Element contents
Black Hebrew Israelites
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 March 2024
Summary
The Black Hebrew Israelite movement claims that African Americans are descendants of the Ancient Israelites and has slowly become a significant force in African American religion. This Element provides a general overview of the BHI movement, its diverse history/ies, ideologies, and practices. The Element shows how different factions and trends have taken the forefront at different periods over its 140-year history, leading to the current situation where diverse iterations of the movement exist alongside each other, sharing some core concepts while differing widely. In particular, the questions of how and why BHI has become a potent and attractive movement in recent years are addressed, arguing that it fulfils a specific religious need to do with identity and teleology, and represents a new and persistent form of Abrahamic religion.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009400107Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 28 March 2024
References
Primary Sources
Ben Levi, C. M. (1997). Israelites and Jews: The Significant Difference. Kearney, NE: Morris.Google Scholar
Levy, Ben, Rabbi, S. (n.d.a). The Destruction of Commandment Keepers, Inc. 1919–2007. www.blackjews.org/Essays/DestructionofCommandmentKeepers.html.Google Scholar
Levy, Ben, Rabbi, S. (n.d.b). Biography of Rabbi Yirmeyahu Israel / History of Kohol Beth B’nai Yisrael and Bnai Adath Kol Bet Yisrael. www.blackjews.org/rabbi-yirmeyahu-israel/.Google Scholar
Levy, Ben, Rabbi, S. (n.d.c). Cohen Levi Ben Yisrael: His Life and Legacy. www.blackjews.org/biography-of-cohen-levi-yisrael/.Google Scholar
Levy, Ben, Rabbi, S. (n.d.d). Biography of Rabbi Levi Ben Levy / History of Beth Shalom and Beth Elohim. www.blackjews.org/biography-of-rabbi-levi-ben-levy/.Google Scholar
Levy, Ben, Rabbi, S. (n.d.e). Dr. Rudolph Windsor: Griot of His People. http://blackjews.org/Essays/Rudolph%20Windsor%20Griot%20of%20His%20People.pdf.Google Scholar
Levy, Ben, Rabbi, S. (n.d.f). Rabbi Robert Devine. www.blackjews.org/rabbi-robert-devine/.Google Scholar
Levy, Ben, Rabbi, S. (n.d.g). Reflections on Rabbi W. A. Matthew. www.blackjews.org/Essays/Reflections%20on%20Rabbi%20W.A.%20Matthew.pdf.Google Scholar
Levy, Ben, Rabbi, S. (n.d.h). Who Are We? Where Did We Come From? How Many of Us Are There? www.blackjews.org/articles.htm.Google Scholar
Ben Yehuda, S. (1975). Black Hebrew Israelites from America to the Promised Land: The Great International Religious Conspiracy against the Children of the Prophets. New York: Vantage Press.Google Scholar
Berean, TV. (2023). Who Are the Real Children of Israel Debate? YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uGyKVBLUW0.Google Scholar
Chakwal Morton Cragg Papers. (n.d.). SC-08792. The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives. Cincinnati, OH: Hebrew Union College.Google Scholar
Chatwick, G. A. (1974). The Lost Nation (The So Called “Negro”). Philadelphia, PA: Culture Craft for Beth Hephzibah.Google Scholar
Christian, W. (1896). Poor Pilgrim’s Work, in the Name of Father, Son and Holy Ghost on Christian Friendship Works. Texarkana, AR: Joe Erlich’s Printing.Google Scholar
Church of God and Saints of Christ Temple Beth El. (n.d.). Chief Bishop Joseph W. Crowdy. www.cogasoc.org/leaders/chief-bishop-joseph-w-crowdy/.Google Scholar
Commandment Keepers Ethiopian Hebrew Congregation records (1996). Sc MG 574. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library.Google Scholar
Cook, Bishop A. W. (1925). The Independent Church of God of the Juda Tribe of Israel: The Black Jews. New York: A. W. Cook.Google Scholar
Crowdy, Bishop W. S. (1902). The Revelation of God Revealed. Philadelphia, PA: Church of God Publication House.Google Scholar
Dalton, R. Jr. (2018). Hebrews to Negroes: Wake up Black America. 208 minutes. The Negro Network.Google Scholar
Emmanuel, T. (1955). Letter to Chakwal Cragg. (Chakwal Morton Cragg Papers, Box 1 Folder 1).Google Scholar
Harishon Records, Hatzaad. Sc MG 576. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library.Google Scholar
Israel, M. (1981). You Are Not a Nigger: Our True History, the World’s Best Kept Secret. Hollywood, FL: Nation of Yahweh.Google Scholar
Lewi, U. (2009). Interview Brother Azriel Devine. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBRRucEgPjk.Google Scholar
Nation of Islam. (1991). The Secret Relationship between Blacks and Jews, vol. 1. Boston, MA: Nation of Islam.Google Scholar
Nation of Yahweh collection. 176. Amistad Research Center. Tulane University.Google Scholar
Nation of Yahweh. (n.d.). The War in Heaven. www.yahwehbenyahweh.com/Operation_Word_War/pdf/Operation_Word_War_Web.pdf.Google Scholar
Respes, A. (1971). Letter to the Editor. Philadelphia Jewish Exponent. November 5, p. 36.Google Scholar
Weaver, D. (n.d.). Biography of Rabbi Dahton Nasi. www.blackjews.org/rabbi-dahton-nasi-a-zadek-remembered/.Google Scholar
White, W. (1968). Who Brought the Slaves to America? Slavery and the Jews. Hollywood, CA: Western Front and Metairie, LA: Sons of Liberty.Google Scholar
Windsor, R. (1969). From Babylon to Timbuktu: A History of the Ancient Black Races Including the Black Hebrews. Atlanta, GA: Windsor’s Golden Series.Google Scholar
YisraEL, M. E. (2014). Setting the Crooked Things Straight: The Teaching of Yah’s Prophet. Cincinnati, OH: World Ingathering of the Children of YisraEL.Google Scholar
Secondary Sources
Africology: Journal of Pan-African Studies 8.10 (2016) Special Issue on Yosef A. A. ben JochannanGoogle Scholar
Amani, K. (2007). My Id … Ignant & Dissfunkshunal! Life in the Yahweh Cult and the Witness Protection Program: A Memoir. New York: iUniverse.Google Scholar
League, Anti-Defamation. (1987). Research Report: The Black Hebrew Israelites. New York: Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith.Google Scholar
Anti-Defamation League. (2022). Hebrews to Negroes: What you Need to Know. ADL Blog, November 3. www.adl.org/resources/blog/hebrews-negroes-what-you-need-know.Google Scholar
Atlanta Constitution. (1926). Shriners from Arabia Denied Lodging because of Color. June 11.Google Scholar
Baptista, T. (2019). The Flamingos: A Complete History of the Doo-Wop Legends. Jefferson, NC: MacFarland.Google Scholar
Barkun, M. (1997). Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement, rev ed. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Ben-Jochannan, Y. A. A. (1993; 1983). We the Black Jews: Witness to the “White Jewish Race” Myth. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press.Google Scholar
Ben-Ur, A. (2020). Jewish Autonomy in a Slave Society: Suriname in the Atlantic World, 1651–1825. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. C. (1977). Black Jews: A Study of Status Malintegration and (Multi) Marginality. PhD dissertation, Syracuse University.Google Scholar
Blythe, J. (1989). A Dream Deferred. The Paducah Sun. September 24, p. 1, 4; September 25, p. 1, 12; September 26, p. 10.Google Scholar
Bollman, T. (2018). The Bible and Black Identity: Israel United in Christ and the Hebrew Israelite Movement. MA thesis, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Bowles, B. (1983). Troubled Life: “Prophet” Talks about His Faith. Detroit Free Press, July 13, p. 3.Google Scholar
Brotz, H. M. (1964). The Black Jews of Harlem: Negro Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Negro Leadership. London: Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
Bruder, E. (2008). The Black Jews of Africa: History, Identity, Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bruder, E., and Parfitt, T. (2012). African Zion: Studies in Black Judaism. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
Chester, H. (1974). The Black Rabbi Pays Milwaukee a Visit. Jewish Post & Opinion, February 22, pp. 17–18, 31.Google Scholar
Chireau, Y., and Deutsch, N. (2000). Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cogswell, L. (1981). Black “Prophet” Calls Negro His Enemy. The Herald Palladium, April 25, p. 1.Google Scholar
Cohen, W. (1965). Community Welcomes Black Jews. Jewish Post (Indianapolis), September 3, pp. 3–4, 14.Google Scholar
Crawford, M. N. (2006). Natural Black Beauty and Black Drag. In Collins, L. G. and Crawford, M. N., eds., New Thoughts on the Black Arts Movement, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, pp. 154–73.Google Scholar
Dorman, J. S. (2004). The Black Israelites of Harlem and the Professors of Oriental and African Mystic Science in the 1920’s. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Dorman, J. S. (2012). A Colony in Babylon: Cooperation and Conflict between Black and White Jews in New York, 1930 to 1964. In Bruder, E. and Parfitt, T., eds., African Zion: Studies in Black Judaism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, pp. 220–33.Google Scholar
Dorman, J. S. (2013). Chosen People: The Rise of American Black Israelite Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
E. E. (2020). Jews of Color in America: Yasminah Respes’s Story. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7KUj8Nwzpk&list=PLLnzqfgSuU5E3_gwigJXcQmTX4jKOrNg0.Google Scholar
Eliade, M. (1959). The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. New York: Houghton Miflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Elkayam, L. (2013). Departures Arrivals: Haim Bibbins Becomes a New Arrival at 86. HaAretz, May 30. www.haaretz.com/2013-05-30/ty-article/.premium/departures-arrivals-haim-bibbins-becomes-a-new-immigrant-at-86/0000017f-efb2-d223-a97f-efff73730000.Google Scholar
Emre, M. (2017). How a Fictional Racist Plot Made the Headlines and Revealed an American Truth. The New Yorker, December 31. www.newyorker.com/books/second-read/how-a-fictional-racist-plot-made-the-headlines-and-revealed-an-american-truth.Google Scholar
Esensten, A. (2019). Yah’s Exemplary Soldiers: African Hebrew Israelites in the Israel Defense Forces. Religions, 10.11. www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/11/614.Google Scholar
Fauset, A. H. (2001; 1944). Black Gods of the Metropolis: Negro Religious Cults of the Urban North. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
FBI. (1968). Cointelpro Memorandum, March 3. https://archive.org/details/FBI-Neutralize-King/1968-03-04-COINTELPRO/mode/2up.Google Scholar
Fernheimer, J. W. (2012). Leading through Listening: Racial Tensions in 1968 New York. In Bruder, E. and Parfitt, T., eds., African Zion: Studies in Black Judaism, Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, pp. 234–62.Google Scholar
Fernheimer, J. W. (2014). Stepping into Zion: Hatzaad Harishon, Black Jews, and the Remaking of Jewish Identity. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Frazier, N. (2012). The “Other” Jim Jones: Rabbi David Hill, House of Israel, and Black American Religion in the Age of Peoples Temple. The Jonestown Report 14. https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=34259.Google Scholar
Frazier, N. (n.d.). Oral History Interview with Dick Peery. Harambee City. https://harambeecity.lib.miamioh.edu/items/show/78.Google Scholar
Freedberg, S. P. (1994). Brother Love: Murder, Money, and a Messiah. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Fulop, T. E. (1991). “The Future Golden Day of the Race”: Millennialism and Black Americans in the Nadir, 1877–1901. Harvard Theological Review, 84. 1, 75–99.Google Scholar
Gelman, M. (1965). Adat Beyt Moshe – The Colored House of Moses, A Study of the Contemporary Negro Religious Community and Its Leader. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Gillick, J. (2009). Post-Racial Rabbis. Moment, July–August. https://momentmag.com/post-racial-rabbis-2/5/.Google Scholar
Guyana Chronicle. (2014). Corbin Delivered Guns to House of Israel. June 3. https://guyanachronicle.com/2014/06/03/corbin-delivered-guns-to-house-of-israel/.Google Scholar
Haynes, B. D. (2018). The Soul of Judaism: Jews of African Descent in America. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Hernandez, T. H. (1932). To Heaven, Dead or Alive: Rare Religion Believes in Immortality. The Pittsburgh Courier, July 30, p. 13.Google Scholar
Isaac, W. (2006). Locating Afro-American Judaism: A Critique of White Normativity. In Gordon, J. A. and Gordon, L. R., eds., The Companion to African American Studies, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 512–42.Google Scholar
Isaac, W. (2012). Beyond Ontological Jewishness: A Philosophical Reflection on the Study of African American Jews and the Social Problems of the Jewish and Human Sciences. PhD dissertation, Temple University.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. L. Jr. (2005). Real Black: Adventures in Racial Sincerity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. L. Jr. (2013). Thin Description: Ethnography and the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kaye/Kantrowitz, M. (2007). The Colors of Jews: Racial Politics and Radical Diasporism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Kestenbaum, S. (2014). Rabbi Hailu Moshe Paris, Revered Leader of America’s Black Jews, Dies at 81. Forward, November 6. https://forward.com/news/208669/rabbi-hailu-moshe-paris-revered-leader-of-americas/.Google Scholar
Kestenbaum, S. (2015). Can This Rabbinic Revolutionary Make Hebrew Israelites Mainstream? Forward, July 7. https://forward.com/news/311361/can-rabbinic-revolutionary-capers-funnye-push-hebrew-israelites-into/.Google Scholar
Kestenbaum, S. (2016). On Jerusalem Walls, Artist Memorializes Black Rabbi from Harlem. Forward, March 31. https://forward.com/schmooze/337231/on-jerusalem-walls-artist-memorializes-black-rabbi-from-harlem/.Google Scholar
Kestenbaum, S. (2020). “I’m an Israelite”: Kendrick Lamar’s Spiritual Search, Hebrew Israelite Religion, and the Politics of a Celebrity Encounter. In Driscoll, C. M., Pinn, A. B., and Miller, M. R., eds., Kendrick Lamar and the Making of Black Meaning, Oxon: Routledge, 16.Google Scholar
Key, A. E. (2011). What’s My Name? An Autoethnography of the Problem of Moral Evil and Ethnic Suffering in Black Judaism. PhD dissertation, Temple University.Google Scholar
Key, A. E. (2014a). Toward a Typology of Black Hebrew Religious thought and Practice. Journal of Africana Religions, 2.1, 31–66.Google Scholar
Key, A. E. (2014b). If thou Do Not Hearken unto the Voice of the Lord thy God: A Critique of Theodicy in Black Judaism. Black Theology, 12.3, 267–88.Google Scholar
Key, A. E. (2023a). Did You Read about Conservative Judaism’s Anti-Black Antisemitic Smearing of Hebrew Israelites? Neither Did I. Religion Dispatches, March 7. https://religiondispatches.org/did-you-read-about-conservative-judaisms-anti-black-antisemitic-smearing-of-hebrew-israelites-neither-did-i/.Google Scholar
Key, A. E. Brooks. (2023b). Holy Dashikis! Black Sartorial Nationalism and Black Israelite Religion. In Dallam, M. W. and Zeller, B. E., eds., Religion, Attire, and Adornment in North America, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 117–42.Google Scholar
Khamr, A. (2022b). Insights on the Photo of Ahrayah & Bibbins. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWnwimcTGVc.Google Scholar
Koppel, N. (2008). Black Rabbi Reaches out to Mainstream of His Faith. New York Times, March 16. www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/us/16rabbi.html.Google Scholar
Landing, J. (2002). Black Judaism: Story of an American Movement. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Leibman, L. A. (2021). Once We Were Slaves: The Extraordinary Journey of a Multiracial Jewish Family. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Research, LifeWay. (2019). African American Attitudes toward Israel. http://lwresearch21.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/The-Philos-Project-African-American-Attitudes-Toward-Israel-Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Lis, D., Miles, W. F. S., and Parfitt, T. (2016). In the Shadow of Moses: New Jewish Movements in Africa and the Diaspora. Los Angeles: African Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lyons, L. (2014). Losing a Gentle Lion of Judah: Remembering Rabbi Hailu Moshe Paris, Spiritual Leader of Black Jewry. Tablet, November 14. www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/losing-a-gentle-lion-of-judah.Google Scholar
Malone, V. (2017). Barack Obama Vs The Black Hebrew Israelites: Introduction to the History & Beliefs of 1West Israelism. Phoenix, AZ: Thureos.Google Scholar
Malone, V. (2019). Why Do 1West “Hebrew Israelites” Call Whites “Edomites” and Chinese “Moabites”? Christian Research Journal. www.equip.org/articles/why-do-1west-hebrew-israelites-call-whites-edomites-and-chinese-moabites/.Google Scholar
Malone, V. (2023). The AHRAYAH/MASHA Split – 90s 1Wester Tells the Story. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCZzNBaK83s&t=984s.Google Scholar
MaNishtana, . (2012). Thoughts from a Unicorn: 100% Black. 100% Jewish. 0% Safe. New York: Hyphen.Google Scholar
Markowitz, F. (1996). Israel as Africa, Africa as Israel: “Divine Geography” in the Personal Narratives and Community Identity of the Black Hebrew Israelites. Anthropological Quarterly, 69.4, 193–205.Google Scholar
Markowitz, F. (2000). Millenarian Motherhood: Motives, Meanings and Practices among African Hebrew Israelite Women. Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women’s Studies & Gender Issues, 3, 106–38.Google Scholar
Markowitz, F., and Avieli, N. (2020). Food for the Body and Soul: Veganism, Righteous Male Bodies, and Culinary Redemption in the Kingdom of Yah. Ethnography, 23.2, 181–203.Google Scholar
Markowitz, F., Helman, S., and Shir-Vertesh, D. (2003). Soul Citizenship: The Black Hebrews and the State of Israel. American Anthropologist, 105.2, 302–12.Google Scholar
Michaeli, E. (2000). Another Exodus: The Hebrew Israelites from Chicago to Dimona. In Chireau, Y. and Deutsch, N., eds., Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 73–90.Google Scholar
Miller, M. T. (2023a). Ben Ammi’s Adaptation of Veganism in the Theology of the African Hebrew Israelites. Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society, 9.2, 417–44.Google Scholar
Miller, M. T. (2023b). Bishop Allan Wilson Cook (Rabbi Haling Hank Lenht), Queen Malinda Morris, and the Independent Church of God: A Missing Piece in the History of Hebrew Israelite Black Judaism. Black Theology, 23.1, 257–74.Google Scholar
Miller, M. T. (2023c). Ben Ammi Ben Israel: Black Theology, Theodicy, and Judaism in the thought of the African Hebrew Israelite Messiah. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Mock, B. (2007). Nation of Yahweh Mourns Loss of Leader, Shows Signs of New Life. Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report, Fall 2007. www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2007/nation-yahweh-mourns-loss-leader-shows-signs-new-life.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. (1980). Israelite Community near Ullin Waits out the Coming Armageddon. Southern Illinoisan, August 4, p. 18.Google Scholar
Naval Criminal Investigative Service. (1999). Anti-Government Extremists: An Information Project. August 1999. https://ncisahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NCIS-Anti-Government-Extremist-Study-Aug1999.pdf.Google Scholar
Palmer, S. (2010). The Nuwaubian Nation: Black Spirituality and State Control. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Parfitt, T. (2020). Hybrid Hate: Conflations of Antisemitism & Anti-Black Racism from the Renaissance to the Third Reich. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Parfitt, T., and Semi, E. T. (2002). Judaising Movements: Studies in the Margins of Judaism. Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Perkins, K. (1983). “True Jews” Prepare for Armageddon. Daily Egyptian, February 11, p. 5.Google Scholar
Research Center., Pew (2013). A Portrait of Jewish Americans: Findings from a Pew Research Center Survey of U.S. Jews. www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2013/10/jewish-american-survey-full-report.pdf.Google Scholar
against Antisemitism, Podcast. (2023). “No Shame or Fear,” with Tova the Poet. Podcast against Antisemitism, 3.20. https://antisemitism.org/podcast/#listen.Google Scholar
Raboteau, A. J. (1995). A Fire in the Bones: Reflections on African-American Religious History. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Raboteau, A. J. (1978). Slave Religion: The “Invisible Institution” in the Antebellum South. Updated Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rogers, J. A. (1968; 1940). Sex and Race: Negro-Caucasian Mixing in All Ages and All Lands. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga M Rogers.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, A. (1963). Black Jews of South Side. Chicago Defender, February 2, pp. 1–2.Google Scholar
Ross, D. (2009). Jew Like Me: An Oral History of Congregation Temple Bethel, a Black Synagogue in the West Oak Lane Neighborhood of Philadelphia. Undergraduate Humanities Forum 2008–2009: Change. 4. http://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2009/4 and the source interviews online, Black Hebrews at Temple Bethel Congregation. National Library of Israel. www.nli.org.il,www.bethel-ph.org/.Google Scholar
Rubel, N. L. (2009). Chased out of Palestine: Prophet Cherry’s Church of God and Early Black Judaisms in the United States. In Curtis, E. E. and Sigler, D. B., eds., The New Black Gods: Arthur Huff Fauset and the Study of African American Religions, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 49–69.Google Scholar
Sapoznik, H. (2020). How European Jews Saw the African American Cantor. www.henrysapoznik.com/post/how-european-jews-saw-the-african-american-cantor-the-1930-toyve-ha-cohen-tour.Google Scholar
Sapulkas, A. (1974). Follower of Chenault Says Present‐Day Events Are All Explained in the Bible. New York Times, July 9, p. 17.Google Scholar
Schamber, J. F., and Stroud, S. R. (2000). Mystical Anti-Semitism and the Christian Identity Movement: A Narrative Criticism of Dan Gayman’s “The Two Seeds of Genesis 3:15.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Communication Association, November 9–12.Google Scholar
Semi, E. T. (2016). Taamrat Emmanuel: An Ethiopian Jewish Intellectual, between Colonized and Colonizers. New York: Centro Primo Levi.Google Scholar
Singer, M. (2000). Symbolic Identity Formation in an African American Religious Sect: The Black Hebrew Israelites. In Chireau, Y. and Deutsch, N., eds., Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 55–72.Google Scholar
Southern Poverty Law Center. (1997). Rough Waters: Stream of Knowledge Probed by Officials. Intelligence Report. Fall 1997.Southern Poverty Law Center. (2008). Racist Black Hebrew Israelites Becoming more Militant. Intelligence Report, August 29. www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2008/racist-black-hebrew-israelites-becoming-more-militant.Google Scholar
Southern Poverty Law Center. (n.d.a). HQ-1. p. 28. https://archive.org/details/SouthernPovertyLawCenterHQ1.Google Scholar
Southern Poverty Law Center. (n.d.b). Radical Hebrew Israelites. www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/radical-hebrew-israelites.Google Scholar
Srole, I. (1978). Inner City Santuary: The History and Theology of Rochester’s Black Jews. MA thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Standish, F. (1983). “Truth” Hit “Prophet” after Stint in Army. The South Bend Tribune, July 11, p. 16.Google Scholar
Stewart, C. O. (1966). Religious Group to Await God in Southern Illinois Camp. Southern Illinoisan, May 29, p. 32.Google Scholar
Sznajderman, M. (1985). “Prophet” Wants His People Airlifted from Here to Israel. Alabama Journal, January 21, p. 2.Google Scholar
Van Bennekom, P. (1979). American Leading New Cult in Guyana. Daily Vidette, November 27, pp. 1–9.Google Scholar
Williams, J. J. (1930). Hebrewisms of West Africa: From Nile to Niger with the Jews. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Willis, S. M. (2021). The House of Yisrael Cincinnati: How Normalized Institutional Violence Can Produce a Culture of Unorthodox Resistance 1963 to 2021. MA thesis, Wright State University.Google Scholar
Yette, S. F. (1971). The Choice: The Issue of Black Survival in America. New York: GP Putnam’s.Google Scholar
Zihiri, S. (2020). Ambassadors of Christ and Israel United in Christ: Comparing the Preaching Strategies of Black Hebrew Israelite Camps. UCLA Journal of Religion, 4, 30–68.Google Scholar
- 3
- Cited by