Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- 1 Practical issues in cytotoxic chemotherapy usage
- 2 Biological treatments in cancer
- 3 Hormones in cancer
- 4 Radiotherapy planning
- 5 Research in cancer
- 6 Oncological emergencies
- 7 Palliative care
- 8 Head and neck
- 9 Oesophagus
- 10 Stomach
- 11 Liver, gallbladder and biliary tract
- 12 Exocrine pancreas
- 13 Colon and rectum
- 14 Anus
- 15 Gastrointestinal stromal tumours
- 16 Breast
- 17 Kidney
- 18 Bladder
- 19 Prostate
- 20 Testis
- 21 Penis
- 22 Ovary
- 23 Body of the uterus
- 24 Cervix
- 25 Vagina
- 26 Vulva
- 27 Gestational trophoblast tumours
- 28 Lung
- 29 Mesothelioma
- 30 Soft tissue and bone tumours in adults
- 31 The lymphomas and myeloma
- 32 Central nervous system
- 33 Skin cancer other than melanoma
- 34 Melanoma
- 35 Thyroid
- 36 Neuroendocrine tumours
- 37 Cancer in children
- 38 Cancer of unknown primary
- 39 The use of radiotherapy in the treatment of benign conditions
- Multiple choice questions
- Multiple choice answers
- Index
- References
21 - Penis
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 December 2009
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- 1 Practical issues in cytotoxic chemotherapy usage
- 2 Biological treatments in cancer
- 3 Hormones in cancer
- 4 Radiotherapy planning
- 5 Research in cancer
- 6 Oncological emergencies
- 7 Palliative care
- 8 Head and neck
- 9 Oesophagus
- 10 Stomach
- 11 Liver, gallbladder and biliary tract
- 12 Exocrine pancreas
- 13 Colon and rectum
- 14 Anus
- 15 Gastrointestinal stromal tumours
- 16 Breast
- 17 Kidney
- 18 Bladder
- 19 Prostate
- 20 Testis
- 21 Penis
- 22 Ovary
- 23 Body of the uterus
- 24 Cervix
- 25 Vagina
- 26 Vulva
- 27 Gestational trophoblast tumours
- 28 Lung
- 29 Mesothelioma
- 30 Soft tissue and bone tumours in adults
- 31 The lymphomas and myeloma
- 32 Central nervous system
- 33 Skin cancer other than melanoma
- 34 Melanoma
- 35 Thyroid
- 36 Neuroendocrine tumours
- 37 Cancer in children
- 38 Cancer of unknown primary
- 39 The use of radiotherapy in the treatment of benign conditions
- Multiple choice questions
- Multiple choice answers
- Index
- References
Summary
Range of tumours
The range of tumours affecting the penis is shown in Table 21.1.
Incidence and epidemiology
Penile cancer is relatively uncommon with around 350 cases annually in the UK, although in Asia, Africa and South America (e.g. Uganda, Brazil) the disease is more common. The peak incidence is in men over age 70 but a substantial number of cases occur in much younger men.
Risk factors and aetiology
Penile cancer appears to be less consistently associated with HPV than is cervical carcinoma. Most studies have only identified HPV subtypes 16 and 18 in around 50% of cases of classic squamous cell tumours, although there is a more consistent association with carcinoma in situ and the verrucous variant of squamous cell carcinoma (Dillner et al., 2000). Circumcision at birth reduces the risk considerably, and this leads to a theory that carcinoma of the penis is related to poor hygiene, possibly to the accumulation of smegma. Phimosis is thought to increase the risk, and also makes early detection much more difficult; tumours are more likely to present late.
Pathology
A number of premalignant lesions are recognised. Balanitis xerotica obliterans is the penile equivalent of lichen planus and is associated with a small risk of invasive cancer. Intraepithelial carcinoma presents in a variety of shapes, from nodules to erythematous plaques. It is designated erythroplasia of Queyrat if it appears on the glans or prepuce, or Bowen's disease if it involves the skin.
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- Information
- Practical Clinical Oncology , pp. 252 - 256Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2008