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  • Cited by 3
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
December 2017
Print publication year:
2018
Online ISBN:
9781108325639

Book description

How, and why, did human trafficking out of Russia escalate at the beginning of the twenty-first century? Why did some labour migrants from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan find happy work situations in Russia whereas others became trapped in forced labour? This book focuses on human trafficking out of the Russian Federation since the collapse of the Soviet state and on labour migration into it from Central Asia, and on some internal movement. It looks at the socio-economic reasons behind labour flows and examines key social, political, legislative and policy responses. Discussion includes how the Russian press covers these topics and what politicians, experts and the public think about them. Based on interviews, polls and focus groups in Russia, this book is rich in original research which highlights different Russian perspectives on exploitation in unfree labour. It gives examples of entrapment in prostitution, construction work, on farms, and in begging rings.

Reviews

‘Mary Buckley's path-breaking book illuminates timely and under studied issues related to human trafficking and labour migration flows, including how official governmental policy toward migrant streams from Central Asia and Eastern Ukraine has evolved as well as the rise of hostile public attitudes toward migrant labourers. The author pulls together a rich tapestry of evidence - government documents, interviews with key state actors, policy experts, NGO activists, newspaper articles, and personally designed survey research and focus groups - to provide the reader with a thorough and compelling picture of how Russia grapples with ‘unfree labour'.'

Carol Nechemias - Associate Professor Emerita of Political Science and Public Policy, Pennsylvania State University

'In this wide-ranging and impressively written book, Mary Buckley puts the phenomena of forced labour, migration and human trafficking in Russia in their historical, contemporary and geographic contexts. In doing so, she gives readers a nuanced and deeper understanding of the dynamics of unfree labour in this important region of the world. Using a multi-pronged approach that looks at expert opinion, public attitudes, news coverage, law and policy, Buckley investigates to what extent Russians perceive trafficking and unfree labour to be a problem and how their opinions have been constructed by media portrayals. In addition to its many other contributions, Unfree Labour does a tremendous service in helping to reveal why the sense of moral outrage that has driven anti-trafficking policies elsewhere in the world has often been missing in the Russian context. Overall, this exciting and accessible book is a timely and important contribution for understanding the dynamic processes of human trafficking and labour migration in Russia today.’

Lauren McCarthy - University of Massachusetts Amherst

'… The Politics of Unfree Labour in Russia is a wealth of interesting and insightful findings from years of research by one of the most prominent scholars in the field. The timespan of the research combined with the variety of qualitative methods used in this book (interviews, surveys, focus groups, discourse analysis) are remarkable. … I believe this will be a required volume to anyone who studies migration flows in Eurasia. It would be of interest to social scientists as well as scholars interested in rule of law, gender, and the history of labor in Russia. I also believe that this book is an excellent example of different kinds of complementary qualitative methods and how to combine them into a cohesive narrative that paints a compelling story of trafficking and unfree labor in Russia.'

Laura Dean Source: The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review

'Buckley's book convinces with its diverse data material, which gives new insights into how exploitation and violations of rights are handled in Russian society.'

Julia Glathe Source: Journal Of European Asia Studies

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Contents

  • Introduction
    pp 1-26

Select Bibliography

Books and Articles in Russian

Avetisian, Roksana, ‘Test dlia migrantov, zhelaiushchikh pereekhat’ v Rossiiu, uslozhniat’, Izvestiia, 6 April 2015.
Basharova, Svetlana, ‘Gosduma proveriaet sluchai nelegal'nogo testirovaniia migrantov’, Izvestiia, 13 April 2015.
Basharova, Svetlana, Borodina, Tat'iana and Korchmarek, Natal'ia, ‘Stoimost’ ekzamena dlia migrantov v regionakh dokhodit do 25,000 rublei’, Izvestiia, 3 February 2015.
Boychenko, Kirill A., ‘Istoricheskoe reshenie Evropeiskogo suda po pravam cheloveka v otnoshenii Kipra i Rossii, kasaiushcheesia torgovli liud'mi’, Rossiiskii kriminologicheskii vzgliad, No. 2, 2010, pp. 1318.
Boychenko, Kirill A., ‘Pravovye osnovy sotrudnichestva gosudarstv – chlenov Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv (SNG) po voprosam predotvrashcheniia torgovli liud'mi’, Iuridicheskii mir, 2010, pp. 1417.
Danilkin, Aleksandr, ‘Zhenu otdai diade …’, Trud, 21 March 2006.
Danilova, Ol'ga, ‘Muzh s zhenoi prodali v seks-rabstvo dvadtsat’ kurskikh devchonok’, Komsomol'skaia pravda, 15 December 2008.
Demchenko, Vladimir, ‘Byvshaia rabynia Kurganskogo fermera: “v kolkhoze eshche khuzhe. Ta zhe nevolia, no ni deneg, ni edy ni daiut”’, Komsomol'skaia pravda, 13 May 2013.
Erokhina, Liudmila D. and Buriak, Mariia Iu., Torgovlia Zhenshchinami i Det'mi v Tseliakh Seksual'noi Ekspluatatsii v Sotsial'noi i Kriminologicheskoi Perspektive (Moscow: Profobrazovanie, 2003).
Falaleev, Mikhail, ‘Rabstvo pod prikrytiem’, Rossiiskaia gazeta, 24 November 2009.
Frolov, Anton, ‘V Rossii vse bol'she sluchaev rabovladeniia’, Pravda, 20 March 2013.
Gavrilina, Svetlana, ‘Migranty prodolzhaiut priezzhat’ v Piter i ego okrestnosti’, Nezavisimaia gazeta, 21 April 2015.
Ionova, Larisa, ‘Zarplata – miska pokhlebki’, Rossiiskaia gazeta, 19 January 2013.
Ivakhniuk, Irina V., Perspektivy Migratsionnoi Politiki Rossii (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2011).
Ivnitskii, Nikolai A., Repressivnaia Politika Sovetskoi Vlasti v Derevne, 1928–1933g (Moscow: Institut Rossiiskoi Istorii RAN, 2000).
Ivnitskii, Nikolai A., Sud'ba Raskulachennykh v SSSR (Moscow: Sobranie, 2004).
Karacheva, Ekaterina, ‘Krasavitsy-rabyni’, Argumenty i fakty, 5 January 2004.
Khodyreva, Natalia V., Sovremennye Debaty o Prostitutsii (St Petersburg: Aleteiia, 2006).
Khodyreva, Natalia V. and Tsvetkova, Mariia G.Rossiianki i iavlenie treffika’, Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, No. 11, 2000, pp. 141144.
Khodyreva, Natalia V. and Tsvetkova, Mariia G. Kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii ob Administrativnykh Pravonarusheniakh po Sostoianiiu na 25 Oktiabria 2016g (Moscow: Prospekt, 2016).
Khodyreva, Natalia V. and Tsvetkova, Mariia G. Konstitutsiia Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow: MARTIN, 2016).
Kostiukovskii, Artem, ‘Treffik bez granits’, Argumenty i fakty, 28 April 2004.
Kozlova, Natal'ia, ‘Otrublennaia golova pod krasnym fonarem’, Rossiiskaia gazeta, 31 January 2003.
Kozlova, Natal’ia, ‘Uslovnaia rabotorgovlia’, Rossiiskaia gazeta, 20 June 2014.
Kravtsov, Vasilii, ‘Migranty zhdut, no … poka ne liubiat’, Migratsiia XXI Vek, No. 3–4 (23–24), May–August 2014, pp. 5657.
Kretsul, Roman, ‘Sistemu testirovanie migrantov raskritovali v Obshchestvennom palate’, Izvestiia, 17 March 2016.
Lamstov, Mikhail, ‘Seks-rabyni v Karlovykh Varakh’, Argumenty i fakty, 14 August 2001.
Malakhov, Vladimir, Kul'turnye Razlichiia i Politicheskie Granitsy v Epokhu Global'nykh Migratsii (Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2014).
Mizulina, Elena B., Torgovlia Liud'mi i Rabstvo v Rossii: Mezhdunarodno-Pravovoi Aspekt (Moscow: Iurist’, 2006).
Mukomel’, Vladimir I., ‘Grani intolerantnosti (migrantofobii, etnofobii)’, Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, No. 2, 2005, pp. 5666.
Mukomel’, Vladimir I., Politika Integratsii (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2011).
Murtazin, Irek, Feruz, Ali and Gordienko, Irina, ‘Peredel zagrobnogo mira’, Novaia gazeta, 17 May 2016.
Naryshkina, Anastasiia and Vinogradova, Ilona, ‘Kazhdaia Rossiiskaia “devochka” prinosit khoziaevam pritonov po $200’, Izvestiia, 16 April 2004.
Nikolaev, Sergei, ‘Rabstvo-XXI vek: Rossiia spolzaet v antichnost’?Pravda, 30 May 2011.
Olimpiev, Anatolii Iu., Protivodeistvie Torgovle Liud'mi (Moscow: Zakon i Pravo, 2013).
Orlova, Ol'ga A., Protivodeistvie Torgovle Liud'mi: Trenerskii Portfel’ (Moscow: Sestry, 2004).
Ostrovskaia, Natal'ia, ‘Prodaiutsia Natashi. Na eksport. Nedorogo’, Komsomol'skaia pravda, 10 January 2011.
Pogontseva, Ekaterina, ‘I devochek nashikh vedut v kabinet’, Trud, 9 August 2012.
Pogudina, Regina, ‘Test dlia migrantov: a mogut ego reshit’ russkie’, Komsomol'skaia pravda (Kirov), 17 February 2015.
Poletaev, Dmitrii, ‘Izmenenie praktik povedeniia trudovykh migrantov iz Srednei Azii v Rossii’, in Panarin, Sergei, ed., Vostok na Vostoke, v Rossii i na Zapade (St Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriia, 2016), pp. 177193.
Postavnin, Vyacheslav, ‘Pora prosypat'sia’, Migratsiia XXI Vek, No. 3–4 (23–24), May–August 2014, p. 30.
Postavnin, Vyacheslav A., Vlasova, Nataliia I. and Matveeva, Inna G., Stsenarii Razvitiia Migratsionnoi Politiki v Rossii (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2011).
Prokhorova, Anna and Gutierres, Khuan, ‘Trudovaia migratsiia v Rossii: vygod vse men'she, raskhodov vse bol'she, migranty uezzhaiut’, Migratsiia XXI Vek, No. 4 (31), July–August 2015, pp. 2934.
Riazantsev, Sergei V., ‘O iazykovoi integratsii migrantov kak novom orientire migratsionnoi politiki Rossii’, Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, No. 9, 2014, pp. 2529.
Rogoza, Aleksandr, ‘Rabstvo v Rossii’, Komsomol'skaia pravda, 2 January 2013.
Rybakovskii, Leonid L. and Tarasova, Nina V., ‘Vnutrirossiiskaia migratsiia naseleniia nyneshnaia situatsiia i prognoz’, Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, No. 1, 1994, pp. 3138.
Salik, Anzhelika, ‘Ratifitsirovana konventsiia protiv torgovli liud'mi’, Izvestiia, 15 April 2004.
Samarina, Aleksandra, ‘Pauell i Poltavchenko pokonchat s rabotorgovlei’, Nezavisimaia gazeta, 28 January 2004.
Sharov, Andrei, ‘Rabotorgovtsy XXI veka: v Moskve obsudili problemy iuridicheskoi pomoshchi zhertvam torgovli liud'mi’, Rossiiskaia gazeta, 29 October 2010.
Skudaeva, Anna, ‘Migrantov v Kostrome ulichili v pokupke diplomov’, Rossiiskaia gazeta, 22 January 2016.
Svad'bina, Tat'iana, Nemova, Ol'ga and Pakina, Tat'iana, ‘Sovremennyi trafik rabototorgovli: prichiny, posledstviia, profilaktika’, Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, No. 2, 2014, pp. 4348.
Tarakanova, Galina, ‘Iunyi – znachit slabyi? Pochemu prestupniki vybiraiut dlia napadeniia detei?Argumenty i fakty, 3 December 2014.
Tatarchenkov, Oleg, ‘Novyi zakonoproekt dolzhen zastavit’ ikh govorit’, Rossiiskaia gazeta, 6 August 2003.
Tishkov, Valerii, ‘O chem zabyl skazat’ kandidat v prezidenty, kogda govoril o migratsii’, Migratsiia XXI Vek, No. 1 (10), January–February 2012, pp. 47.
Titov, Dmitrii, ‘Vtoroi dom’, Migratsiia XXI Vek, No. 6–7 (11–12), November–December 2014, pp. 6163.
Tiuriukanova, Elena V., ‘Gendernye aspekty migratsionnoi statistiki’, in Baskakova, Marina E., ed., Gendernoe Neravenstvo v Sovremennoi Rossii Skvoz’ Prizmu Statistiki (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Nauchnoi i Uchebnoi Literatury, 2004), pp. 252278.
Tiuriukanova, Elena V., Anishina, Vera, Poletaev, Dmitrii and Shamkov, Stanislav, Prinuditel'nyi Trud v Sovremennoi Rossii (Moscow: IOM, 2004).
Tiuriukanova, Elena V. and Erokhina, Ludmila D., Torgovlia Liud'mi (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Academia, 2002).
Trifonova, Ekaterina, ‘Dokhody gastarbaiterov prodolzhaiut sokrashchat'sia’, Nezavisimaia gazeta, 22 January 2016.
Trifonova, Ekaterina, ‘Pravozashchitniki gotovy sudit'sia za migrantov’, Nezavisimaia gazeta, 13 May 2016.
Trifonova, Ekaterina, ‘Migranty iz SNG ne speshat pokidat’ Rossiiu’, Nezavisimaia gazeta, 20 June 2016.
Trifonova, Ekaterina, ‘Rossiiane tesniat gastarbaiterov na rynke truda’, Nezavisimaia gazeta, 15 July 2016.
Trifonova, Ekaterina, ‘Gastarbaitery edut v Rossiiskuiu “ten’”’, Nezavisimaia gazeta, 6 February 2017.
Troitskii, Konstantin and Srapian, Elena, ‘Otvechai po-russki. Shapku snimi’, Grazhdanskoe Sodeistvie, 15 March 2016, www.refugee.ru.
Troitskii, Konstantin and Srapian, Elena, Ugolovnyi Kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii po Sostoyaniyu na 1 Oktiabria 2014g (Moscow: Prospekt, KnoRus, 2014).
Ukolov, Roman, ‘Stanet li drevneishaia professiia legal'noi’, Nezavisimaia gazeta, 28 August 2002.
Vasil'eva, Vasilina, ‘Schet seks-rabyn’ iz stran SNG idet na milliony: rost torgovli zhivym tovarom stimuliruetsia otsutstviem dolzhnykh zakonov’, Nezavisimaia gazeta, 18 February 2002.
Viola, Lynne, Macdonald, Tracey, Zhuralev, Sergei V. and Mel'nik, Andrei, Riazanskaia Derevnia v 1929–1930: Dokumenty i Materialy (Moscow and Toronto: Rosspen, 1998).
Vlasova, Nataliia, ‘Razgovor na ravnykh: mestnaia vlast’ sposobna regulirovat’ otnosheniia mezhdu korennymi zhiteliami i priezzhimi’, Migratsiia XXI Vek, No. 6–7 (26–27), November–December 2014, pp. 6672.
Vlasova, Nataliia, ‘Skal'pel’ ili topor?’, Migratsiia XXI Vek, No. 4 (31), July–August 2015, pp. 2428.
Vorob”eva, Ol'ga D., Rynok Truda i Migratsiia (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2011).
Vorob”eva, Ol’ga D., ‘Tol'ko za vziatku’, Migratsiia XXI Vek, No. 3 (30), May–June 2015, pp. 2324.
Vorob”eva, Ol'ga and Topilin, Anatolii, ‘Stoit li? Patenty dlia inostrannykh rabotnikov u iuridicheskikh lits’, Migratsiia XXI Vek, No. 6–7 (26–27), November–December 2014, pp. 37.
Vyrkovskii, Andrei, ‘Migranty i mestnye: svoi sredi svoikh, chuzhoi sredi chuzhikh’, Moskovskie novosti, 18 April 2013.
Zaionchkovskaia, Zhanna, Tiuriukanova, Elena and Florinskaia, Iuliia, Trudovaia Migratsiia v Rossiiu: Kak Dvigat'sia Dal'she (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2012).
Zimin, Aleksandr A., Kholopy na Rusi: S Drevneishikh Vremen do Kontsa XVv (Moscow: Nauka, 1973).

Books and Articles (Non-Russian)

Appiah, Kwame Anthony, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (Penguin: London, 2006).
Bales, Kevin, Disposable People: New Slavery in a Global Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
Bales, Kevin, Understanding Global Slavery: A Reader (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
Banyard, Kat, Pimp State: Sex, Money and the Future of Equality (London: Faber, 2016).
Barnes, Steven A., Death and Redemption: The Gulag and the Shaping of Soviet Society (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011).
Blum, Jerome, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961).
Buchanan, Jane, ‘Undefended – Russia's migrant workers’, Open Democracy, 18 March 2009, www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/russia-s-undefended-migrant-workers.
Buckley, Mary, Redefining Russian Society and Polity (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993).
Buckley, Mary, ed., Post-Soviet Women: From the Baltic to Central Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
Buckley, Mary, ‘Menschenhandel als Politikum: Gesetzgebung und Problembewusstsein in Russland’, Osteuropa, Vol. 56, No. 6, 2006, pp. 195212.
Buckley, Mary, ‘Press images of human trafficking from Russia: myths and interpretations’, in Kay, Rebecca, ed., Gender, Equality and Difference During and After State Socialism (London: Macmillan, 2007), pp. 211229.
Buckley, Mary, ‘Human trafficking in the twenty-first century: implications for Russia, Europe and the world’, in Racioppi, Linda and O'Sullivan See, Katherine, eds., Gender Politics in Post-Communist Eurasia (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2009, pp. 119145.
Buckley, Mary, ‘Public opinion in Russia on the politics of human trafficking’, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 61, No. 2, March 2009, pp. 213248.
Buckley, Mary, ‘Recent Russian press coverage of unfree labour’, in Ilic, Melanie, ed., The Palgrave Handbook on Women and Gender in Twentieth-Century Russia and the Soviet Union (London: Palgrave, 2018).
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, What Is to Be Done?, trans. Katz, Michael R. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989).
Dolgov, Anna and Armstrong, Daniel, ‘Child murder sparks calls for stricter Russian immigration rules’, Moscow Times, 3 March 2016.
Dower, Nigel and Williams, John, eds., Global Citizenship: A Critical Reader (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002).
Fayzullaeva, Eleonora, ‘Labor migration in Central Asia: gender challenges’, in Racioppi, Linda and O'Sullivan See, Katherine, eds., Gender Politics in Post-Communist Eurasia (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2009), pp. 237265.
Fitzpatrick, Sheila, Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village After Collectivization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
Frankopan, Peter, The Silk Roads: A New History of the World (London: Bloomsbury, 2015).
Geertz, Clifford, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
Gentes, Andrew A., Exile to Siberia, 1590–1822 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
Hellie, Richard, Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971).
Hellie, Richard, Slavery in Russia 1450–1725 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
Hughes, Donna M., ‘The “Natasha” trade – the transnational shadow market of trafficking in women’, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 53, No. 2, Spring 2000, pp. 455481.
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Johnson, Janet Elise, Gender Violence in Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009).
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Lee, Maggy, ed., Human Trafficking (Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing, 2007).
McCarthy, Lauren A., ‘Beyond corruption: an assessment of Russian law enforcement's fight against human trafficking’, Demokratizatsiia, Vol. 18, No. 1, Winter 2010, pp. 117.
McCarthy, Lauren A., Trafficking Justice: How Russian Police Enforce New Laws, from Crime to Courtroom (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015).
Malakhov, Vladimir S., ‘Russia as a new immigration country: policy response and public debate’, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 66, No. 7, September 2014, pp. 10621079.
Monahan, Erika, The Merchants of Siberia: Trade in Early Modern Eurasia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2016).
Narizhnaya, Khristina, ‘Slave labor on the rise in Russia’, 27 May 2012, www.pri.org/stories/2012-05-27/slave-labor-rise-russia.
Pilkington, Hilary, Migration, Displacement and Identity in Post-Soviet Russia (London: Routledge, 1998).
Radishchev, Aleksandr N., A Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow, trans. Wiener, Leo (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958).
Rancour-Laferriere, Daniel, The Slave Soul of Russia: Moral Masochism and the Cult of Suffering (New York: New York University Press, 1995).
Reeves, Madeleine, ‘Clean fake: authenticating documents and persons in migrant Moscow’, American Ethnologist, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2013, pp. 508524.
Schenk, Caress, ‘Controlling immigration manually: lessons from Moscow’, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 65, No. 7, 2013, pp. 14441465.
Shelley, Louise I., ‘The rise of human trafficking and the role of organized crime’, Demokratizatsiia, Vol. 8, No. 1, Winter 2000, pp. 129144.
Shelley, Louise I., ‘The changing position of women: trafficking, crime and corruption’, in Lane, David, ed., The Legacy of State Socialism and the Future of Transformation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), pp. 207222.
Shelley, Louise I. and Orttung, Robert W., ‘Russia's efforts to combat human trafficking: efficient crime groups versus irresolute societies and uncoordinated states’, in Pridemore, William Alex, ed., Ruling Russia: Law, Crime and Justice in a Changing Society (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), pp. 167182.
Siegelbaum, Lewis H. and Moch, Leslie Page, Broad Is My Native Land: Repertoires and Regimes of Migration in Russia's Twentieth Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014).
Singer, Peter, Famine, Affluence and Morality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
Stoecker, Sally and Shelley, Louise I., eds., Human Traffic and Transnational Crime: Eurasian and American Perspectives (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005).
Szamuely, Tibor, The Russian Tradition (London: Fontana, 1988).
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Walk Free Foundation, Global Slavery Index, www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings.
Williams, Phil, ‘Trafficking in women: the role of transnational organised crime’, in Cameron, Sally and Newman, Edward, eds., Trafficking in Humans: Social, Cultural and Political Dimensions (New York: United Nations University Press, 2008), pp. 126157.
Wood, Alan, ed., The History of Siberia: From Russian Conquest to Revolution (London: Routledge, 1991).

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