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  2. Books
  3. Medical Management of Eating Disorders
  • Cited by 30
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
May 2013
Print publication year:
2010
Online ISBN:
9781139150040
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139150040
Subjects:
Medicine: General Interest, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Medicine, Psychiatry
Information

Book description

Eating disorders are known to affect between 1 and 4% of all women, and a smaller proportion of men. This text is designed to provide all health professionals with the practical information they need to treat patients with anorexia nervosa and related eating disorders. A user-friendly structure allows the reader to access information on the basis of physical complaint. The book is divided into five sections, each consisting of a case, discussion of the topic and a summary of key points. For the second edition, sections have been added on Munchausen's syndrome, the medical risk of death, ruminating, Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome, shoplifting, substance use, and patient self-help. The text is supplemented with diagnostic color photographs of important physical manifestations of eating disorders. The text is suitable for all health care professionals involved in eating disorder management, with special information provided for general practitioners, nursing staff, family carers and nutritionists.

Reviews

Reviews of the first edition:'The strength of this book is that it combines expertise of medicine and psychiatry to produce a practical guide to the medical complications and management of AN and related disorders. This book can serve as a reference textbook and partly as a manual for consultation. All in all, the authors have succeeded in producing a highly practical and comprehensive guide to the medical complications and management of AN and related disorders.'

Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal

'A major strength is the quality and breadth of the information provided … scores highly on user-friendliness … clearly written with the reader in mind … valuable reading to all staff new to the field of eating disorders, to the medical and nursing staff of my in-patient eating disorder unit, to interested general practitioners and practice nurses, to paediatric services, to dieticians, to keen medical students and to some patients and parents.'

Source: Psychological Medicine

'This is very much a book for a range of professionals who need an accessible and ready source of information regarding the medical complications of the eating disorders, at their fingertips. It is also a useful introductory text … I found this book accessible and easy to use for answering quick medical queries or concerns (as I had hoped!). The use of case examples was valuable in bringing clinical material to life. … This book has achieved its author's goals of being both a reference textbook and a manual for consultation.'

Source: European Eating Disorders Review

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Contents

Page 1 of 2

Contents

Page 1 of 2

References

Bibliography

Chapter 1 Definitions and epidemiology

BirminghamCL, TouyzS, HarbottleJ.Are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa separate disorders? Challenging the ‘transdiagnostic’ theory of eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2009; 17: 2–13.
BourneSK, BryantRA, GriffithsRA, TouyzSW, BeumontPJ.Bulimia nervosa, restrained, and unrestrained eaters: a comparison of non-binge eating behavior. Int J Eat Disord 1998; 24: 185–92.
BourneSK, BryantRA, GriffithsRA, TouyzSW, BeumontPJ.Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders (ICD-10). Geneva, World Health Organization, 1992.
BourneSK, BryantRA, GriffithsRA, TouyzSW, BeumontPJ.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
FairburnCG, CooperZ, DollHA, NormanP, O’ConnorM. The natural course of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder in young women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 659–65.
FairburnCG, CooperZ, ShafranR.Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41: 509–28.
FairburnCG, HarrisonPJ.Eating disorders. Lancet 2003; 361: 407–16.
GullW.Anorexia nervosa (apepsia hysterica). BMJ 1873; 2: 527–8.
HayPJ, GilchristPN, Ben-TovimDI, KalucyRS, WalkerMK. Eating disorders revisited. II: Bulimia nervosa and related syndromes. Med J Aust 1998; 169: 488–91.
KotlerLA, CohenP, DaviesM, PineDS, WalshBT. Longitudinal relationships between childhood, adolescent, and adult eating disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40: 1434–40.
LasegueC. (1873) De l’anorexie hysterique.In: KaufmanMR, HeimanM (eds) Evolution of a Psychosomatic Concept. Anorexia Nervosa: A Paradigm (Vol. 1). New York, International Universities Press, 1964.
MachadoPP, MachadoBC, GonçalvesS, HoekHW. The prevalence of eating disorders not otherwise specified. Int J Eat Disord 2007; 40: 212–17.
MarinoMF, ZanariniMC. Relationship between EDNOS and its subtypes and borderline personality disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2001; 29: 349–53.
NicdaoEG, HongS, TakeuchiDT. Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders among Asian Americans: results from the National Latino and Asian American Study. Int J Eat Disord 2007; 40(Suppl): S22–6.

Chapter 2 Causal and maintaining factors

Buddeberg-FischerB, KlaghoferR, GnamG, BuddebergC. Prevention of disturbed eating behaviour: a prospective intervention study in 14- to 19-year old Swiss students. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998; 98: 146–55.
FairburnCG, CooperZ, DollHA, WelchSL. Risk factors for anorexia nervosa: three integrated case-control comparisons. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 468–76.
FairburnCG, DollHA, WelchSL, HayPJ, DaviesBA, O’ConnorME. Risk factors for binge eating disorder: a community-based, case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 425–32.
FairburnCG, HarrisonPJ. Risk factors for anorexia nervosa. Lancet 2003; 361: 1914.
FairburnCG, WelchSL, DollHA, DaviesBA, O’ConnorME. Risk factors for bulimia nervosa. A community-based case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 509–17.
FrischA, LauferN, DanzigerY, MichaelovskyE, LeorS, CarelC, et al. Association of anorexia nervosa with the high activity allele of the COMT gene: a family-based study in Israeli patients. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6: 243–5.
O’DeaJ. School-based interventions to prevent eating problems: first do no harm. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention 2000; 8: 123–30.
O’DeaJ, AbrahamS. Improving body image, eating attitudes, and behaviours of young male and female adolescents: a new educational approach that focuses on self esteem. Int J Eat Disord 2000; 28: 43–57.
OdentM. Risk factors for anorexia nervosa. Lancet 2003; 361: 1913–14.
StockS, MirandaC, EvansS, et al. Healthy Buddies: a novel, peer-led health promotion program for the prevention of obesity and eating disorders in children in elementary school. Pediatrics 2007; 120: e1059–68.
SullivanPF, BulikCM, KendlerKS. Genetic epidemiology of binging and vomiting. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173: 75–9.
VähäsoiniA, VazquezR, BirminghamCL, GutierrezE. Unreported sauna use in anorexia nervosa: evidence from the world-wide-web. Eat Weight Disord 2004; 9: 50–5.

Chapter 3 Obtaining the history and physical examination

BirminghamCL, JonesPJ, OrphanidouC, et al. The reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis for measuring changes in the body composition of patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 1996; 19: 311–15.
BirminghamCL, MullerJL, GoldnerEM. Randomized trial of measures of body fat versus body weight in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 1998; 3: 84–9.
ChenMM, LearSA, GaoM, FrohlichJJ, BirminghamCL. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of waist circumference and the waist-to-hip ratio. Obes Res 2001; 9: 651.
ClareM, GritznerS, HlynskyJ, BirminghamCL. Measuring change in parotid gland size: test-retest reliability of a novel method. Eat Weight Disord 2005; 10: e61–5.
LearSA, HumphriesKH, KohliS, BirminghamCL. The use of BMI and waist circumference as surrogates of body fat differs by ethnicity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 2817–24.
McCargarL, TauntonJ, BirminghamCL, PareS, SimmonsD. Metabolic and anthropometric changes in female weight cyclers and controls over a 1-year period. J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93: 1025–30.
OrphanidouCI, McCargarLJ, BirminghamCL, BelzbergAS. Changes in body composition and fat distribution after short-term weight gain in patients with anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 1034–41.
OrphanidouC, McCargarL, BirminghamCL, MathiesonJ, GoldnerE. Accuracy of subcutaneous fat measurement: comparison of skinfold calipers, ultrasound, and computed tomography. J Am Diet Assoc 1994; 94: 855–8.
TouyzSW, LennertsW, FreemanRJ, BeumontPJ. To weigh or not to weigh? Frequency of weighing and rate of weight gain in patients with anorexia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 752–4.
TylerI, BirminghamCL. The interrater reliability of physical signs in patients with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2001; 30: 343–5.
UyedaL, TylerI, PinzonJ, BirminghamCL. Identification of patients with eating disorders. The signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2002; 7: 116–23.

Chapter 4 Complications by system

Nervous system

AmannB, SchaferM, SterrA, ArnoldS, GrunzeH. Central pontine myelinolysis in a patient with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2001; 30: 462–6.
BrewertonTD, GeorgeMS. Is migraine related to the eating disorders?Int J Eat Disord 1993; 14: 75–9.
ButowP, BeumontP, TouyzS. Cognitive processes in dieting disorders. Int J Eat Disord 1993; 14: 319–29.
LutteI, RhysC, HubertC, BrionF, BolandB, PeetersA, et al. Peroneal nerve palsy in anorexia nervosa. Acta Neurol Belg 1997; 97: 251–4.
ParkinAJ, DunnJC, LeeC, O’HaraPF, NussbaumL. Neuropsychological sequelae of Wernicke’s encephalopathy in a 20-year-old woman: selective impairment of a frontal memory system. Brain Cogn 1993; 21: 1–19.
PatchellRA, FellowsHA, HumphriesLL. Neurologic complications of anorexia nervosa. Acta Neurol Scand 1994; 89: 111–16.
RechlinT, LoewTH, JoraschkyP. Pseudoseizure “status”. J Psychosom Res 1997; 42: 495–8.
SilberTJ. Seizures, water intoxication in anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatics 1984; 25: 705–6.
TrummerM, EustacchioS, UngerF, TillichM, FlaschkaG. Right hemispheric frontal lesions as a cause for anorexia nervosa: report of three cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002; 144: 797–801.

Dental

BurkhartN, RobertsM, AlexanderM, DoddsA. Communicating effectively with patients suspected of having bulimia nervosa. J Am Dent Assoc 2005; 136: 1130–7. Erratum in: J Am Dent Assoc 2005; 136: 1517.
FaineMP. Recognition and management of eating disorders in the dental office. Dent Clin North Am 2003; 47: 395–410.
GandaraBK, TrueloveEL. Diagnosis and management of dental erosion. J Contemp Dent Pract 1999; 1:16–23.
GeorgeGC, ZabowT, BeumontPJ. Letter: Scurvy in anorexia nervosa. S Afr Med J 1975; 49: 1420.
MoynihanP, BradburyJ. Compromised dental function and nutrition. Nutrition 2001; 17: 177–8.

Skin

BirminghamCL. Hypercarotenemia. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 222–3.
ClaesL, VandereyckenW, VertommenH. Self-injurious behaviors in eating-disordered patients. Eat Behav 2001; 2: 263–72.
GlorioR, AllevatoM, De PabloA, AbbruzzeseM, CarmonaL, SavarinM, et al. Prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in 200 patients with eating disorders. Int J Dermatol 2000; 39: 348–53.
JuddLE, PoskittBL. Pellagra in a patient with an eating disorder. Br J Dermatol 1991; 125: 71–2.
MacDonaldA, ForsythA. Nutritional deficiencies and the skin. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005; 30: 388–90.
RushtonDH. Nutritional factors and hair loss. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002; 27: 396–404.
SchulzeUM, Pettke-RankCV, KreienkampM, et al. Dermatologic signs in patients with eating disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol 2005; 6: 165–73.
TrottGE, WarnkeA. Dermatologic findings in anorexia and bulimia nervosa of childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Dermatol 1999; 16: 90–4.
TylerI, WisemanMC, CrawfordRI, BirminghamCL. Cutaneous manifestations of eating disorders. J Cutan Med Surg 2002; 6: 345–53.

Respiratory

BirminghamCL, TanAO. Respiratory muscle weakness and anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2003; 33: 230–3.
Cambell-Taylor, I. Aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1869.
CookVJ, CoxsonHO, MasonAG, BaiTR. Bullae, bronchiectasis and nutritional emphysema in severe anorexia nervosa. Can Respir J 2001; 8: 361–5.
CorlessJA, DelaneyJC, PageRD. Simultaneous bilateral spontaneous pneumothoraces in a young woman with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2001; 30: 110–12.
CoxsonHO, ChanIH, MayoJR, HlynskyJ, NakanoY, BirminghamCL. Early emphysema in patients with anorexia nervosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 748–52. Epub 2004, Jul 15.
MurcianoD, RigaudD, PingletonS, ArmengaudMH, MelchiorJC, AubierM. Diaphragmatic function in severely malnourished patients with anorexia nervosa. Effects of renutrition. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 1569–74.
PietersT, BolandB, BeguinC, VeriterC, StanescuD, FransA, et al. Lung function study and diffusion capacity in anorexia nervosa. J Intern Med 2000; 248: 137–42.
WinterTA, O’KeefeSJ, CallananM, MarksT. The effect of severe undernutrition and subsequent refeeding on whole-body metabolism and protein synthesis in human subjects. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2005; 29: 221–8.

Heart and blood vessels

BirminghamCL, GritznerS. Heart failure in anorexia nervosa: case report and review of the literature. Eat Weight Disord 2007; 12: e7–10.
BirminghamCL, LearSA, KenyonJ, ChanSY, ManciniGB, FrohlichJ. Coronary atherosclerosis in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2003; 34: 375–7.
BirminghamCL, StigantC, GoldnerEM. Chest pain in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 1999; 25: 219–22.
CasuM, PatroneV, GianelliMV, MarchegianiA, RagniG, MurialdoG, et al. Heart failure secondary to hypomagnesemia in anorexia nervosa. Pediatr Cardiol 1992; 13: 241–2.
CasuM, PatroneV, GianelliMV, et al. Spectral analysis of R-R interval variability by short-term recording in anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2002; 7: 239–43.
FranzoniF, MataloniE, FemiaR, GalettaF. Effect of oral potassium supplementation on QT dispersion in anorexia nervosa. Acta Paediatr 2002; 91: 653–6.
GalettaF, FranzoniF, CupistiA, BellitiD, PrattichizzoF, RollaM. QT interval dispersion in young women with anorexia nervosa. J Pediatr 2002; 140: 456–60.
GalettaF, FranzoniF, PrattichizzoF, RollaM, SantoroG, PentimoneF. Heart rate variability and left ventricular diastolic function in anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health 2003; 32: 416–21.
Garcia-RubiraJC, HidalgoR, Gomez-BarradoJJ, RomeroD, Cruz FernandezJM. Anorexia nervosa and myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 1994; 45: 138–40.
HoPC, DweikR, CohenMC. Rapidly reversible cardiomyopathy associated with chronic ipecac ingestion. Clin Cardiol 1998; 21: 780–3.
IsnerJM, RobertsWC, HeymsfieldSB, YagerJ. Anorexia nervosa and sudden death. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 49–52.
KrantzMJ, DonahooWT, MelansonEL, MehlerPS. QT interval dispersion and resting metabolic rate in chronic anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2005; 37: 166–70.
NahshoniE, WeizmanA, YaroslavskyA, ToledanoA, SulkesJ, SteinD.Alterations in QT dispersion in the surface electrocardiogram of female adolescents diagnosed with restricting-type anorexia nervosa. J Psychosom Res 2007; 6: 469–72.
NahshoniE, WeizmanA, YaroslavskyA, ToledanoA, SulkesJ, SteinD., et al. Electrocardiographic findings in adolescents with eating disorders. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 1100–5.
RechlinT, WeisM, OttC, BleichnerF, JoraschkyP. Alterations of autonomic cardiac control in anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43: 358–63.
SuriR, PoistES, HagerWD, GrossJB. Unrecognized bulimia nervosa: a potential cause of perioperative cardiac dysrhythmias. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46: 1048–52.
VigoDE, CastroMN, DörpinghausA, WeidemaH, CardinaliDP, SiriLN, et al. Nonlinear analysis of heart rate variability in patients with eating disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 2007; 11: 1–7.

Gastrointestinal

AdsonDE, MitchellJE, TrenknerSW. The superior mesenteric artery syndrome and acute gastric dilatation in eating disorders: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord 1997; 21: 103–14.
BirminghamCL, BooneS. Pancreatitis causing death in bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2004; 36: 234–7.
BirminghamCL, CardewS, GritznerS. Gastric bezoar in anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2007; 12: e28–9.
BirminghamCL, FirozT. Rumination in eating disorders: literature review. Eat Weight Disord 2006; 11: e85–9.
ChiarioniG, BassottiG, MonsignoriA, MenegottiM, SalandiniL, Di MatteoG, et al. Anorectal dysfunction in constipated women with anorexia nervosa. Mayo Clin Proc 2000; 75: 1015–19.
ChunAB, SokolMS, KayeWH, HutsonWR, WaldA. Colonic and anorectal function in constipated patients with anorexia nervosa. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1879–83.
De CaprioC, PasanisiF, ContaldoF. Gastrointestinal complications in a patient with eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 2000; 5: 228–30.
HarperJ, LeungM, BirminghamCL. A blinded laxative taper for patients with eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 2004; 9: 147–50.
LefflerDA, DennisM, Edwards GeorgeJB, KellyCP. The interaction between eating disorders and celiac disease: an exploration of 10 cases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 19: 251–5.
McClainCJ, HumphriesLL, HillKK, NicklNJ. Gastrointestinal and nutritional aspects of eating disorders. J Am Coll Nutr 1993; 12: 466–74.
PorcelliP, LeandroG, De CarneM. Functional gastrointestinal disorders and eating disorders. Relevance of the association in clinical management. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 577–82.

Endocrine

AbrahamSF, PettigrewB, BoydC, RussellJ. Predictors of functional and exercise amenorrhoea among eating and exercise disordered patients. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 257–61.
BirminghamCL, GritznerS, GutierrezE. Hyperthyroidism in anorexia nervosa: case report and review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39: 619–20.
CrowSJ, ThurasP, KeelPK, MitchellJE. Long-term menstrual and reproductive function in patients with bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1048–50.
GermainN, GaluscaB, Le RouxCW, BossuC, GhateiMA, LangF, et al. Constitutional thinness and lean anorexia nervosa display opposite concentrations of peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, and leptin. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 967–71.
JamiesonMA.Hormone replacement in the adolescent with anorexia and hypothalamic amenorrhea – yes or no?J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2001; 14: 39.
KamT, BirminghamCL, GoldnerEM.Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome and anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 1994; 16: 101–3.
LevineRL.Endocrine aspects of eating disorders in adolescents. Adolesc Med 2002; 13: 129–43.
MantzorosCS.Role of leptin in reproduction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 900: 174–83.
MarcusMD, LoucksTL, BergaSL. Psychological correlates of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 2001; 76: 310–16.
MattinglyD, BhanjiS.Hypoglycaemia and anorexia nervosa. J R Soc Med 1995; 88: 191–5.
MillerKK, GrinspoonS, GleysteenS, GriecoKA, CiampaJ, BreuJ, et al. Preservation of neuroendocrine control of reproductive function despite severe undernutrition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 4434–8.
Modan-MosesD, SteinD, ParienteC, YaroslavskyA, RamA, FaiginM, et al. Modulation of adiponectin and leptin during refeeding of female anorexia nervosa patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 1843–7.
PaulyRP, LearSA, HastingsFC, BirminghamCL.Resting energy expenditure and plasma leptin levels in anorexia nervosa during acute refeeding. Int J Eat Disord 2000; 28: 231–4.
StovingRK, HangaardJ, HagenC.Update on endocrine disturbances in anorexia nervosa. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001, 14: 459–80.
SwenneI.Weight requirements for return of menstruations in teenage girls with eating disorders, weight loss and secondary amenorrhoea. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93:1449–55.
WabitschM, BallauffA, HollR, BlumWF, HeinzeE, RemschmidtH, et al. Serum leptin, gonadotropin, and testosterone concentrations in male patients with anorexia nervosa during weight gain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 2982–8.

Renal

AlexandridisG, LiamisG, ElisafM.Reversible tubular dysfunction that mimicked Fanconi’s syndrome in a patient with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2001, 30: 227–30.
EvrardF, da CunhaMP, LambertM, DevuystO.Impaired osmoregulation in anorexia nervosa: a case-control study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 3034–9.
IshikawaS, KatoM, TokudaT, MomoiH, SekijimaY, HiguchiM, et al. Licorice-induced hypokalemic myopathy and hypokalemic renal tubular damage in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 1999; 26: 111–14.
JonatLM, BirminghamCL.Kidney stones in anorexia nervosa: a case report and review of the literature. Eat Weight Disord 2003; 8: 332–5.
TakakuraS, NozakiT, NomuraY, KoreedaC, UrabeH, KawaiK, et al. Factors related to renal dysfunction in patients with anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2006; 11: 73–7.

Blood

GrewalS, BirminghamCL. Self-phlebotomy in eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 2003; 8: 336–40.
KaiserU, BarthN. Haemolytic anaemia in a patient with anorexia nervosa. Acta Haematol 2001, 106: 133–5.
LambertM, HubertC, DepresseuxG, et al. Hematological changes in anorexia nervosa are correlated with total body fat mass depletion. Int J Eat Disord 1993, 21: 329–34.

Immune

BirminghamCL, HodgsonDM, FungJ, et al. Reduced febrile response to bacterial infection in anorexia nervosa patients. Int J Eat Disord. 2003 34(2): 269–72.
BrownRF, BartropR, BeumontP, BirminghamCL. Bacterial infections in anorexia nervosa: delayed recognition increases complications. Int J Eat Disord 2005; 37: 261–5.
CorcosM, GuilbaudO, PaternitiS, MoussaM, ChambryJ, ChaouatG, et al. Involvement of cytokines in eating disorders: a critical review of the human literature. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28: 229–49.
KahlKG, KruseN, RieckmannP, SchmidtMH. Cytokine mRNA expression patterns in the disease course of female adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29: 13–20.
NovaE, SamartinS, GomezS, MorandeG, MarcosA. The adaptive response of the immune system to the particular malnutrition of eating disorders. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56(Suppl 3): S34–7.

Chapter 5 Complications of nutritional therapy

BirminghamCL, AlothmanAF, GoldnerEM. Anorexia nervosa: refeeding and hypophosphatemia. Int J Eat Disord 1996; 20: 211–13.
FisherM, SimpserE, SchneiderM. Hypophosphatemia secondary to oral refeeding in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2000; 28: 181–7.
KeyesS, BrozekJ, HenschelA, TaylorH. The Biology of Human Starvation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1950.
KohnMR, GoldenNH, ShenkerIR. Cardiac arrest and delirium: presentations of the refeeding syndrome in severely malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health 1998; 22: 239–43.
RussellJ, BaurLA, BeumontPJ, ByrnesS, GrossG, TouyzS, et al. Altered energy metabolism in anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001; 26: 51–63.
SilberT. Nutrition, immunity, and refeeding. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 947–8.

Chapter 6 Laboratory testing

CastroJ, DeulofeuR, GilaA, PuigJ, ToroJ. Persistence of nutritional deficiencies after short-term weight recovery in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2004; 35: 169–78.
CrowSJ, RosenbergME, MitchellJE, ThurasP. Urine electrolytes as markers of bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2001; 30: 279–87.
HadiganCM, AndersonEJ, MillerKK, HubbardJL, HerzogDB, KlibanskiA, et al. Assessment of macronutrient and micronutrient intake in women with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2000; 28: 284–92.
MasonHD, KeyA, AllanR, LaskB. Pelvic ultrasonography in anorexia nervosa: what the clinician should ask the radiologist and how to use the information provided. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2007; 15: 35–41.
MiraM, StewartPM, VizzardJ, AbrahamS. Biochemical abnormalities in anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Ann Clin Biochem 1987; 24: 29–35.
MisraM, AggarwalA, MillerKK, AlmazanC, WorleyM, SoykaLA, et al. Effects of anorexia nervosa on clinical, hematologic, biochemical, and bone density parameters in community-dwelling adolescent girls. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 1574–83.
Pieper-BigelowC, StrocchiA, LevittMD. Where does serum amylase come from and where does it go?Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1990; 19: 793–810.
PowersPS, TysonIB, StevensBA, HealAV. Total body potassium and serum potassium among eating disorder patients. Int J Eat Disord 1995; 18: 269–76.
StotzerPO, BjornssonES, AbrahamssonH. Interdigestive and postprandial motility in small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 875–80.

Chapter 7 Differential diagnosis of eating disorders

AdamsR, HinkebeinMK, McQuillenM, SutherlandS, El AsyoutyS, LippmannS. Prompt differentiation of Addison’s disease from anorexia nervosa during weight loss and vomiting. South Med J 1998; 91: 208–11.
NussbaumMP, ShenkerIR, ShawH, FrankS. Differential diagnosis and pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa. Pediatrician 1983; 12: 110–17.
SuJC, BirminghamCL. Differential diagnoses to consider at an eating disorders clinic. Eat Weight Disord 2003; 8: 311–14.

Chapter 8 Munchausen’s syndrome and eating disorders

BirminghamCL, SidhuFK. An algorithm for the diagnosis of Münchausen’s syndrome in eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 2007; 12: e75–7.

Chapter 9 Course and prognosis

Ben-TovimDI, WalkerK, GilchristP, FreemanR, KalucyR, EstermanA. Outcome in patients with eating disorders: a 5-year study. Lancet 2001; 357: 1254–7.
BirminghamCL, SuJ, HlynskyJA, GoldnerEM, GaoM. The mortality rate from anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2005; 38: 143–6.
CrispAH, CallenderJS, HalekC, HsuLK. Long-term mortality in anorexia nervosa. A 20-year follow-up of the St George’s and Aberdeen cohorts. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 16: 104–7.
EddyKT, DoyleAC, HosteRR, HerzogDB, le GrangeD. Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 147: 156–64.
FairburnCG, CooperZ, DollHA, NormanP, O’ConnorM.The natural course of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder in young women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 659–65.
FichterMM, QuadfliegN. Six-year course of bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 1997; 22: 361–84.
FichterMM, QuadfliegN. Twelve-year course and outcome of bulimia nervosa. Psychol Med 2004; 34: 1395–1406.
FichterMM, QuadfliegN, GnutzmannA. Binge eating disorder: treatment outcome over a 6-year course. J Psychosom Res 1998; 44: 385–405.
FichterMM, QuadfliegN, HedlundS. Twelve-year course and outcome predictors of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39: 87–100.
HarbottleEJ, BirminghamCL, SayaniF. Anorexia nervosa: a survival analysis. Eat Weight Disord 2008 13: e32–4.
Keski-RahkonenA, HoekHW, SusserES, LinnaMS, SihvolaE, RaevuoriA, et al. Epidemiology and course of anorexia nervosa in the community. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1259–65.
PikeKM. Long-term course of anorexia nervosa: response, relapse, remission, and recovery. Clin Psychol Rev 1998; 18: 447–75.
RiegerE, TouyzSW, BeumontPJ. The Anorexia Nervosa Stages of Change Questionnaire (ANSOCQ): information regarding its psychometric properties. Int J Eat Disord 2002; 32: 24–38.
SteinhausenHC. The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1284–93.
TheanderS. Outcome and prognosis in anorexia nervosa and bulimia: some results of previous investigations, compared with those of a Swedish long-term study. J Psychiatr Res 1985; 19: 493–508.

Chapter 10 What is the goal weight?

BirminghamCL, JonesPJ, OrphanidouC, et al. The reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis for measuring changes in the body composition of patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 1996; 19: 311–15.
BirminghamCL, MullerJL, GoldnerEM. Randomized trial of measures of body fat versus body weight in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 1998; 3: 84–9.
KeyA, MasonH, AllanR, LaskB. Restoration of ovarian and uterine maturity in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2002; 32: 319–25.
LearSA, PaulyRP, BirminghamCL. Body fat, caloric intake, and plasma leptin levels in women with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 1999; 26: 283–8.
OrphanidouCI, McCargarLJ, BirminghamCL, BelzbergAS. Changes in body composition and fat distribution after short-term weight gain in patients with anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 1034–41.
OrphanidouC, McCargarL, BirminghamCL, MathiesonJ, GoldnerE. Accuracy of subcutaneous fat measurement: comparison of skinfold calipers, ultrasound, and computed tomography. J Am Diet Assoc 1994; 94: 855–8.

Chapter 11 What is the risk of death?

BirminghamCL. Clinical decision analysis and anorexia nervosa. Int J Law Psychiatry 2003; 26: 719–23.
BirminghamCL, SuJ, HlynskyJA, GoldnerEM, GaoM.The mortality rate from anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2005; 38: 143–6.
HarbottleEJ, BirminghamCL, SayaniF. Anorexia nervosa: a survival analysis. Eat Weight Disord 2008; 13: e32–4.

Chapter 12 Evidenced-based treatment

American Psychiatric Association. Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders. In: Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders, 3rd edn. Arlington, Virginia: American Psychiatric Association, 2006; 1097–222. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/pracGuide/pracGuideTopic_12.aspx
BacaltchukJ, HayP. Antidepressants versus placebo for people with bulimia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 4: CD003391.
BacaltchukJ, HayP, TrefiglioR. Antidepressants versus psychological treatments and their combination for bulimia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 4: CD003385.
BirminghamCL. Eating disorders. In: Therapeutic Choices, 3rd edn. Canadian Pharmaceutical Association, Canada, 2007; 158–68. http://www.pharmacists.ca/content/products/therapeutic.cfm
ClaudinoAM, HayP, LimaMS, BacaltchukJ, SchmidtU, TreasureJ. Antidepressants for anorexia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 1: CD004365.
HayPJ, BacaltchukJ. Psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa and binging. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 1: CD000562.
HayP, BacaltchukJ, ClaudinoA, Ben TovimD, YongPY. Individual psychotherapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 4: CD003909.
MondratyN, BirminghamCL, TouyzS, SundakovV, ChapmanL, BeumontP. Randomized controlled trial of olanzapine in the treatment of cognitions in anorexia nervosa. Australas Psychiatry 2005; 13: 72–5.
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. National Clinical Practice Guideline: Eating Disorders: Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and related eating disorders. 2004. http://www.nice.org.uk.
PerkinsSJ, MurphyR, SchmidtU, WilliamsC. Self-help and guided self-help for eating disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3: CD004191.

Chapter 13 Psychological therapies

SchmidtU, TreasureJ. Anorexia nervosa: valued and visible. A cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model and its implications for research and practice. Br J Clin Psychol 2006; 45: 1–25.

Chapter 14 Medical management

BeumontPJ, ArthurB, RussellJD, TouyzSW. Excessive physical activity in dieting disorder patients: proposals for a supervised exercise program. Int J Eat Disord 1994; 15: 21–36.
BirminghamCL, GoldnerEM, BakanR. Controlled trial of zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 1994; 15: 251–5.
BirminghamCL, GritznerS. How does zinc supplementation benefit anorexia nervosa?Eat Weight Disord 2006; 11: e109–11.
BirminghamCL, GutierrezE, JonatL, BeumontP. Randomized controlled trial of warming in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2004; 35: 234–8.
BirminghamCL, HlynskyJ, WhitesideL, GellerJ. Caloric requirement for refeeding inpatients with anorexia nervosa: the contribution of anxiety exercise, and cigarette smoking. Eat Weight Disord 2005; 10: e6–9.
KayeWH, NagataT, WeltzinTE, HsuG, SokolMS, ConahaCM, et al. Double-blind placebo controlled administration of fluoxetine in restricting- and restricting-purging-type anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 644–52.
LearSA, PaulyRP, BirminghamCL. Body fat, caloric intake, and plasma leptin levels in women with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 1999; 26: 283–8.
MehlerPS, WeinerKL. Use of total parenteral nutrition in the refeeding of selected patients with severe anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2007; 40: 285–7.
PuddicombeDM, BirminghamCL.Using the glucagon test to predict hypoglycemia in anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord. 2006; 11: e72–4.
ThienV, ThomasA, MarkinD, BirminghamCL. Pilot study of a graded exercise program for the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2000; 28: 101–6.
WillsAJ, Pengiran TengahDS, HolmesGK. The neurology of enteric disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 805–10.
WinsteadNS, WillardSG. Gastrointestinal complaints in patients with eating disorders. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 678–82.
ZipfelS, SammetI, RappsN, HerzogW, HerpertzS, MartensU. Gastrointestinal disturbances in eating disorders: clinical and neurobiological aspects. Auton Neurosci 2006; 129: 99–106.

Chapter 15 Managing treatment refusal

BirminghamCL, SidhuFK. Complementary and alternative medical treatments for anorexia nervosa: case report and review of the literature. Eat Weight Disord 2007; 12: e51–3.
DavidsonH, BirminghamCL. Directives in anorexia nervosa: use of the “Ulysses Agreement”. Eat Weight Disord 2003; 8: 249–52.

Chapter 17 Children and adolescents

FisherM, SchneiderM, BurnsJ, SymonsH, MandelFS. Differences between adolescents and young adults at presentation to an eating disorders program. J Adolesc Health 2001; 28: 222–7.
GalettaF, FranzoniF, PrattichizzoF, et al. Heart rate variability and left ventricular diastolic function in anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health 2003; 32: 416–21.
GoldenNH, KatzmanDK, KreipeRE, et al. Eating disorders in adolescents: position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. J Adolesc Health 2003; 33: 496–503.
KennedyA, KohnM, LammiA, ClarkeS. Iron status and haematological changes in adolescent female inpatients with anorexia nervosa. J Paediatr Child Health 2004; 40: 430–2.
MillerKK, GrinspoonS, GleysteenS, GriecoKA, CiampaJ, BreuJ, et al. Preservation of neuroendocrine control of reproductive function despite severe undernutrition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 4434–8.
MishraM, AggaralA, MillerK, AlmazanC, WorleyM, SoykaLA, et al. Effects of anorexia nervosa on clinical, haematological, biochemical and bone density parameters in community-dwelling adolescent girls. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 1574–83.
MontL, CastroJ, HerrerosB et al. Reversibility of cardiac abnormalities in adolescents with anorexia nervosa after weight recovery. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42: 808–13.
NilssonEW, GillbergC, GillbergIC, RastamM. Ten-year follow-up of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: personality disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: 1389–95.
PoyastroPA, ThorntonLM, PlotonicovKH, TozziF, KlumpKL, BerrettiniWH, et al. Patterns of menstrual disturbance in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2007; 40: 424–34.
SoykaL, MisraM, FrenchmanA, MillerK, GrinspoonS, SchoenfeldD, et al. Abnormal bone mineral accrual in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 4177–85.
StefanisN, MackintoshC, AbrahaH, TreasureJ, MonizC. Dissociation of bone turnover in anorexia nervosa. Ann Clin Biochem 1998; 35: 709–16.
SteinhausenHC, SeidelR, Winkler Metzke C. Evaluation of treatment and intermediate and long-term outcome of adolescent eating disorders. Psychol Med 2000; 30: 1089–98.
SwenneI. Weight requirements for return of menstruation in teenage girls with eating disorders, weight loss and secondary amenorrhoea. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93: 1449–55.
SwenneI. Haematological changes and iron status in teenage girls with eating disorders and weight loss – the importance of menstrual status. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96: 530–3.
SwenneI, BelfrageE, ThurfjellB, EngstromI. Accuracy of reported weight and menstrual status in teenage girls with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2005; 38: 375–9.

Chapter 18 Pregnancy

AbrahamS, TaylorA, ContiJ. Postnatal depression, eating, exercise, and vomiting before and during pregnancy. Int J Eat Disord 2001; 29: 482–7.
CrowSJ, ThurasP, KeelPK, MitchellJE. Long-term menstrual and reproductive function in patients with bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1048–50.
FrankoDL, BlaisMA, BeckerAE, DelinskySS, GreenwoodDN, FloresAT, et al. Pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1461–6.
MicaliN, SimonoffE, TreasureJ. Risk of major adverse perinatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 190: 255–9.
MicaliN, TreasureJ, SimonoffE. Eating disorders symptoms in pregnancy: a longitudinal study of women with recent and past eating disorders and obesity. J Psychosom Res 2007; 63: 297–303.
MorganJF, LaceyJH, ChungE. Risk of postnatal depression, miscarriage, and preterm birth in bulimia nervosa: retrospective controlled study. Psychosom Med 2006; 68: 487–92.
MoschosS, ChanJL, MantzorosCS. Leptin and reproduction: a review. Fertil Steril 2002; 77: 433–44.
NorreJ, VandereyckenW, GordtsS. The management of eating disorders in a fertility clinic: clinical guidelines. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2001; 22: 77–81.
SteinA, WoolleyH, SeniorR, HertzmannL, LovelM, LeeJ, et al. Treating disturbances in the relationship between mothers with bulimic eating disorders and their infants: a randomized, controlled trial of video feedback. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 899–906.
WardVB. Eating disorders in pregnancy. BMJ 2008; 336: 93–6.

Chapter 19 Geriatrics

HallP, DriscollR. Anorexia in the elderly – an annotation. Int J Eat Disord 1993; 14: 497–9.
WahlqvistML, ClarkeDM, RassiasCR, StraussBJG. Psychological factors in nutritional disorders of the elderly: part of the spectrum of eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 1999; 25: 345–8.

Chapter 20 Males

BarryDT, GriloCM, MashebRM. Gender differences in patients with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2002; 31: 63–70.
EliotAO, BakerCW. Eating disordered adolescent males. Adolescence 2001; 36: 535–43.
RobbAS, DadsonMJ. Eating disorders in males. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am 2002; 11: 399–418.
SiegelJH, HardoffD, GoldenNH, ShenkerIR. Medical complications in male adolescents with anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health 1995; 16: 448–53.

Chapter 21 The chronic patient

SuJC, BirminghamCL. Anorexia nervosa: the cost of long-term disability. Eat Weight Disord 2003; 8: 76–9.
TheanderS. Chronicity in anorexia nervosa. In: HerzogW, DeterHC, VandereyckenW, eds. The Course of Eating Disorders. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1992; 214–27.

Chapter 22 Diabetes mellitus

FairburnCG, PevelerRC, DaviesB, MannJI, MayouRA. Eating disorders in young adults with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: a controlled study. BMJ 1991; 303: 17–20.
HerpertzS, AlbusC, KielmannR, Hagemann-PattH, LichtblauK, KohleK, et al. Comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and eating disorders: a follow-up study. J Psychosom Res 2001; 51: 673–8.
MannucciE, RotellaF, RiccaV, MorettiS, PlacidiGF, RotellaCM. Eating disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28: 417–19.
NielsenS, EmborgC, MolbakAG. Mortality in concurrent type 1 diabetes and anorexia nervosa. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 309–12.
RodinG, OlmstedMP, RydallAC, MaharajSI, ColtonPA, JonesJM, et al. Eating disorders in young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53: 943–9.

Chapter 23 Shoplifting

BirminghamCL, HlynskyJ, RussellB, GritznerS. Pilot treatment program for shoplifting in eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 2005; 10: e105–8.
GoldnerEM, GellerJ, BirminghamCL, RemickRA. Comparison of shoplifting behaviours in patients with eating disorders, psychiatric control subjects, and undergraduate control subjects. Can J Psychiatry 2000; 45: 471–5.

Chapter 24 Substance use

DunnEC, LarimerME, NeighborsC. Alcohol and drug-related negative consequences in college students with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2002; 32: 171–8.
HerzogDB, FrankoDL, DorerDJ, KeelPK, JacksonS, ManzoMP. Drug abuse in women with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39: 364–8.
HoldernessCC, Brooks-GunnJ, WarrenMP. Co-morbidity of eating disorders and substance abuse: review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord 1994; 16: 1–34.
PiranN, GadallaT. Eating disorders and substance abuse in Canadian women: a national study. Addiction 2006; 102: 105–13.

Chapter 25 Self-help treatment

BanasiakSJ, PaxtonSJ, HayPJ. Perceptions of cognitive behavioural guided self-help treatment for bulimia nervosa in primary care. Eating Disorders. 2007; 15: 23–40.
CooperP. Bulimia and Binge-Eating: A Guide to Recovery, 2nd edn. New York: New York University Press, 1995.
FairburnC. Overcoming Binge Eating. New York: Guilford Press, 1995.
FreemanC. Overcoming Anorexia Nervosa: A Self-Help Guide Using Cognitive Behavioural Techniques. London: Constable Robinson, 2002.
GellatlyJ, BowerP, HennessyS, RichardsD, GilbodyS, LovellK. What makes self-help interventions effective in the management of depressive symptoms? Meta-analysis and meta-regression. Psychol Med 2007; 37: 1217–28.
LatnerJD, WilsonGT, eds. Self-Help Approaches for Obesity and Eating Disorders: Research and Practice. New York: Guilford Press, 2007.
PerkinsSJ, MurphyR, SchmidtU, WilliamsC. Self-help and guided self-help for eating disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3: CD004191.
SchmidtU, Sanchez-OrtizV. Self-help and healing narratives. In: NasserM, BaistowK, TreasureJ, eds. The Female Body in Mind. Hove, UK: Routledge, 2007; pp. 214–27.
SchmidtU, TreasureJ. Getting Better Bit(e) by Bit(e). London: Erlbaum, 1993.
SchmidtU, TreasureJ. Anorexia nervosa: valued and visible. A cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model and its implications for research and practiceBr J Clin Psychol 2006; 45: 343–66.
SepulvedaAR, LopezCA, MacdonaldP, TreasureJ. Feasibility and acceptability of DVD and telephone coaching-based skills training for carers of people with an eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2008; 41: 318–25.
TreasureJ. Anorexia Nervosa: A Survival Guide for Sufferers and Those Caring for Someone with an Eating Disorder. Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 1997.
TreasureJ, SepulvedaAR, WhitakerW, ToddG, LopezC, WhitneyJ. Collaborative care between professionals and non-professionals in the management of eating disorders: a description of workshops focused on interpersonal maintaining factors. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2007; 15: 15–24.
TreasureJ, SmithGD, CraneAM. Skills-Based Learning for Caring for a Loved One with an Eating Disorder. Hampshire, UK: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2007.
WilliamsCJ, AubinSD, CottrellD, HarkinPJ R. Overcoming Bulimia: A Self-Help Package. Leeds, UK: Media Innovations, 1998.

Chapter 26 Obesity

BirminghamCL, JonesP, HofferLJ. The management of adult obesity. Eat Weight Disord 2003; 8: 157–63.
BirminghamCL, MullerJL, PalepuA, SpinelliJJ, AnisAH. The cost of obesity in Canada. CMAJ 1999; 160: 483–8.
Canadian guidelines for the treatment of obesity. www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/176/8/S1.
LearSA, HumphriesKH, KohliS, BirminghamCL. The use of BMI and waist circumference as surrogates of body fat differs by ethnicity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 2817–24.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Guidelines. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_home.htm.
NICE Guidelines for the Treatment of Obesity. http://www.nice.org.uk/.

Family practice

GurneyVW, HalmiKA. An eating disorder curriculum for primary care providers. Int J Eat Disord 2001; 30: 209–12.
HayPJ. Eating disorders from a primary care perspective. Med J Aust 1998; 169: 342–3.
HayPJ, MarleyJ, LemarS. Covert eating disorders: the prevalence, characteristics and help-seeking of those with bulimic eating disorders in general practice. Primary Care Psychiatry 1998; 4: 95–9.
LaskB, Bryant-WaighR, WrightF, CampbellM, WilloughbyK, WallerG. Family physician consultation patterns indicate high risk for early-onset anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2005; 38: 269–72.
MarksP, BeumontP, BirminghamCL. GPs managing patients with eating disorders. A tiered approach. Aust Fam Physician 2003; 32: 509–14.
YanovskiSZ. Bulimia nervosa: The role of the family physician. Am Fam Physician 1991; 44: 1231–8.

Dietetics

BarrSI, YarkerKV, Levy-MilneR, ChapmanGE. Canadian dietitians’ views and practices regarding obesity and weight management. J Hum Nutr Diet 2004; 17: 503–12.
CairnsJ, Levy-MilneR. Eating disorder nutrition counseling: strategies and education needs of English-speaking dietitians in Canada. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 106: 1087–94.
CorderyH, WallerG. Nutrition knowledge of health care professionals working in the eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2006; 14: 462–7.
KraftMD, BtaicheIF, SacksGS. Review of the refeeding syndrome. Nutr Clin Pract 2005; 20: 625–33.
National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care. Nutritional Support in Adults: NICE Clinical Guideline 32. London: National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) NHS, 2006.
SorrentinoD, MucciA, MerlottiE, GalderisiS, MajM. Modified nutrition counselling to increase motivation to treatment in anorexia nervosa. Eur Psychiatry 2005; 20: 186–7.
ThorpeM. Motivational interviewing and dietary behaviour change. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103: 150–1.
WeinsierRL, KrumdieckCL. Death resulting from overzealous total parenteral nutrition: the refeeding syndrome revisited. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 393–9.

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