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  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. The Asaba Massacre
  • Cited by 8
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
September 2017
Print publication year:
2017
Online ISBN:
9781316493168
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316493168
Subjects:
Area Studies, African Studies, History, Politics and International Relations, African Government, Politics and Policy, African History
Information

Book description

In October 1967, early in the Nigerian Civil War, government troops entered Asaba in pursuit of the retreating Biafran army, slaughtering thousands of civilians and leaving the town in ruins. News of the atrocity was suppressed by the Nigerian government, with the complicity of Britain, and its significance in the subsequent progress of that conflict was misunderstood. Drawing on archival sources on both sides of the Atlantic and interviews with survivors of the killing, pillaging and rape, as well as with high-ranking Nigerian military and political leaders, S. Elizabeth Bird and Fraser M. Ottanelli offer an interdisciplinary reconstruction of the history of the Asaba Massacre, redefining it as a pivotal point in the history of the war. Through this, they also explore the long afterlife of trauma, the reconstruction of memory and how it intersects with justice, and the task of reconciliation in a nation where a legacy of ethnic suspicion continues to reverberate.

Awards

Winner, 2018 OHA Book Award, Oral History Association

Reviews

‘This book is a significant contribution to a neglected aspect of the war’s history … I strongly recommend it for scholars and institutions that are interested in human rights and the history of the Nigeria–Biafra War.’

Arua Oko Omaka Source: War in History

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Contents

Contents
References

Sources Consulted

Interview Sources

The first formal interviews with witnesses and survivors were conducted in October 2009, at the Asaba Memorial Symposium at the University of South Florida, which inaugurated the project. Between 2009 and 2016, the authors made eight visits to Nigeria, as well as one visit to London, where additional interviews with survivors and former military officers were conducted. In addition, the authors conducted four focus group interviews, each with five participants. All interviews were conducted in person, with one exception, and all were recorded. During these visits the authors also had many informal conversations and interactions with people in Asaba, Lagos, and elsewhere.

Authors’ Interviews with Witnesses and Survivors

  • Achuzia, Simon Uchenna (born 1960), March 14, 2014, Asaba.

  • Akaraiwe, Patricia (born 1939), June 28, 2010, Asaba.

  • Asiodu, Philip C. (born 1934), Dec. 8, 2009, Tampa.

  • Awolo, Esananjo (birthdate not given), June 27, 2010, Asaba.

  • Azeh, Nicholas (born 1950), Oct. 5, 2011, Asaba.

  • Chizea, Osobodoa David (born 1937), June 27, 2010, Asaba.

  • Chizea, Mabel (born 1952), June 27, 2010, Asaba.

  • Chukwumah, Msr. Emmanuel (born 1925), June 28, 2010, Asaba.

  • Chukwara, Emmanuel (born 1934), Dec. 16, 2009, Asaba.

  • Chukura, Patience (born 1939), Dec. 10, 2009, Lagos.

  • Egbuinwe, Michael (born 1955), May 3, 2012, Asaba.

  • Eneamokwu, Ken (born 1956), 28 June 2010, Asaba.

  • Enenmoh, Luke (born 1928), Oct. 10, 2014, London.

  • Esenwa, John (born 1953), Oct. 10, 2009, Tampa.

  • Igbeka, Catherine Nkendelim (born 1959), Oct. 10, 2014, London.

  • Ijeh, Frank (born 1930), Dec. 13, 2009, Asaba.

  • Isichei, Father Patrick (born 1937), Oct. 6, 2015, Asaba.

  • Isichei-Isamah, Celestina (born 1946), Oct. 10, 2014, London.

  • Izegbu, Victor (born 1953), April 15, 2016, Lagos.

  • Maduemezia, Emmanuel (born 1954), June 23, 2010, Asaba.

  • Maduemezia, Nkendelim (born 1955), June 23, 2010, Asaba.

  • Mkpayah, Christopher (born 1947), Dec. 10, 2009, Lagos.

  • Mordi, Assumpta (born 1963), Oct. 7, 2011, Asaba.

  • Monyei, Grace (born 1930), June 28, 2010, Asaba.

  • Nduka Eze, Chuck (born 1963), Oct. 9, 2011, Asaba.

  • Nwajei, Joseph (born 1951), Oct. 10, 2009, Tampa.

  • Nawajei, Francis (born 1937), June 28, 2010, Asaba.

  • Nwandu, Felicia (born 1947), June 28, 2010, Asaba.

  • Nwanze, Emmanuel (born 1949), Dec. 16, 2009, Benin City.

  • Nwanze, Esther (born 1941), Oct. 5, 2011, Asaba.

  • Nwanze, Victoria (born 1954), Dec. 16, 2009, Benin City; May 3, 2012, Asaba.

  • Obaze, Nwaka (born 1920), Dec. 12, 2009, Asaba.

  • Obielue, Patrick (born 1954), Dec. 12, 2009, Asaba.

  • Obi, Emmanuel (born 1953), Oct. 10, 2009, Tampa.

  • Obi, Feli (born 1943), Dec. 15, 2009, Asaba.

  • Odiachi, Emmanuel (birthdate not given), Oct. 10, 2014, London.

  • Odiaka, Mike (born 1935), June 27, 2010, Asaba.

  • Odiwe, Catherine (birthdate not given), Oct. 7, 2011, Asaba.

  • Ogbogu, Michael (born 1944), May 3, 2012, Asaba.

  • Ogosi, Felix (born 1955), Dec. 13, 2009, Asaba

  • Ogosi, Frank Obi (born 1942), Dec. 15, 2009, Asaba.

  • Ogunkeye, Gertrude (born 1952), Dec. 11, 2009, Lagos.

  • Ojogwu, Peter-Claver (born 1945), Dec. 14, 2009, Asaba.

  • Okafor, Kingsley (born 1942), Oct. 5, 2011, Asaba.

  • Okafor, Stanley (born 1946), Oct. 12, 2011, Ibadan.

  • Okocha, Pastor Chris Adigwe Daniels (birthdate not given), Oct. 10, 2015, Asaba.

  • Okocha, Emma (born 1962), Oct. 13, 2009, Tampa.

  • Okocha, Akunwata S.O. (Sylvester) (born 1913), Dec. 13, 2009, Asaba.

  • Okolie, Onyeogali (born 1960), Dec. 13, 2009, Asaba.

  • Okonkwo, Emeka (born 1963), June 28, 2010, Asaba.

  • Okonkwo, Patrick (born 1953), June 27, 2010, Asaba.

  • Okonjo, Peter (born 1949), Dec. 14, 2009, Asaba.

  • Okonta, Emeka Okalum (born 1973), June 24, 2010, Asaba.

  • Okwudi, Emma (born 1939), May 3, 2012, Asaba.

  • Onyia, Henry (born 1939), Dec. 15, 2009, Asaba.

  • Onochie, Felix (born 1929), June 28, 2010, Asaba.

  • Onukwu, Emmanuel (born 1941), Dec. 15, 2009, Asaba.

  • Onyemenam, Benedict (born 1936), June 28, 2010, Asaba.

  • Onyemenan, Josephine (born 1954), June 23, 2010, Asaba,

  • Onyia, Henry (born 1939), Dec. 15, 2009, Asaba.

  • Osaji, Martina (born 1953), Oct. 5, 2011, Asaba.

  • Osakwe, Igwemma (born 1944), Dec. 12, 2009, Asaba.

  • Oweazim, Fabian (born 1954), Oct. 10, 2009, Tampa.

  • Ugboko, Charles (born 1946), Dec. 12, 2009, Lagos.

  • Uraih, Lucy Chineze (born 1950), May 3, 2012, Asaba.

  • Uraih, Ify (born 1952), Oct. 9, 2009, Tampa.

  • Uraih, Medua Gabriel (born 1948), Dec. 13, 2009, Asaba; May 3, 2012, Asaba.

  • Uraih, Victor Ubaka (born 1954), May 3, 2012, Asaba.

Additional Interviews by Authors

  • Achuzia, Gen. Joseph (rtd.), Biafran army, Oct. 8, 2015, Asaba.

  • Gowon, Gen. Yakubu, Oct. 10, 2016, Abuja.

  • Haruna, Gen. Ibrahim B.B. (rtd.), Nigerian army, April 11, 2016, Abuja.

  • Iweze, Gen. Cyril (rtd.), Nigerian army, April 13, 2016, Lagos.

  • Norris, Bill, retired journalist, Dec. 14, 2011 (by phone).

  • Nwachukwu, Gen. Ike Omar Sanda (rtd.), Oct. 11, 2016, Lagos.

  • Ogbebor, Col. Paul Osa (rtd.), Oct. 12, 2016, Benin City.

  • Onyekweli, Gen. Philip (rtd.), Nigerian and Biafran armies, April 16, 2016, Lagos.

  • Williams, Gen. Ishola (rtd), Nigerian army, April 14, 2016, Lagos

Archives

  • Several important archival collections were consulted by one or both authors:

  • African Collections at Michigan State University Library, East Lansing, USA.

  • American Friends Service Committee Archive, Philadelphia, USA.

  • Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, UK.

  • Royal Niger Company Archive at Unliver, Port Sunlight, UK.

  • School of Oriental and African Studies Library (SOAS), London, UK.

  • United Kingdom National Archive, Kew, UK.

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Published Civil War Memoirs

Achebe, Chinua, There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra. New York: Penguin, 2012.
Achuzia, Joe O.G., Requiem Biafra, Asaba: Alcel Concerns, 2002 (2nd ed.).
Akpan, Ntieyong U. The Struggle for Secession 1966–1970: A Personal Account of the Nigerian Civil War, London: Cass, 1972.
Alabi-Isama, Godwin, The Tragedy of Victory: On the Spot Account of the Nigeria-Biafra War in the Atlantic Theatre, Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 2013.
Alli, M. Chris, The Federal Republic of Nigerian Army: The Siege of a Nation, Lagos, Nigeria: Malthouse Press, 2000
Idahosa, Patrick E., Truth and Tragedy: A Fighting Man’s Memoir of the Nigerian Civil War, Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria), 1989.
Isichei-Isamah, Celestina, They Died in Vain, London: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011.
Obasanjo, Olusegun, My Command: An Account of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970, London: Heinemann, 1980.
Oyewole, Fola, Reluctant Rebel, London: Rex Collings, 1975.
Soyinka, Wole, The Man Died: Prison Notes. London: Rex Collings, 1972.
Uwechue, Raph, Reflections on the Nigerian Civil War, New York: Africana Publishing Corporation, 1971.
Uzokwe, Alfred Obiora, Surviving in Biafra: The Story of the Nigerian Civil War, New York: Writers Advantage, 2003.

Newspaper and Periodical Sources

Abasiekong, Dan, “How to Bring the Ibos Back into Our Fold,” Daily Sketch (Nigeria), Oct. 7, 1967, 5.
Azuh, Kingsley, “Nduka Eze: A Life Dedicated to Selfless Public Service,” ThisDay, Oct. 2, 2016: http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/10/02/nduka-eze-a-life-dedicated-to-selfless-public-service/.
Bamgbose, Sina, “Ojukwu Captured?” Daily Sketch, Oct. 13, 1967, 1 and back page.
Barnes, John, “Nigeria: A Time for Slaughter,” Newsweek, July 31, 1967, 38–39.
Commonwealth Staff, “Inquiry Urged into Nigerian ‘Atrocities,’” The Guardian, Nov. 8, 1967, 5.
Daily Sketch (Nigeria), “The March on Asaba Bridge,” Oct. 9, 1967, 1.
Daily Sketch, Oct. 6, Untitled, 1.
Daily Sketch, “Ojukwu’s World of Fantasy,” Oct. 11, 1967, 1.
Daily Sketch, “Rebel Army Mutiny,” Oct. 12, 1967, 1.
Daily Sketch (Nigeria), “Asaba and Ika People Accept New Identity,” July 24, 1967, 3.
Daily Sketch, “The Ibos Miscalculated in Seceding – Says American Newspaper,” Oct. 6, 1967, 3.
Daily Sketch, “Ibos Were Victims of Ojukwu Propaganda, Says UK Paper,” Oct. 7, 1967, 2.
Daily Sketch, “Ibo Blindness Killed Peace Moves: Italian Paper,” Oct.13, 1967, 7.
Daily Sketch, “Now No More Ika Ibo – By Order,” Oct. 27, 1967, 8.
Friendly, Alfred Jr. “City Shows Scars of the Nigerian War,” New York Times, Sept. 26, 1967, 1; 3.
Friendly, Alfred Jr. “Battle Continues for Nigerian City,” New York Times, 1967, Oct. 13: 1.
Garrison, Lloyd, “300 Ibo Tribesmen Killed by Troops and Nigerian Mob,” New York Times, Oct. 2, 1966, 1;17.
Garrison, Lloyd, “Nigeria Totters on the Brink,” New York Times, Oct. 9, 1966, E3.
Garrison, Lloyd, “Biafran War Refugees Describe How Nigerians Killed Villagers,” Toronto Globe and Mail (New York Times News Service), July 21, 1967, 8.
Garrison, Lloyd, “Biafrans Accept Risk of Defeat,” The Times (from New York Times), Aug. 3, 1968, 3.
“Griot, ,” “Roundabout, the View from the Bridge, Asaba,” West Africa, Oct. 21, 1967, no. 2629, 1355.
Guardian (London), “Compromise – or Ruin for Both in Nigeria,” Nov. 10, 1967, 10.
Legum, Colin, “How 700 Ibos Were Killed by Mistake,” The Observer, Jan. 21, 1968, 21.
Mounter, Julian, “No Evidence of Genocide in Nigeria,” The Times, July 21, 1969, 5.
Newsweek, “Nigeria: Setting Sun,” Oct. 9, 1967, 41–42.
Norris, William, “War across the Niger,” The Times, Oct. 24, 1967, 14.
Norris, William, “Biafrans’ Ordeal by Air Attack,” The Times, April 25, 1968, 8.
Nwobu, Lawrence Chinedu Nwobu, “Remembering Murtala Muhammed: The Butcher of Asaba,” Feb. 19, 2009, online at http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/forum/articles-comments/29729-remembering-murtala-muhammed-butcher-asaba-2.html.
Nwosu, Philip, “I’m Pro-Biafra – Soyinka,” The Sun (Nigeria), July 15, 2016, http://sunnewsonline.com/im-pro-biafra-soyinka/.
Obioha, McLord, “Why FGN Used Hunger against Ibos: Interview with Anthony Enahoro,” The Nigerian and Africa, March 1998, 9–10; 13.
O’Brien, Conor Cruise, “A Condemned People,” The New York Review of Books, Dec. 21, 1967, 14–21.
Ogwuda, Austin, “Gowon Faults Setting Up of Oputa Panel,” Vanguard News, Dec. 09, 2002, available online at: https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Naija-news/conversations/topics/2517.
Ojeifo, Sufuyan, and Ughegbe, Lemmy, “No Regrets for the Asaba Massacre of Igbo –Haruna,” The Vanguard, Oct. 10, 2001, http://www.nigeriamasterweb.com/nmwpg1HarunaIgboMassacre.html
Osifo, Iredia, “Five Rebel Spies Held in Asaba,” Daily Times (Nigeria), Nov. 17, 1967, 1.
Schwarz, Walter, “Why Nigeria’s War Splits Hawks and Doves in Whitehall,” The Observer, Aug, 27, 1967, 4.
Shepherd, Jack, “Memo from Nigeria: Old Headaches for our New President,” Look, 26, Nov. 1968, 74.
The Times, “Execution of Nigerian Officer Filmed,” Sept. 4, 1968, 1.
Time, “Drums of Defeat,” 90:14, Oct. 6, 1967, 70.
Uzodinma, Emmanuel, “You Have Made Nnamdi Kanu a Hero, Igbo Youth Movement Tells Buhari,” Daily Post, July 12, 2016, http://dailypost.ng/2016/07/12/you-have-made-nnamdi-kanu-a-hero-igbo-youth-movement-tells-buhari/.
Vanguard, , “Confusion, as MASSOB Disowns Radio Biafra Boss, Nnamdi Kanu,” The Vanguard, Oct.19, 2015, http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/confusion-as-massob-disowns-radio-biafra-boss-nnamdi-kanu/.
Wolfers, Michael, “Nigerian Troops Close in on Ibo Heartland,” The Times, Aug. 30, 1968, 3.
Wolfers, Michael, “Nigeria Observers Find no Evidence of Genocide,” The Times, Oct. 4, 1968, 8.
Zeitlin, Arnold (Associated Press), “8,000 Ibo Tribesmen to Lack Food,” Gettysburg Times, Dec. 10, 1968, 12.

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