Secondary Sources and Published Primary Sources
Abdulaziz, Mohamed H.Muyaka: 19th Century Swahili Popular Poetry. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau, 1979.
Abdurahman, Muhammed. “Anthropological Notes from the Zanzibar Protectorate,” Tanganyika Notes and Records 8 (1939), 59–84.
Abu-Lughod, Lila. Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Agmon, Iris. Family and Court: Legal Culture and Modernity in Late Ottoman Palestine. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006.
Akehurst, F. R. P. “Good Name, Reputation, and Notoriety in French Customary Law,” in Fama: The Politics of Talk and Reputation in Medieval Europe, edited by Thelma Fenster and Daniel Lord Smail, pp. 75–94. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.
Aley, Juma. Zanzibar in the Context. New Delhi: Lancers Books, 1988.
Allen, Julia. “Slavery, Colonialism and the Pursuit of Community Life: Anglican Mission Education in Zanzibar and Northern Rhodesia 1864–1940,” History of Education 37, no. 2 (March 2008), 207–26.
Allen, Richard B. “The Mascarene Slave-Trade and Labour Migration in the Indian Ocean During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” in The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean, Africa and Asia, edited by Gwyn Campbell, pp. 33–50. London: Routledge, 2004.
Alpers, Edward. Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
Alpers, Edward “Story of Swema,” in Women and Slavery in Africa, edited by Claire Robertson and Martin Klein, pp. 185–99. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, revised edition. London: Verso, 1991.
Anderson, J. N. D.Islamic Law in Africa. London: Cass, 1970.
Arnold, Nathalie. “Wazee Wakijua Mambo! Elders Used to Know Things!: Occult Powers and Revolutionary History in Pemba, Zanzibar.” Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 2003.
Ashforth, Adam. Witchcraft, Violence, and Democracy in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Askew, Kelly. “Female Circles and Male Lines: Gender Dynamics along the Swahili Coast,” Africa Today 46, nos. 3–4 (1999), 67–102.
Austen, Ralph. “The Moral Economy of Witchcraft: An Essay in Comparative History,” in Modernity and Its Malcontents: Ritual and Power in Postcolonial Africa, edited by Jean Comaroff and John Comaroff, pp. 89–110. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Bakari, Mtoro bin Mwinyi. The Customs of the Swahili People: The Desturi za Waswahili of Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari and Other Swahili Persons, edited and translated by J. W. T. Allen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
Bakhtiar, Laleh. Encyclopedia of Islamic Law: A Compendium of the Major Schools. Chicago: ABC International Group, 1996.
Bang, Anne K.Sufis and Scholars of the Sea: Family Networks in East Africa, 1860–1925. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
Bang, Anne K. “Cosmopolitanism Colonised? Three Cases from Zanzibar, 1890–1920,” in Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean, edited by Edward Simpson and Kai Kresse, pp. 167–88. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
Baron, Beth. Egypt as a Woman: Nationalism, Gender, and Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
Beachey, R. W.The Slave Trade of Eastern Africa. London: Rex Collings, 1976.
Becker, Felicitas. Becoming Muslim in Mainland Tanzania, 1890–2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 2008.
Beech, Mervyn W. H.Aids to the Study of Ki-Swahili: Four Studies Compiled and Annotated. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1918.
Behrend, Heike, and Ute Luig, eds. Spirit Possession: Modernity and Power in Africa. Oxford, James Currey, 1999.
Bellville, Alfred. “Journey to the Universities’ Mission Station of Magila, on the Borders of the Usambara Country,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London 20, no. 1 (1878), 74–8.
Bennett, Norman. A History of the Arab State of Zanzibar. London: Methuen, 1978.
Berry, Sara. No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993.
Blassingame, John W.The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972.
Booth, Alan. “‘European Courts Protest Women and Witches’: Colonial Law Courts as Redistributors of Power in Swaziland 1920–1950,” Journal of Southern African Studies 18, no. 2 (1992), 253–76.
Bourdieu, Pierre. “Structures, Habitus, Power: Basis for a Theory of Symbolic Power,” in Culture/Power/History: A Reader in Contemporary Social Theory, edited by Nicholas B. Dirks, Geoff Eley, and Sherry B. Ortner, pp. 155–99. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Bowles, B. D. “The Struggle for Independence, 1946–1963,” in Zanzibar Under Colonial Rule, edited by Abdul Sheriff and Ed Ferguson, pp. 79–106. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1991.
Bowman, Jeffrey. “Infamy and Proof in Medieval Spain,” in Fama: The Politics of Talk and Reputation in Medieval Europe, edited by Thelma Fenster and Daniel Lord Smail, pp. 95–117. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.
Bradford, Helen. “Women, Gender and Colonialism: Rethinking the History of the British Cape Colony and Its Frontier Zones, 1806–70,” Journal of African History 37, no. 3 (1996), 351–70.
Bravman, Bill. Making Ethnic Ways: Communities and Their Transformations in Taita, Kenya, 1800–1950. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998.
Bromber, Katrin. “Mjakazi, Mpambe, Mjoli, Suria: Female Slaves in Swahili Sources,” in Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean World, and the Medieval North Atlantic, Vol. I, edited by Gwyn Campbell, Suzanne Miers, and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 111–28. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007.
Brooks, George. “A Nhara of the Guinea-Bissau Region: Mae Aurelia Correia,” in Women and Slavery in Africa, edited by Clarie C. Robertson and Martin A. Klein, pp. 295–319. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.
Brown, Vincent. The Reaper’s Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
Burgess, Gary. “Youth and the Revolution: Mobility and Discipline in Zanzibar, 1950–1980.” Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 2002.
Burgess, Thomas. Race, Revolution, and the Struggle for Human Rights in Zanzibar. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2010.
Burton, Sir Richard Francis. The Lake Regions of Central Africa: A Picture of Exploration. New York: Harper & Bros., 1860.
Burton, Sir Richard Francis. Zanzibar: City, Island, and Coast. New York: Tinsley Brothers, 1872.
Campbell, Gwyn. “Slavery and Other Forms of Unfree Labour in the Indian Ocean World,” in The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean, Africa and Asia, edited by Gwyn Campbell, pp. vii–xxxii. London: Routledge, 2004.
Carretta, Vincent. Equiano, the African: Biography of a Self-Made Man. Atlanta: University of Georgia Press, 2005.
Carretta, Vincent “Response to Paul Lovejoy’s ‘Autobiography and Memory: Gustavus Vassa, Alias Olaudah Equiano, the African,’” Slavery and Abolition 28, no. 1 (2007), 115–19.
Caviness, Madeline H., & Charles G. Nelson. “Silent Witnesses, Absent Women, and the Law Courts in Medieval Germany,” in Fama: The Politics of Talk and Reputation in Medieval Europe, edited by Thelma Fenster and Daniel Lord Smail, pp. 47–72. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.
Chambers, Sarah. From Subjects to Citizens: Honor, Gender, and Politics in Arequipa, Peru, 1780–1854. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.
Clayton, Anthony. “The General Strike in Zanzibar, 1948,” Journal of African History 17, no. 4 (1976), 417–34.
Clayton, AnthonyThe Zanzibar Revolution and Its Aftermath. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1981.
Colomb, Captain. Slave-Catching in the Indian Ocean: A Record of Naval Experiences. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1873.
Colson, Elizabeth. “Possible Repercussions of the Right to Make Wills upon the Plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia,” Journal of African Administration 2, no. 1 (1950), 24–35.
Comaroff, Jean and John. Modernity and Its Malcontents. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Cooper, Barbara. Marriage in Maradi: Gender and Culture in a Hausa Society in Niger, 1900–1989. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1997.
Cooper, Frederick. Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977.
Cooper, FrederickFrom Slaves to Squatters: Plantation Labor and Agriculture in Zanzibar and Coastal Kenya, 1890–1925. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980.
Cooper, Frederick, Thomas C. Holt, & Rebecca Scott. Beyond Slavery: Explorations of Race, Labor, and Citizenship in Postemancipation Societies. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. The History of African Cities South of the Sahara: From the Origins to Colonization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.
Craster, John Evelyn Edmund. Pemba: The Spice Island of Zanzibar. London: T.F. Unwin, 1913.
Dabhoiwala, Faramerz. “The Construction of Honour, Reputation and Status in Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteen Century England,” Royal Historical Society Transactions 6, no. 6 (1996), 201–13.
Dale, Rev. Godfrey. The Peoples of Zanzibar: Their Customs and Religious Beliefs. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969; first published 1920 by Universities Mission to Central Africa.
Decker, Corrie Ruth. “Investing in Ideas: Girls’ Education in Colonial Zanzibar.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California Berkeley, 2007.
Deutsch, Jan Georg. Emancipation without Abolition in German East Africa c.1884–1914. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006.
Deutsch, Jan Georg “Notes on the Rise of Slavery and Social Change in Unyamwezi,” in Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa, edited by Henri Médard and Shane Doyle. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007.
Dooling, Wayne. Slavery, Emancipation and Colonial Rule in South Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007.
Dore, Elizabeth. Myths of Modernity: Peonage and Patriarchy in Nicaragua. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006.
Fair, Laura. “Kickin’ It: Leisure, Politics, and Football in Colonial Zanzibar, 1900s–1950s,” Africa 67, no. 2 (1997), 224–51.
Fair, Laura “Dressing Up: Clothing, Class and Gender in Post-Abolition Zanzibar,” Journal of African History 39, no. 1 (1998), 63–94.
Fair, Laura “Identity, Difference, and Dance: Female Initiation in Zanzibar, 1890 to 1930,” in Mashindano!: Competitive Music Performance in East Africa, edited by Frank Gunderson and Gregory Barz, pp. 143–65. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki Na Nyota Publishers, 2000.
Fair, LauraPastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890–1945. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2001.
Fallers, Lloyd. Law Without Precedent: Legal Ideas in Action in the Courts of Colonial Busoga. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
Farrant, Leda. Tippu Tip and the East African Slave Trade. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1975.
Feierman, Steven. “Healing as Social Criticism in the Time of Colonial Conquest,” African Studies Review 54, no. 1 (1995), 73–88.
Feierman, Steven “Colonizers, Scholars, and the Creation of Invisible Histories,” in Beyond the Cultural Turn: New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture, edited by Victoria E. Bonnell and Lynn Hunt, pp. 182–216. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
Fenster, Thelma, & Daniel Lord Smail. Fama: The Politics of Talk and Reputation in Medieval Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.
Fitzgerald, William Walter Augustine. Travels in the Coastlands of British East Africa and the Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba: Their Agricultural Resources and General Characteristics. London: Chapman & Hall, 1898.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Births of the Prison, translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, 1979.
Franken, Marjorie Ann. “Anyone Can Dance: A Survey and Analysis of Swahili Ngoma, Past and Present.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California Riverside, 1986.
Freamon, Bernard. “Islamic Law and Trafficking in Women and Children in the Indian Ocean World,” in Trafficking in Slavery’s Wake: Law and the Experience of Women and Children in Africa, edited by Benjamin Lawrance and Richard L. Roberts, pp. 121–41. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012.
Freamon, Bernard. “Geography and Travels,” American Naturalist 12, no. 11 (1877), 763.
Geschiere, Peter. The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995.
Geschiere, Peter “Kinship, Witchcraft and the Moral Economy of Ethnicity: Contrasts from Southern and Western Cameroun,” in Ethnicity in Africa: Roots, Meanings and Implications, edited by Louise de la Gorgendière et al. Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 1996.
Getz, Trevor. Slavery and Reform in West Africa: Toward Emancipation in Nineteenth-Century Senegal and the Gold Coast. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004.
Giles, Linda L. “Possession Cults on the Swahili Coast: A Re-Examination of Theories of Marginality,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 57, no. 2 (1987), 234–58.
Giles, Linda L. “Spirit Possession on the Swahili Coast: Peripheral Cults or Primary Texts?” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1989.
Glassman, Jonathon. Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856–1888. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995.
Glassman, Jonathon “Slower Than a Massacre: The Multiple Sources of Racial Thought in Colonial Africa,” American Historical Review 109, no. 3 (2004), 720–54.
Glassman, Jonathon “Sorting Out the Tribes: The Creation of Racial Identities in Colonial Zanzibar’s Newspaper Wars,” Journal of African History 41, no. 3 (2005), 395–428.
Glassman, JonathonWar of Words, War of Stones. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
Gluckman, Max. “Gossip and Scandal,” Current Anthropology 4, no. 3 (June 1963), 307–16.
Gocking, Roger. “A Chieftaincy Dispute and Ritual Murder in Elmina, Ghana, 1945–6,” Journal of African History 41, no. 2 (2000), 197–220.
Goldman, Helle. “A Comparative Study of Swahili in Two Rural Communities in Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania.” Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1996.
Gowing, Laura. “Women, Status and the Popular Culture of Dishonour,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, 6 (1996).
Graham, Sandra Lauderdale. “Honor Among Slaves,” in The Faces of Honor: Sex, Shame, and Violence in Colonial Latin America, edited by Lyman L. Johnson and Sonya Lipsett-Rivera. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998.
Grandmaison, Colette Le Cour. “Rich Cousins, Poor Cousins: Hidden Stratification Among the Omani Arabs in Eastern Africa,” Africa 59, no. 2 (1989), 176–83.
Gray, John. History of Zanzibar: From the Middle Ages to 1856. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962.
Gray, Natasha. “Witches, Oracles, and Colonial Law: Evolving Anti-Witchcraft Practices in Ghana, 1927–1932,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 34, no. 2 (2001), 339–64.
Greif, Avner. “Reputation and Coalitions in Medieval Trade: Evidence on the Maghribi Traders,” Journal of Economic History 49, no. 4 (Dec 1989), 857–82.
Gross, Ariela. “Litigating Whiteness: Trials of Racial Determination in the Nineteenth-Century South,” Yale Law Journal 108 (1998), 109–88.
Hallaq, Wael B.Shari’a: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Hanretta, Sean. Islam and Social Change in French West Africa: History of an Emancipatory Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Hirsch, Susan. Pronouncing and Persevering: Gender and the Discourse of Disputing in an African Islamic Court. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Hodgson, F. R. “Medicine Man’s Kit,” Central Africa 21, no. 250 (October 1903), 194–6.
Hollingsworth, L. W.Zanzibar Under the Foreign Office 1890–1913. London: Macmillan, 1953.
Iliffe, John. Honour in African History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Ingrams, William Harold. Zanzibar: Its History and Its People. London: H.F. & G. Witherby, 1931.
Ingrams, William HaroldArabia and the Isles, 3rd ed. London: John Murray, 1942.
Issa, Amina Ameir. “The Legacy of Qadiri Scholars in Zanzibar,” in The Global Worlds of the Swahili, edited by Roman Loimeier and Rüdiger Seesemann. Berlin: Lit Vertag, 2006.
Isaacman, Allen, and Derek Peterson. “Making the Chikunda: Military Slavery and Ethnicity in Southern Africa 1750–1900,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 36, no. 2 (2003), 257–81.
Johnson, Frederick. A Standard Swahili-English Dictionary. Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 1939.
Kassim, Mohamed. “Colonial Resistance and the Local Transmission of Islamic Knowledge in the Benadir Coast in the Late 19th and early 20th centuries.” Ph.D. dissertation, York University, 2006.
Kingdon, Hugh. The Conflict of Laws in Zanzibar. Zanzibar: Government Printer, 1940.
Kirkman, James S. “The Zanzibar Diary of John Studdy Leigh,” Part I, International Journal of African Historical Studies 13, no. 2 (1980), 281–312.
Kirkham, Vincent H.Zanzibar Protectorate: Memorandum on the Functions of a Department of Agriculture with Special Reference to Zanzibar. Zanzibar: Government Printer, 1931.
Klein, Martin. Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Klein, Martin “The Concept of Honour and the Persistence of Servility in the Western Soudan,” Cahiers D’Estudes Africaines 45, nos. 3–4 (2005), 179–80.
Klein, Martin “Review of
Honour in African History by John Iliffe,” H-Net; available at:
http://www.h-net.org; posted July 12,
2006.
Knappert, Jan. An Anthology of Swahili Love Poetry. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
Knappert, Jan “Pemba.” Annales Aequatoria 13 (1992), 39–52.
Kollmann, Nancy Shields. By Honor Bound: State and Society in Early Modern Russia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.
Kopytoff, Igor. “The Cultural Context of African Abolition,” in The End of Slavery in Africa, edited by Suzanne Miers and Richard Roberts, pp. 485–506. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.
Krapf, Johann Ludwig. A Dictionary of the Suahili Language. London: Trubner and Co., 1882.
Lambek, Michael. Knowledge and Practice in Mayotte: Local Discourses of Islam, Sorcery, and Spirit Possession. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1993.
Lane, Kris. “Taming the Master: Brujería, Slavery, and the Encomienda in Barbacoas at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century,” Ethnohistory 45, no. 3 (Summer 1998), 477–507.
Larsen, Kjersti. Where Humans and Spirits Meet: The Politics of Rituals and Identified Spirits in Zanzibar. New York: Berghahn Books, 2008.
Last, J. S., & C. A. Bartlett, Report on the Indebtedness of the Agricultural Classes, 1933. Zanzibar: Government Printer, 1934.
Lawrence, Margery. “The Dogs of Pemba,” originally published in The Terraces of Night: Being the Further Chronicles of the Club of the Round Table. London: Hurst & Blackett, 1932.
Lodhi, Abdulaziz Y.The Institution of Slavery in Zanzibar and Pemba. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1973.
Lofchie, Michael. Zanzibar: Background to Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.
Loimeier, Roman. Between Social Skills and Marketable Skills: The Politics of Islamic Education in 20th Century Zanzibar. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
Lovejoy, Paul E. “Concubinage and the Status of Women slaves in Early Colonial Nigeria,” Journal of African History 29, no. 1 (1988), 245–66.
Lovejoy, Paul E.Transformations in Slavery, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Lovejoy, Paul E. “Muslim Freedmen in the Atlantic World: Images of Manumission and Self-Redemption,” in Slavery on the Frontiers of Islam, edited by Paul E. Lovejoy. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2004.
Lovejoy, Paul E. “Autobiography and Memory: Gustavus Vassa, alias Olaudah Equiano, the Africa,” Slavery & Abolition 27, no. 3 (2006), 317–47.
Lovejoy, Paul E. “Issues of Motivation – Vassa/Equiano and Carretta’s Critique of the Evidence,” Slavery & Abolition 28, no. 1 (2007), 121–5.
Lovejoy, Paul E., & Jan S. Hogendorn. Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Luongo, Katherine. Witchcraft and Colonial Rule in Kenya, 1900–1955. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Lydon, Ghislaine. On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Lyne, Robert N.Zanzibar in Contemporary Times: A Short History of the Southern East in the Nineteenth Century. London: Hurst and Slackett, 1905.
Lyons, C. P. “A Witch-Doctor at Work,” Tanganyika Notes and Records 1 (1936), 97–8.
Madan, Arthur Cornwallis. English-Swahili Dictionary, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902.
Mann, Kristin. Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760–1900. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.
Mann, Kristin, & Richard L. Roberts. Law in Colonial Africa. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1991.
Manning, Patrick. Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Mapuri, Omar. Zanzibar, The 1964 Revolution: Achievements and Prospects. Dar es Salaam: TEMA Publishers, 1996.
Martin, B. G. “Notes on Some Members of the Learned Classes of Zanzibar and East Africa in the Nineteenth Century,” African Historical Studies 4, no. 3 (1971), 525–45.
Martin, B. G.Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
Martin, Esmond Bradley. Zanzibar: Tradition and Revolution. London: Hamilton, 1978.
Martin, Phyllis. Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
McCaskie, T. C. “‘Sakrobundi ne Aberewa’: Sie Kwaku the Witch-Finder in the Akan World,” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana 8 (2004), 82–135.
McDougall, E. Ann. “A Sense of Self: The Life of Fatma Barka,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 32, no. 2 (1998), 285–315.
McMahon, Elisabeth. “Becoming Pemban: Identity, Social Welfare and Community During the Protectorate Period.” PhD dissertation, Indiana University, 2005.
McMahon, Elisabeth “‘A Solitary Tree Builds Not’: Heshima, Community and Shifting Identity in Post-emancipation Pemba Island,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 39, no. 2 (August 2006), 197–219.
McMahon, Elisabeth “Trafficking and Re-enslavement: Social Vulnerability of Women and Children in Nineteenth Century East Africa,” in Trafficking in Slavery’s Wake: Law and the Experience of Women and Children in Africa, edited by Benjamin Lawrance and Richard Roberts. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012.
Médard, Henri, & Shane Doyle, eds. Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007.
Middleton, John. The World of the Swahili. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
Miers, Suzanne. “Slavery to Freedom in Sub-Saharan Africa: Expectations and Reality,” in After Slavery, edited by Howard Temperley, pp. 237–64. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
Miers, Suzanne, & Igor Kopytoff, eds., “African ‘Slavery’ as an Institution of Marginality,” in Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives, pp. 3–88. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977.
Miller, William Ian. Humiliation and Other Essays on Honor, Social Discomfort, and Violence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.
Mirza, Sarah, & Margaret Strobel, eds. Three Swahili Women: Life Histories from Mombasa, Kenya. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.
Mitchell, Timothy. Colonising Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
Moore, Henrietta L., & Todd Sanders, eds. Magical Interpretations, Material Realities: Modernity, Witchcraft, and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa. London: Routledge, 2001.
Morton, Fred. Children of Ham: Freed Slaves and Fugitive Slaves on the Kenya Coast, 1873 to 1907. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990.
Muldrew, Craig. The Economy of Obligation: The Culture of Credit and Social Relations in Early Modern England. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
Murison, Sir William, & S. S. Abrahams. Zanzibar Protectorate Law Reports Containing Cases Determined in the British Consular Court, and in His Britannic Majesty’s Court and in the Supreme Court of His Highness the Sultan and in the Courts Subordinate Thereto, etc., 1868 to 1918, with Appendices Containing the Zanzibar Orders-in-Council from 1884 to 1916. London: Waterlow and Sons, 1919.
Mzee, Abdullah M. “Some Experiences of Witchcraft” Tanganyikan Notes and Records 57 (September 1961).
Newbury, M. Catherine. “Colonialism, Ethnicity, and Rural Political Protest: Rwanda and Zanzibar in Comparative Perspective,” Comparative Politics 15, no. 3 (1983), 253–80.
Newman, Henry Stanley. Banani: The Transition from Slavery to Freedom in Zanzibar and Pemba. London: Headley Brothers, 1898; reprint Negro Universities Press, 1969.
Nimtz, August H.Islam and Politics in East Africa: The Sufi Order in Tanzania. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980.
Nuotio, Hanni. “The Dance That Is Not Danced, the Song That Is Not Sung: Zanzibari Women in the Maulidi Ritual,” in The Global Worlds of the Swahili, edited by Roman Loimeier and Rüdiger Seesemann. Berlin: Lit Vertag, 2006.
Nwulia, Moses D. E.Britain and Slavery in East Africa. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1975.
Nwulia, Moses D. E. “The Role of Missionaries in the Emancipation of Slaves in Zanzibar,” Journal of Negro History 60, no. 2 (1975), 268–87.
Ogot, Bethwell, & J. A. Kieran, eds. Zamani: A Survey of East African History. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1968.
O’Malley, Gabrielle E. “Marriage and Morality: Negotiating Gender and Respect in Zanzibar Town.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 2000.
Patterson, Orlando. Slavery and Social Death. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Pearce, Frances. Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa. New York: T.F. Unwin, 1920.
Penningroth, Dylan. “The Claims of Slaves and Ex-Slaves to Family and Property: A Transatlantic Comparison,” American Historical Review 112, no. 4 (2007), 1039–69.
Peterson, Derek. “Morality Plays: Marriage, Church Courts, and Colonial Agency in Central Tanganyika, ca. 1876–1928,” American Historical Review 111, no. 4 (2006), 983–1010.
Petterson, Donald. Revolution in Zanzibar: An American’s Cold War Tale. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002.
Porter, Mary A. “Resisting Uniformity at Mwana Kupona Girls’ School: Cultural Productions in an Educational Setting,” Signs 23, no. 3 (1998), 619–43.
Pouwels, Randall Lee. Horn and Crescent: Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, 800–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Pouwels, Randall Lee “Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean to 1800: Reviewing Relations in Historical Perspective,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 35, nos. 2–3 (2002), 385–425.
Prestholdt, Jeremy. Domesticating the World: African Consumerism and the Genealogies of Globalization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
Purpura, Allyson. “Knowledge and Agency: The Social Relations of Islamic Expertise in Zanzibar Town.” Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York, 1997.
Ranger, Terrence O.Dance and Society in Eastern Africa, 1890–1970: The Beni Ngoma. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
Roberts, Richard L.Litigants and Households: African Disputes and Colonial Courts in the French Soudan, 1895–1912. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2005.
Roberts, Richard L. “Women, Household Instability, and the End of Slavery in Banamba and Gumbu, French Soudan, 1905–1912,” in Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean World, and the Medieval North Atlantic, edited by Gwyn Campbell, Suzanne Miers, and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 281–305. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007.
Roberts, Richard, & Martin Klein. “The Banamba Slave Exodus of 1905 and the Decline of Slavery in the Western Sudan,” Journal of African History 21, no. 3 (1980), 375–94.
Robinson, David. Paths of Accommodation: Muslim Societies and French Colonial Authorities in Senegal and Mauritania, 1880–1920. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000.
Rockel, Stephen J.Carriers of Culture: Labor on the Road in Nineteenth-Century East Africa. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2006.
Rolingher, Louise. “Constructing Islam and Swahili Identity: Historiography and Theory,” MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies, Special Issue: Islam and Arabs in East Africa: A Fusion of Identities, Networks and Encounters (Fall 2005), 9–20.
Romero, Patricia. “‘Where Have All the Slaves Gone?’ Emancipation and Post-Emancipation in Lamu, Kenya,” Journal of African History 27, no. 3 (1986), 497–512.
Romero, PatriciaLamu: History, Society, and Family in an East African Port City. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1997.
Ross, Robert. Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony 1750–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Rucker, Walter. “Conjure, Magic and Power: The Influence of Afro-Atlantic Religious Practices on Slave Resistance and Rebellion,” Journal of Black Studies 32, no. 1 (2001), 84–103.
Sarr, Dominique, & Richard Roberts. “The Jurisdiction of Muslim Tribunals in Colonial Senegal, 1857–1932,” in Law in Colonial Africa, edited by Kristin Mann and Richard Roberts. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1991.
Schacht, Joseph. “Notes on Islam in East Africa,” Studia Islamica 23 (1965), 91–136.
Scully, Pamela. Liberating the Family? Gender and British Slave Emancipation in the Rural Western Cape, South Africa, 1823–1853. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1997.
Shaw, Rosalind. Memories of the Slave Trade: Ritual and the Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
Sheriff, Abdul. Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770–1873. London: James Currey, 1987.
Sheriff, Abdul “The Slave Trade and Its Fallout in the Persian Gulf,” in Abolition and Its Aftermath in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia, edited by Gwyn Campbell. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Sheriff, Abdul, & Ed Ferguson. Zanzibar Under Colonial Rule. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1991.
Silving, Helen. “The Oath: I,” Yale Law Journal 68, no. 7 (1959), 1329–90.
Skene, Ralph. “Arab and Swahili Dances and Ceremonies,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 17 (December 1917), 413–34.
Smith, James Howard. Bewitching Development: Witchcraft and the Reinvention of Development in Neoliberal Kenya. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Smith, James Patterson. “Empire and Social Reform: British Liberals and the ‘Civilizing Mission’ in the Sugar Colonies, 1868–1874,” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 27, no. 2 (1995), 270–1.
Steere, Edward. A Handbook of the Swahili Language as Spoken at Zanzibar. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1884.
Stewart, Frank Henderson. Honor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Stiles, Erin. “A Kadhi and His Court: Marriage, Divorce, and Zanzibar’s Islamic Legal Tradition.” Ph.D. dissertation, Washington University, 2002.
Stockreiter, Elke. “Tying and Untying the Knot: Kadhi’s Courts and the Negotiation of Social Status in Zanzibar Town, 1900–1963.” Ph.D. dissertation, SOAS, University of London, 2007.
Strayer, Robert W.The Making of Mission Communities in East Africa: Anglicans and Africans in Colonial Kenya, 1875–1935. London: Heinemann, 1978.
Strobel, Margaret. Muslim Women in Mombasa. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979.
Sulivan, George Lydiard. Dhow Chasing in Zanzibar Waters and on the Eastern Coast of Africa: Narrative of Five Years’ Experiences in the Suppression of the Slave Trade. London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1873.
Swartz, Marc J. “Shame, Culture, and Status Among the Swahili of Mombasa,” Ethos 16, no. 1 (March 1988), 14–27.
Taylor, Rev. W. E.African Aphorisms; or, Saws from Swahili-Land. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1891.
Taylor, Scott. “Credit, Debt, and Honor in Castile, 1600–1650,” Journal of Early Modern History 7, nos. 1–2 (2003), 8–27.
Tomlinson, Sir T. S., & G. K. Knight-Bruce. Law Reports Containing Cases Determined by the High Court for Zanzibar and on Appeal Therefrom by the Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa and by the Privy Council, Vol. III, 1923–1927. London: Waterlow and Sons, 1928.
Tuck, Michael. “Women’s Experiences of Enslavement and Slavery in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Uganda,” in Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa, edited by Henri Médard and Shane Doyle, pp. 174–88. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007.
Turrell, Rob. “Muti Ritual Murder in Natal: From Chiefs to Commoners (1900–1930),” South African Historical Journal 44 (2001), 21–40.
Twinam, Ann. Public Lives, Private Secrets: Gender, Honor, Sexuality, and Illegitimacy in Colonial Spanish America. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.
Vansina, Jan. Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990.
Vaughan, J. H.The Dual Jurisdiction in Zanzibar. Zanzibar: Government Printer, 1935.
Vaughan, Megan. Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Mauritius. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005.
Vianello, Alessandra, & Mohamed M. Kassim, eds. Servants of the Shari’a: The Civil Register of the Qadis’ Court of Brava, 1893–1900. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
Voules, Eleanor. Witchcraft. London: Central Africa House Press, 1951.
Walker, Garthine. “Expanding the Boundaries of Female Honour in Early Modern England,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, 6 (1996), 235–45.
Walker, Tamara. “He Outfitted His Family in Notable Decency’: Slavery, Honour and Dress in Eighteenth-Century Lima, Peru,” Slavery and Abolition 30, no. 2 (September 2009), 383–403.
Waller, Richard. “Witchcraft and Colonial Law in Kenya,” Past and Present 180, no. 1 (2003), 24–275.
Welliver, Timothy. “The Clove Factor in Colonial Zanzibar 1890–1950.” Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 1990.
West, Harry. Kupilikula: Governance and the Invisible Realm in Mozambique. The University of Chicago Press, 2005.
White, Luise. Speaking with Vampires. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
Whiteley, Wilfred Howell. The Dialects and Verse of Pemba. Kampala, Uganda: East African Swahili Committee, 1958.
Wickham, Chris. “Fama and the Law in Twelfth-Century Tuscany,” in Fama: The Politics of Talk and Reputation in Medieval Europe, edited by Thelma Fenster and Daniel Lord Smail, pp. 15–26. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.
Willis, Justin. Mombasa, the Swahili and the Making of the Mijikenda. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Wright, Marcia. “Justice, Women, and the Social Order in Abercorn, Northeastern Rhodesia, 1897–1903,” in African Women and the Law, edited by Margaret Jean Hay. Boston University, African Studies Center, 1982.
Wright, MarciaStrategies of Slaves and Women: Life-Stories from East/Central Africa. New York: L. Barber Press, 1993.
el Zein, Abdul Hamid M.The Sacred Meadows: A Structural Analysis of Religious Symbolism in an East African Town. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1974.