406.Google Scholar
DiMaggio, P. J., and Powell, W. W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–60.Google Scholar
Dolowitz, D., and Marsh, D. (1996). Who Learns What from Whom: A Review of the Policy Transfer Literature. Political Studies, 44(2), 343–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drolc, C. A., Gandrud, C., and Williams, L. K. (2020). Taking Time (and Space) Seriously: How Scholars Falsely Infer Policy Diffusion from Model Misspecification. Policy Studies Journal, Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Dunlop, C. A., and Radaelli, C. M. (2017). Learning in the Bath-Tub: The Micro and Macro Dimensions of the Causal Relationships between Learning and Policy Change. Policy and Society, 36(2), 304–19.Google Scholar
Dye, T. R. (1966). Politics, Economics, and the Public: Policy Outcomes in the American States. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co.Google Scholar
Dye, T. R. (1979). Politics vs. Economics: The Development of the Literature on Policy Determinism. Policy Studies Journal, 7(4), 652–62.Google Scholar
Dye, T. R. (1984). Party and Policy in the States. Journal of Politics, 46(4), 1097–116.Google Scholar
Dye, T. R. (1990). American Federalism: Competition among Governments. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Elazar, D. J. (1984). American Federalism: A View from the States, 3rd ed., New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Ellison, J. M., and Spohn, R. E. (2017). Borders Up in Smoke: Marijuana Enforcement in Nebraska after Colorado’s Legalization of Medicinal Marijuana. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 28(9), 847–65.Google Scholar
Engel, K. H. (1997). State Environmental Standard-Setting: Is There a ‘Race’ and Is It to the ‘Bottom?Hastings Law Journal, 48(2), 271398.Google Scholar
Erikson, R. S., Pinto, P. M., and Rader, K. T. (2014). Dyadic Analysis in International Relations: A Cautionary Tale. Political Analysis, 22(4), 457–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, R. S., Wright, G. C., and McIver, J. P. (1993). Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion in the American States. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eyestone, R. (1977). Confusion, Diffusion, and Innovation. American Political Science Review, 71(2), 441–47.Google Scholar
Fabricant, S. (1952). The Trend in Government Activity in the United States since 1900. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar
Fay, D. L. (2018). Moves and Countermoves: Countermovement Diffusion of State Constitutional Amendments. Policy Studies Journal, 46(2), 354–77.Google Scholar
Fay, D. L., and Wenger, J. B. (2016). The Political Structure of Policy Diffusion. Policy Studies Journal, 44(3), 349–65.Google Scholar
Fenton, J. (1966). Midwest Politics. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.Google Scholar
Fenton, J. H., and Chamberlayne, D.W. (1969). The Literature Dealing with the Relationships between Political Processes and Socioeconomic Conditions & Public Policies in the American States: A Bibliographic Essay. Polity, 1(3), 388404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filindra, A. (2013). Immigration Social Policy in the American States: Race Politics and State TANF and Medicaid Eligibility Rules for Legal Permanent Residents. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 13(1), 2648.Google Scholar
Finnemore, M., and Sikkink, K. (1998). International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organizations, 52(4), 887917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B. S., and Sloan, J. J. III (2018). Arming the Ivory Tower: Theoretical and Empirical Analyses of State-Level Pro-Firearms-on-Campus Legislative Activity, Presented at the annual meetings of the American Society of Criminology (Atlanta, GA).Google Scholar
Foster, J. L. (1978). Regionalism and Innovation in the American States. Journal of Politics, 40(1), 179–87.Google Scholar
Franzese, Jr., R. J., and Hays, J. C. (2006). Strategic Interactions among EU Governments in Active Labor Market Policymaking: Subsidiarity and Policy Coordination under the European Employment Strategy. European Union Politics, 7(2), 167–89.Google Scholar
Freeman, P. K. (1985). Interstate Communication among State Legislators Regarding Energy Policy Innovation. Publius, 15(4), 99111.Google Scholar
Fry, B. R., and Winters, R. F. (1970). The Politics of Redistribution. American Political Science Review, 64(2), 508–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrett, K. N., and Jansa, J. M. (2015). Interest Group Influence in Policy Diffusion Networks. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 15(3), 387417.Google Scholar
Ghasemi, A., and Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10(2), 486–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilardi, F. (2010). Who Learns What in Policy Diffusion Processes? American Journal of Political Science, 54(3), 650–66.Google Scholar
Gilardi, F. (2016). Four Ways We Can Improve Policy Diffusion Research. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 16(1), 821.Google Scholar
Gilardi, F., and Fuglister, K. (2008). Empirical Modeling of Policy Diffusion in Federal States: The Dyadic Approach. Swiss Political Science Review, 14(3), 413–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilardi, F., Shipan, C. R., and Wueest, B. (2020). Policy Diffusion: The Issue-Definition Stage. American Journal of Political Science, Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Gilardi, F., and Wasserfallen, F. (2019). The Politics of Diffusion. European Journal of Political Research, 58(4), 1245–56.Google Scholar
Gillette, C. P. (1991). In Partial Praise of Dillon’s Rule, or, Can Public Choice Theory Justify Government? Chicago-Kent Law Review, 57(3), 9591010.Google Scholar
Gleason, S. A., and Howard, R.M. (2014). State Supreme Courts and Shared Networking: The Diffusion of Education Policy. Albany Law Review, 78(4), 1485–512.Google Scholar
Glick, D. M., and Friedland, Z. (2014). How Often Do States Study Each Other? Evidence of Policy Knowledge Diffusion. American Politics Research, 42(6), 956–85.Google Scholar
Glick, H. R., and Hays, S. P. (1991). Innovation and Reinvention in State Policymaking: Theory and the Evolution of Living Will Laws. Journal of Politics, 53(3), 835–50.Google Scholar
Goggin, M. L., Bowman, A. O., Lester, J., and O’Toole, L. (1990). Implementation Theory and Practice: Toward a Third Generation. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman and Co.Google Scholar
Gormley, Jr., W. T. (1986). Regulatory Issue Networks in a Federal System. Polity, 18(4), 595620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, E. R., Shipan, C. R., and Volden, C. (2013). The Diffusion of Policy Diffusion Research in Political Science. British Journal of Political Science, 43(3), 673701.Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–80.Google Scholar
Gray, V. (1973a). Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study. American Political Science Review, 67(4), 1174–85.Google Scholar
Gray, V. (1973b). Rejoinder to ‘Comment’ by Jack L. Walker. American Political Science Review, 67(4), 1192–93.Google Scholar
Gray, V. (1974). Expenditures and Innovation as Dimensions of ‘Progressivism’: A Note on the American States. American Journal of Political Science, 18(4), 693–99.Google Scholar
Gray, V. (1976). Models of Comparative State Politics: A Comparison of Cross-Sectional and Time Series Analyses. American Journal of Political Science, 20(2), 235–56.Google Scholar
Gray, V. (1994). Competition, Emulation, and Policy Innovation. In Dodd, L. C. and Jillison, C., eds., New Perspectives on American Politics. Washington, DC: CQ Press, pp. 230–48.Google Scholar
Greene, W. H. (2018). Econometric Analysis. 8th ed., New York: Pearson.Google Scholar
Grodzins, M. (1966.) The American System. Chicago: Rand-McNally.Google Scholar
Grossback, L. J., Nicholson-Crotty, S., and Peterson, D.A.M. (2004). Ideology and Learning in Policy Diffusion. American Politics Research, 32(5), 521–45.Google Scholar
Grupp, F. W., and Richards, A. R. (1975). Variations in Elite Perceptions of American States as Referents for Public Policy Making. American Political Science Review, 69(3), 850–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannah, A. L., and Mallinson, D. J. (2018). Defiant Innovation: The Adoption of Medical Marijuana Laws in the American States. Policy Studies Journal, 46(2), 402–23.Google Scholar
Hansen, E. R., and Jansa, J. M. (2019). Bill Complexity and Text Borrowing in State Policy Diffusion. Presented at the annual meetings of the Midwest Political Science Association (Chicago).Google Scholar
Hays, S. P. (1996a). Influences on Reinvention during the Diffusion of State Policy Innovations. Political Research Quarterly, 49(3), 613–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hays, S. P. (1996b). Patterns of Reinvention: The Nature of Evolution during Policy Diffusion. Policy Studies Journal, 24(4), 551–66.Google Scholar
Hays, S. P., and Glick, H. R. (1997). The Role of Agenda Setting in Policy Innovation: An Event History Analysis of Living-Will Laws. American Politics Quarterly, 25(4), 497516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heikkila, T., and Gerlak, A. K. (2013). Building a Conceptual Approach to Collective Learning: Lessons for Public Policy Scholars. Policy Studies Journal, 41(3), 484512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertel-Fernandez, A. (2019). State Capture: How Conservative Activists, Big Businesses and Wealthy Donors Reshaped the American States – and the Nation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hinkle, R. K. (2015). Into the Words: Using Statutory Text to Explore the Impact of Federal Courts on State Policy Diffusion. American Journal of Political Science, 59(4), 1002–21.Google Scholar
Hinkle, R. K., and Nelson, M. J. (n.d.). The Relational Foundations of Policy Impact. University at Buffalo, SUNY, Department of Political Science. Typescript.Google Scholar
Hofferbert, R. I. (1966). The Relation between Public Policy and Some Structural and Environmental Variables in the American States. American Political Science Review, 60(1), 7382.Google Scholar
Hollander, R., and Patapan, H. (2016). Morality Policy and Federalism: Innovation, Diffusion, and Limits. Publius, 47(1), 126.Google Scholar
Iyengar, S. (1990). The Accessibility Bias in Politics: Television News and Public Opinion. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 2(1), 115.Google Scholar
Jacob, H. (1988). Silent Revolution: The Transformation of Divorce Law in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jansa, J. M., Hansen, E. R., and Gray, V. H. (2019). Copy and Paste Lawmaking: Legislative Professionalism and Policy Reinvention in the States. American Politics Research, 47(4), 739–67.Google Scholar
Jensen, J. M. (2016). The Governors’ Lobbyists: Federal-State Relations Offices and Governors Associations in Washington. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Ka, S., and Teske, P. (2002). Ideology and Professionalism: Electricity Regulation and Deregulation over Time in the American States. American Politics Research, 30(3), 323–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar
Karch, A. 2006. National Intervention and the Diffusion of Policy Innovations. American Politics Research, 34(4), 403–26.Google Scholar
Karch, A. (2007a). Democratic Laboratories: Policy Diffusion among the American States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Karch, A. (2007b). Emerging Issues and Future Directions in State Policy Diffusion Research. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 7(1), 5480.Google Scholar
Karch, A. (2012). Vertical Diffusion and the Policy-Making Process: The Politics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Political Research Quarterly, 65(1), 4861.Google Scholar
Karch, A., and Cravens, M. (2014). Rapid Diffusion and Policy Reform: The Adoption and Modification of Three Strikes Laws. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 14(4), 461–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karch, A., Nicholson-Crotty, S. C., Woods, N. D., and Bowman, A. O. (2016). Policy Diffusion and the Pro-Innovation Bias. Political Research Quarterly, 69(1), 8395.Google Scholar
Karch, A., and Rose, S. (2019.) Responsive States: Federalism and Public Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Karch, A., and Rosenthal, A. (2016). Vertical Diffusion and the Shifting Politics of Electronic Commerce. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 16(1), 2243.Google Scholar
Katz, E., Levin, M. L., and Hamilton, H. (1963). Traditions of Research on the Diffusion of Innovation. American Sociological Review, 28(2), 237–52.Google Scholar
Key, Jr., V. O. (1949). Southern Politics. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Kim, H. J., and Grofman, B. (2019). The Political Science 400: With Citation Counts by Cohort, Gender, and Sub-Field. PS: Political Science and Politics, 52(2), 296311.Google Scholar
Kim, J., McDonald, III, B. D. , and Lee, J. (2018). The Nexus of State and Local Capacity in Vertical Policy Diffusion. American Review of Public Administration, 48(2), 188200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kincaid, J. (2017). The Eclipse of Dual Federalism by One-Way Cooperative Federalism. Arizona State Law Journal, 49(3), 1061.Google Scholar
Kingdon, J. W. (1995). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 2nd ed., New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Krehbiel, K. (1991). Information and Legislative Organization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kreitzer, R. J. (2015). Politics and Morality in State Abortion Policy. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 15(1), 4166.Google Scholar
Kreitzer, R. J., and Boehmke, F.J. (2016). Modeling Heterogeneity in Pooled Event History Analysis. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 16(1), 121–41.Google Scholar
Kroeger, M. A. (2016). Plagiarizing Policy: Model Legislation in State Legislatures. Department of Politics, Princeton University. Typescript.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kurtz, K. T., Cain, B. E., and Neimi, R. G., eds. (2007). Institutional Change in American Politics: The Case of Term Limits. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
LaCombe, S., and Boehmke, F. J. (2020). Learning and Diffusion Models. In Curini, L. and Franzese, R., eds., Sage Handbook of Research Methods for Political Science and International Relations. New York: Sage, chapter 20.Google Scholar
Langer, L., and Brace, P. (2005). The Preemptive Power of State Supreme Courts: Adoption of Abortion and Death Penalty Legislation. Policy Studies Journal, 33(3), 317–40.Google Scholar
Leiser, S. (2017). The Diffusion of State Tax Incentives for Business. Public Finance Review, 45(3), 334–63.Google Scholar
Levi-Faur, D. (2015). Jack Walker, “The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States.” In Lodge, M., Page, E. C., and Balla, S. J., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Classics in Public Policy and Administration. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 235–55.Google Scholar
Lieberman, R. C., and Shaw, G.M. (2000). Looking Inward, Looking Outward: The Politics of Welfare Innovation under Devolution. Political Research Quarterly, 53(2), 215–40.Google Scholar
Light, A. R. (1978). Intergovernmental Sources of Innovation in State Administration. American Politics Quarterly, 6(2), 147–66.Google Scholar
Lindblom, C. E. (1959). The Science of Muddling Through. Public Administration Review, 19(2), 7988.Google Scholar
Linder, F., Desmarais, B., Burgess, M., and Giraudy, E. (2020). Text as Policy: Measuring Policy Similarity through Bill Text Reuse. Policy Studies Journal, 48(2), 546–74.Google Scholar
Lockard, D. (1959). New England State Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lowery, D., Gray, V., and Baumgartner, F. R. (2010). Policy Attention in State and Nation: Is Anyone Listening to the Laboratories of Democracy? Publius, 41(2), 286310.Google Scholar
Lowi, T. J. (1969). The End of Liberalism. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Lutz, J. L. (1986). The Spatial and Temporal Diffusion of Selected Licensing Laws in the United States. Political Geography Quarterly, 5(2), 141–59.Google Scholar
Lutz, J. L. (1987). Regional Leadership Patterns in the Diffusion of Public Policies. American Politics Quarterly, 15(3), 387–98.Google Scholar
Lutz, J. L. (1997). Regional Leaders in the Diffusion of Tort Innovations among the United States. Publius, 27(1), 3958.Google Scholar
Macinko, J., and Silver, D. (2015). Diffusion of Impaired Driving Laws among US States. American Journal of Public Health, 105(9), 1893–900.Google Scholar
Maggetti, M., and Gilardi, F. (2016). Problems (and Solutions) in the Measurement of Policy Diffusion Mechanisms. Journal of Public Policy, 36(1), 87107.Google Scholar
Makse, T. (2020). Expertise and the Championing of Innovations in State Legislatures. Policy Studies Journal, Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Makse, T., and Volden, C. (2011). The Role of Policy Attributes in the Diffusion of Innovations. Journal of Politics, 73(1), 108–24.Google Scholar
Mallinson, D. J. (2016). Building a Better Speed Trap: Measuring Policy Adoption Speed in the American States. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 16(1), 98120.Google Scholar
Mallinson, D. J. (2020a). Policy Innovation Adoption across the Diffusion Life Course. Policy Studies Journal, Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Mallinson, D. J. (2020b). Who Are Your Neighbors? The Role of Ideology and Decline of Geographic Proximity in the Diffusion of Policy Innovations. Policy Studies Journal, Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Mayhew, D. R. (1974). Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
McCann, P. J. C., Shipan, C. H., and Volden, C. (2015). Top-Down Federalism: State Policy Responses to National Government Discussions. Publius, 45(4), 495525.Google Scholar
McVoy, E. C. (1940). Patterns of Diffusion in the United States. American Sociological Review, 5(2), 219–27.Google Scholar
Meseguer, C. (2006). Rational Learning and Bounded Learning in the Diffusion of Policy Innovations. Rationality and Society, 18(1), 3566.Google Scholar
Michener, J. (2018). Fragmented Democracy: Medicaid, Federalism, and Unequal Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, S. M., Nicholson-Crotty, J., and Nicholson-Crotty, S. (2018). The Consequences of Legislative Term Limits for Policy Diffusion. Political Research Quarterly, 71(3), 573–85.Google Scholar
Minkman, E., van Buuren, M. W., and Bekkers, V. J. J. M. (2018). Policy Transfer Routes: An Evidence-Based Conceptual Model to Explain Policy Adoption. Policy Studies, 39(2), 222–50.Google Scholar
Mintrom, M. (1997). Policy Entrepreneurs and Policy Diffusion. American Journal of Political Science, 41(3), 738–70.Google Scholar
Mintrom, M. (2019). So You Want to Be a Policy Entrepreneur? Policy Design and Practice, 2(4), 307–23.Google Scholar
Mintrom, M. (2020). Policy Entrepreneurs and Dynamic Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mintrom, M., and Vergari, S. (1996). Advocacy Coalitions, Policy Entrepreneurs, and Policy Change. Policy Studies Journal, 24(3), 420–34.Google Scholar
Mintrom, M., and Vergari, S. (1998). Policy Networks and Innovation Diffusion: The Case of State Education Reforms. Journal of Politics, 60(1), 126–48.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. L. (2018). Does Policy Diffusion Need Space? Spatializing the Dynamics of Policy Diffusion. Policy Studies Journal, 46(2), 424–50.Google Scholar
Mohr, L. B. (1969). Determinants of Innovation in Organizations. American Political Science Review, 63(1), 111–26.Google Scholar
Monogan, J. E., Konisky, D.M., and Woods, N.D. (2017). Gone with the Wind: Federalism and the Strategic Location of Air Polluters. American Journal of Political Science, 61(2), 257270.Google Scholar
Mooney, C. Z. (1991). Information Sources in State Legislative Decision-making. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 16(3), 445–55.Google Scholar
Mooney, C. Z. (2001a). Modeling Regional Effects on State Policy Diffusion. Political Research Quarterly, 54(1), 103–24.Google Scholar
Mooney, C. Z. (2001b). State Politics and Policy Quarterly and the Study of State Politics: The Editor’s Introduction. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 1(1), 14.Google Scholar
Mooney, C. Z. (2009). Term Limits as a Boon to Legislative Scholarship: A Review. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 9(2), 204–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mooney, C. Z., and Lee, M. (1995). Legislating Morality in the American States: The Case of Pre-Roe Abortion Regulation Reform. American Journal of Political Science, 39(3), 599627.Google Scholar
Mooney, C. Z., and Lee, M. (1999). Morality Policy Reinvention: State Death Penalties. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 566, 8092.Google Scholar
Mooney, C. Z., and Lee, M. (2000). The Influence of Values on Consensus and Contentious Morality Policy: U.S. Death Penalty Reform, 1956–82. Journal of Politics, 62(1), 223–39.Google Scholar
Mossberger, K. (1999). State-Federal Diffusion and Policy Learning: From Enterprise Zones to Empowerment Zones. Publius, 29(3), 3150.Google Scholar
Mossberger, K. (2000). The Politics of Ideas and the Spread of Enterprise Zones. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262 (1932).Google Scholar
Nicholson-Crotty, S. (2009). The Politics of Diffusion: Public Policy in the American States. Journal of Politics, 71(1), 192205.Google Scholar
Nicholson-Crotty, S. (2012). Leaving Money on the Table: Learning from Recent Refusals of Federal Grants in the American States. Publius, 42(3), 449–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson-Crotty, S. C., and Carley, S. (2016). Effectiveness, Implementation, and Policy Diffusion: Or ‘Can We Make That Work for Us?State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 16(1), 7897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson-Crotty, S. C., Woods, N. D., Bowman, A. O., and Karch, A. (2014). Policy Innovativeness and Interstate Compacts. Policy Studies Journal, 42(2), 305–24.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., and Ross, L. (1980). Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Niskanen, Jr., W. A. (1971). Bureaucracy and Representative Government. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine/Transaction.Google Scholar
Nownes, A. J. (2012). Interest Groups in American Politics: Pressure and Power, 2nd ed., New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pacheco, J. (2011). Using National Surveys to Measure Dynamic U.S. State Public Opinion: A Guideline for Scholars and an Application. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 11(4), 415–39.Google Scholar
Pacheco, J. (2012). The Social Contagion Model: Exploring the Role of Public Opinion on the Diffusion of Antismoking Legislation across the American States. Journal of Politics, 74(1), 187202.Google Scholar
Pacheco, J. (2013). The Thermostatic Model of Responsiveness in the American States. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 13(3), 306–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pacheco, J. (2017). Free-Riders or Competitive Races? Strategic Interaction across the American States on Tobacco Policy Making. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 17(3), 299318.Google Scholar
Parinandi, S. C. (2013). Conditional Bureaucratic Discretion and State Welfare Diffusion under AFDC. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 13(2), 244–61.Google Scholar
Parinandi, S. C. (2020). Policy Inventing and Borrowing among State Legislatures. American Journal of Political Science, Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Patton, D. (2007). The Supreme Court and Morality Policy Adoption in the American States: The Constitutional Context. Political Research Quarterly, 60(3), 468–88.Google Scholar
Peterson, P. E. (1981). City Limits. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, P. E., and Rom, M. C. (1989). American Federalism, Welfare Policy, and Residential Choices. American Political Science Review, 83(3), 711–28.Google Scholar
Pierotti, R. S. (2013). Increasing Rejection of Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence of Cultural Diffusion. American Sociological Review, 78(2), 240–65.Google Scholar
Plotnick, R. D., and Winters, R. F. (1985). A Politico-Economic Theory of Income Redistribution. American Political Science Review, 79(2), 458–73.Google Scholar
Plutzer, E., Berkman, M. B., Honaker, J., Ojeda, C., and Whitesell, A. (2019). Measuring Complex State Policies: Pitfalls and Considerations, with an Application to Race and Welfare Policy. Policy Studies Journal, 47(3), 712–34.Google Scholar
Polsby, N. W. (1975). Legislatures. In Greenstein, F. I. and Polsby, N. W., eds., Governmental Institutions and Processes. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, pp. 257319.Google Scholar
Reich, G. (2019). One Model Does Not Fit All: The Varied Politics of State Immigration Policies, 2005–16. Policy Studies Journal, 47(3), 544–71.Google Scholar
Rigby, E. 2012. State Resistance to ‘Obamacare’. The Forum, 10(2), 5.Google Scholar
Robinson, W. S. (1950). Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals. American Sociological Review, 15(3), 351–7.Google Scholar
Roch, C. H., and Howard, R. M. (2008). State Policy Innovation in Perspective. Political Research Quarterly, 61(2), 333–44.Google Scholar
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, 5th ed., New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Rom, M. C., Peterson, P. E., and Scheve, Jr., K. F. (1998). Interstate Competition and Welfare Policy. Publius, 28(3), 1737.Google Scholar
Rose, D. D. (1973). National and Local Forces in State Politics: The Implications of Multi-Level Policy Analysis. American Political Science Review, 67(4), 1162–73.Google Scholar
Rose, R. (1991). What Is Lesson-Drawing? Journal of Public Policy, 11(1), 330.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, A. (2008). Engines of Democracy: Politics and Policymaking in State Legislatures. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Salisbury, R. H. (1984). Interest Representation: The Dominance of Institutions. American Political Science Review, 78(1), 6476.Google Scholar
Savage, R. L. (1978). Policy Innovativeness as a Trait of American States. Journal of Politics, 40(1), 212–24.Google Scholar
Savage, R. L. (1985). Diffusion Research Traditions and the Spread of Policy Innovations in a Federal System. Publius, 15(4), 128.Google Scholar
Sharkansky, I. (1968). Spending in the American States. Chicago: Rand-McNally.Google Scholar
Shipan, C. R., and Volden, C. (2006). Bottom-Up Federalism: The Diffusion of Anti-Smoking Policies from U.S. Cities to States. American Journal of Political Science, 50(4), 825–43.Google Scholar
Shipan, C. R., and Volden, C. (2008). The Mechanisms of Policy Diffusion. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 840–57.Google Scholar
Shipan, C. R., and Volden, C. (2012). Policy Diffusion: Seven Lessons for Scholars and Practitioners. Public Administration Review, 72(6), 788–96.Google Scholar
Shipan, C. R., and Volden, C. (2014). When the Smoke Clears: Expertise, Learning and Policy Diffusion. Journal of Public Policy, 34(3), 357–87.Google Scholar
Sigelman, L. (2006). The American Political Science Review Citation Classics. American Political Science Review, 100(4), 667–69.Google Scholar
Simmons, B. A., Dobbin, F., and Garett, G. (2006). Introduction: The International Diffusion of Liberalism. International Organization, 60(4), 781810.Google Scholar
Simmons, B. A., and Elkins, Z. (2004). The Globalization of Liberalization: Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy. American Political Science Review, 98(1), 171–90.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1969). Administrative Behavior, 2nd ed., New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T., Abend-Wein, M., Howard, C., and Lehman, S. G. (1993). Women’s Associations and the Enactment of Mother’s Pensions in the United States. American Political Science Review, 87(3), 686701.Google Scholar
Smith, K. B. (2019). Learning without Widespread Policy Adoption: Early Childhood Education in the American States. Publius, 50(1), 127.Google Scholar
Soss, J., Schram, S. R., Vartanian, T. P., and O’Brien, E. (2001). Setting the Terms of Relief: Explaining State Policy Choices in the Devolution Revolution. American Journal of Political Science, 45(2), 378–95.Google Scholar
Soule, S. A., and Earl, J. (2001). The Enactment of State-Level Hate Crime Law in the United States: Intrastate and Interstate Factors. Sociological Perspectives, 44(3), 281305.Google Scholar
Squire, P. (2017). A Squire Index Update. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 17(4), 361–71.Google Scholar
Squire, P., and Moncrief, G. (2015). State Legislatures Today, 2nd ed., Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Stein, R. A. (2013). Forming a More Perfect Union: A History of the Uniform Law Commission. New York: LexisNexis.Google Scholar
Stepan, A. (1999). Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the US Model. Journal of Democracy, 10(4), 1934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strang, D., and Soule, S. A. (1998). Diffusion in Organizations and Social Movements: From Hybrid Corn to Poison Pills. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 265–90.Google Scholar
Strang, D., and Tuma, N. B. (1993). Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity in Diffusion. American Journal of Sociology, 99(3), 614–39.Google Scholar
Strebel, F., and Widmer, T. (2012). Visibility and Facticity in Policy Diffusion: Going beyond the Prevailing Binarity. Policy Science, 45(3), 385–98.Google Scholar
Stone, D. (1999). Learning Lessons and Transferring Policy across Time, Space and Disciplines. Politics, 19(1), 51–9.Google Scholar
Tabor, C. S., and Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755–69.Google Scholar
Tarde, G. (1903). The Laws of Invention, Elsie Clews Parson, trans. New York: Holt.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. K., Lewis, D.C., Jacobsmeier, M. L., and DiSarro, B. (2012). Context and Complexity in Policy Reinvention and Diffusion: Gay and Transgender-Inclusive Laws against Discrimination. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 12(1), 7598.Google Scholar
Trein, P. (2015). Literature Report: A Review of Policy Learning in Five Strands of Political Science Research, INSPIRES Working Paper Series 2015, no. 26. European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme.Google Scholar
Thom, M., and An, B. (2017). Fade to Black? Exploring Policy Enactment and Termination through the Rise and Fall of State Tax Incentives for the Motion Picture Industry. American Politics Research, 45(1), 85108.Google Scholar
Tiebout, C. M. (1956). A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures. Journal of Political Economy, 64(5), 416–37.Google Scholar
Tolbert, P. S., and Zucker, L.G. (1983). Institutional Sources of Change in the Formal Structure of Organizations: The Diffusion of Civil Service Reform, 1880–1935. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(1), 2239.Google Scholar
Tomz, M., Goldstein, J., and Rivers, D. (2007). Do We Really Know that the WTO Increases Trade? American Economic Review, 97(5), 2005–18.Google Scholar
Trechsel, A. H. (2006). How to Federalize the European Union … And Why Bother. Journal of European Public Policy, 12(3), 401–18.Google Scholar
Turner, R. C. (2003). The Political Economy of Gubernatorial Smokestack Chasing: Bad Policy and Bad Politics? State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 3(3), 270–93.Google Scholar
Volden, C. (2002). The Politics of Competitive Federalism: A Race to the Bottom in Welfare Benefits? American Journal of Political Science, 46(22), 352–63.Google Scholar
Volden, C. (2006). States as Policy Laboratories: Emulating Success in the Children’s Health Insurance Program. American Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 294312.Google Scholar
Volden, C. (2016). Failures: Diffusion, Learning, and Policy Abandonment. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 16(1), 4477.Google Scholar
Volden, C., Ting, M. M., and Carpenter, D. P. (2008). A Formal Model of Learning and Policy Diffusion. American Political Science Review, 102(3), 319–32.Google Scholar
Walker, J. L. (1969). The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States. American Political Science Review, 63(3), 880–99.Google Scholar
Walker, J. L. (1971). Innovation in State Politics. In Jacobs, H. and Vines, K. N., eds., Politics in the American States, 2nd ed., Boston, MA: Little, Brown, pp. 354–87.Google Scholar
Walker, J. L. (1973). Comment (on Gray). American Political Science Review, 67(4), 1186–91.Google Scholar
Walker, J. L. (1981). The Diffusion of Knowledge, Policy Communities and Agenda Setting: The Relationship between Knowledge and Power. In Tropman, J. E., Dluhy, M. J., and Lind, R. M., eds., New Strategic Perspectives on Social Policy. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 7596.Google Scholar
Walker, J. L. (1991). Mobilizing Interest Groups in America. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Wallis, J. L., and Oates, W. (1998). The Impact of the New Deal on American Federalism. In Bordo, M. D., Goldin, C., and White, E. N., eds., The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 155–80.Google Scholar
Weissert, C. S. (1991). Policy Entrepreneurs, Policy Opportunists, and Legislative Effectiveness. American Politics Quarterly, 19(2), 262–74.Google Scholar
Welch, S., and Thompson, K. (1980). The Impact of Federal Incentives on State Policy Innovation. American Journal of Political Science, 24(4), 715–29.Google Scholar
Weyland, K. (2005). Theories of Policy Diffusion: Lessons from Latin American Pension Reform. World Politics, 57(2), 262–95.Google Scholar
Weyland, K. (2009). Bounded Rationality and Policy Diffusion: Social Sector Reform in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wildavsky, A. (1964). The Politics of the Budgetary Process. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Wolman, H. (1992). Understanding Cross-National Policy Transfers: The Case of Britain and the US. Governance, 5(1), 2745.Google Scholar
Woods, N. D. (2006.) Interstate Competition and Environmental Regulation: A Test of the Race-to-the-Bottom Thesis. Social Science Quarterly, 87(1), 174–89.Google Scholar
Woods, N.D. (n.d.). An Environmental Race to the Bottom? ‘No More Stringent Laws’ in the American States. University of South Carolina, Department of Government. Typescript.Google Scholar
Zhu, L., Guo, H., Zhao, Z., and Cheng, S. (N.d.) Taking Space Seriously: Comparing Multilevel and Spatial Modeling in Addressing Spatial Associations in Public Administration Research. University of Houston, Department of Political Science. Typescript.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, J. F. (1976). State-Local Relations: The State Mandate Irritant. National Civic Review, 65(11), 548–52.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

The Study of US State Policy Diffusion
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

The Study of US State Policy Diffusion
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

The Study of US State Policy Diffusion
Available formats
×